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Ming H, Zhang K, Ge S, Shi Y, Du C, Guo X, Zhang L. A Mini Review of S-Nitrosoglutathione Loaded Nano/Micro-Formulation Strategies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:224. [PMID: 36677977 PMCID: PMC9863240 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a potential therapeutic agent, the clinical application of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is limited because of its instability. Therefore, different formulations have been developed to protect GSNO from degradation, delivery and the release of GSNO at a physiological concentration in the active position. Due to the high water-solubility and small molecular-size of GSNO, the biggest challenges in the encapsulation step are low encapsulation efficiency and burst release. This review summarizes the different nano/micro-formulation strategies of a GSNO related delivery system to provide references for subsequent researchers interested in GSNO encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China
| | - Kunpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China
| | - Shengbo Ge
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chunan Du
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Xuqiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China
| | - Libo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China
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Ta W, Yang X, Wang J, Han C, Hua R, Lu W. Comparison of intestinal absorption characteristics between rhubarb traditional Chinese medicine preparation and activity ingredients using in situ and in vitro model. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2023; 15:117-122. [PMID: 36875442 PMCID: PMC9975633 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The intestinal absorption characteristics of active ingredients are very important for oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. However, a deeper understanding about active ingredients absorption characteristics is still lack. The aim of this study was to investigate the absorption properties and mechanism of rhubarb active ingredients in TCM preparation and pure form. Methods The intestinal absorption behavior of active ingredients in Shenkang extract (SKE) and rhubarb anthraquinone ingredients (RAI) were investigated by in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model. And the bidirectional transport characteristics of these active ingredients were assessed by in vitro Caco-2 cell monolayer model. Results In situ experiment on Sprague-Dawley rats, the effective permeability coefficient values of aloe-emodin, emodin and chrysophanol in RAI were higher than those in SKE, and the value of rhein in RAI was lower than that in SKE. But the easily absorbed segments of intestine were consistent for all ingredients, whether in SKE or in RAI. In vitro experiment, the apparent permeability coefficient values of rhein, emodin and chrysophanol in RAI were higher than those in SKE, and this value of aloe-emodin in RAI was lower than that in SKE. But their efflux ratio (ER) values in SKE and RAI were all similar. Conclusion Four rhubarb anthraquinone ingredients in SKE and RAI have similar absorption mechanism and different absorption behavior, and the microenvironment of the study models influenced their absorption behavior. The results may provide an aid for understanding of the absorption characteristics of the TCM active ingredients in complex environments and the complementarities of different research models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ta
- Health Science Center, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Shaanxi Regional Center, National Anti-Drug Laboratory, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Health Science Center, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chengkun Han
- Health Science Center, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ruochen Hua
- Health Science Center, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wen Lu
- Health Science Center, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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Berthou M, Clarot I, Gouyon J, Steyer D, Monat MA, Boudier A, Pallotta A. Thiol sensing: From current methods to nanoscale contribution. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hou Y, Zhao Y, Jiang H, Wang K, Zhang W, Zhou S, Li Y, Zheng Q. Maintenance of Intestinal Homeostasis in Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome by Electroacupuncture Through Submucosal Enteric Glial Cell-Derived S-Nitrosoglutathione. Front Physiol 2022; 13:917579. [PMID: 36105292 PMCID: PMC9465678 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.917579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine whether electroacupuncture (EA) maintains intestinal homeostasis in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) rats by repairing intestinal barrier function through enteric glial cell (EGC)-derived S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group (n = 10) and an IBS-D group (n = 20). These rats received senna solution by gavage and chronic unpredictable mild stress for 14 days and were further divided into a model group (n = 10) and an EA group (n = 10). Rats in the EA group were electroacupunctured at ST25 (Tianshu), ST36 (Zusanli), and LR3 (Taichong) for 20 min every day for 14 days. The abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR), the percentage of time spent in open arms (OT%) in the elevated plus maze test, and the diarrhea index (DI) were measured. Histopathological examination was performed to evaluate the pathological features of the colon after sacrificing the rats. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the EGC in the muscle and submucosal layers. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect GSNO expression in the colon. Double immunofluorescence labeling was used to detect the colocalized GFAP and GSNO expressions in the muscle and submucosal layers. Plasma FITC-dextran was used to measure intestinal permeability, whereas western blot was used to detect ZO-1 and occludin expressions in the colon. Results: OT% and ZO-1 and occludin expressions were significantly lower than those of the control group, whereas AWR scores, DI, GSNO expression in the colon, colocalized GFAP and GSNO expressions in the submucosal layer, and intestinal permeability were significantly higher than those of the control group. Structural EGC abnormalities were observed in the model group. After EA treatment, OT% and ZO-1 and occludin expressions increased significantly, whereas AWR scores, DI, GSNO expression, colocalized GFAP and GSNO expressions in the submucosal layer, and intestinal permeability decreased significantly. The EGC structure was then restored to its normal state. Conclusion: EA treatment downregulates the submucosal EGC–derived GSNO expressions, repairs the intestinal barrier by upregulating the ZO-1 and occludin expression, and improves IBS-D symptoms, including visceral hypersensitivity, anxiety, and diarrhea, suggesting a potential role for EGC-derived GSNO in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis in IBS-D rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Hou
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Huiling Jiang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the People's Hospital of Shifang, Shifang, China
| | - Siyuan Zhou
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Ying Li
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Li, ; Qianhua Zheng,
| | - Qianhua Zheng
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Li, ; Qianhua Zheng,
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Ren S, Liu J, Xue Y, Zhang M, Liu Q, Xu J, Zhang Z, Song R. Comparative permeability of three saikosaponins and corresponding saikogenins in Caco-2 model by a validated UHPLC-MS/MS method. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:435-443. [PMID: 34513119 PMCID: PMC8424369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Saikosaponins (SSs) are the main active components extracted from Bupleuri Radix (BR) which has been used as an important herbal drug in Asian countries for thousands of years. It has been reported that the intestinal bacteria plays an important role in the in vivo disposal of oral SSs. Although the deglycosylated derivatives (saikogenins, SGs) of SSs metabolized by the intestinal bacteria are speculated to be the main components absorbed into the blood after oral administration of SSs, no studies have been reported on the characteristics of SGs for their intestinal absorption, and those for SSs are also limited. Therefore, a rapid UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed to investigate and compare the apparent permeability of three common SSs (SSa, SSd, SSb2) and their corresponding SGs (SGF, SGG, SGD) through a bidirectional transport experiment on Caco-2 cell monolayer model. The method was validated according to the latest FDA guidelines and applied to quantify the six analytes in transport medium samples extracted via liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). The apparent permeability coefficient (P app ) determined in this study indicated that the permeability of SGs improved to the moderate class compared to the corresponding parent compounds, predicting a higher in vivo absorption. Moreover, the efflux ratio (ER) value demonstrated an active uptake of SSd and the three SGs, while a passive diffusion of SSa and SSb2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Ren
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yunwen Xue
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zunjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Rui Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Zhou Y, Gaucher C, Fries I, Hobekkaya MA, Martin C, Leonard C, Deschamps F, Sapin-Minet A, Parent M. Challenging development of storable particles for oral delivery of a physiological nitric oxide donor. Nitric Oxide 2020; 104-105:1-10. [PMID: 32771473 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) deficiency is often associated with several acute and chronic diseases. NO donors and especially S-nitrosothiols such as S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) have been identified as promising therapeutic agents. Although their permeability through the intestinal barrier have recently be proved, suitable drug delivery systems have to be designed for their oral administration. This is especially challenging due to the physico-chemical features of these drugs: high hydrophilicity and high lability. In this paper, three types of particles were prepared with an Eudragit® polymer: nanoparticles and microparticles obtained with a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion/evaporation process versus microparticles obtained with a solid-in-oil-in-water emulsion/evaporation process. They had a similar encapsulation efficiency (around 30%), and could be freeze-dried then be stored at least one month without modification of their critical attributes (size and GSNO content). However, microparticles had a slightly slower in vitro release of GSNO than nanoparticles, and were able to boost by a factor of two the drug intestinal permeability (Caco-2 model). Altogether, this study brings new data about GSNO intestinal permeability and three ready-to-use formulations suitable for further preclinical studies with oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | | | - Isabelle Fries
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Clément Leonard
- StaniPharm, 5 Rue Jacques Monod, BP 10, 54250, Champigneulles, France
| | - Frantz Deschamps
- StaniPharm, 5 Rue Jacques Monod, BP 10, 54250, Champigneulles, France
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Sanches-Lopes JM, Ferreira GC, Pinheiro LC, Kemp R, Tanus-Santos JE. Consistent gastric pH-dependent effects of suppressors of gastric acid secretion on the antihypertensive responses to oral nitrite. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113940. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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8
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Perrin-Sarrado C, Zhou Y, Salgues V, Parent M, Giummelly P, Lartaud I, Gaucher C. S-Nitrosothiols as potential therapeutics to induce a mobilizable vascular store of nitric oxide to counteract endothelial dysfunction. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 173:113686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mauro M, De Grandis RA, Campos ML, Bauermeister A, Peccinini RG, Pavan FR, Lopes NP, De Moraes NV. Acid diterpenes from Copaiba oleoresin (Copaifera langsdorffii): Chemical and plasma stability and intestinal permeability using Caco-2 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 235:183-189. [PMID: 30763698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Copaiba oleoresin has been used in folk medicine in the treatment of bronchitis, syphilis, skin diseases and ulcers due to its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic activities, but there is no information about major compounds oral absorption to support the traditional use. AIM OF STUDY Considering the potential of copalic (CA) and kaurenoic acid (KA) - major biological activity (in vitro) diterpenes found in the oleoresin, this study aimed to evaluate the intestinal permeability of CA and KA using Caco-2 cells model as predictive test for oral drug absorption. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical stability at pH 1.2 and 7.4 and plasma stability were evaluated to mimic physiological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. The intestinal permeability of CA and KA was evaluated in Caco-2 cells in the presence and absence of the P-glycoprotein inhibitor verapamil. RESULTS CA and KA were rapidly degraded at pH 1.2 (0.2 M Clark-Lubs buffer). At pH 7.4 (0.1 M phosphate buffer), CA was stable for up to 24 h and KA for up to 6 h. In human plasma, CA and KA can be considered stable for 24 h and 12 h at 37 °C, respectively. Caco-2 cells were considered viable when incubated with CA or KA in the range of 3.9-250 μM for 24 h. CA and KA exhibited moderate apparent permeability (Papp) of 4.67 (±0.08) × 10-6 cm/s and 4.66 (±0.04) × 10-6 cm/s, respectively. Simultaneous incubation with verapamil showed that P-glycoprotein does not play a relevant role on CA and KA oral absorption, with Papp of 4.48 (±0.26) × 10-6 cm/s and 5.37 (±0.72) × 10-6 cm/s observed for CA and KA, respectively. CONCLUSION The oral absorption of both CA and KA is driven by mainly passive permeability, is not limited by p-glycoprotein, but enteric-coated dosage forms should be used to avoid chemical instability in the gastric pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mauro
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP ZIP 14801-902, Brazil.
| | - R A De Grandis
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP ZIP 14801-902, Brazil.
| | - M L Campos
- Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil.
| | - A Bauermeister
- University of Sao Paulo (USP), NPPNS, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, SP ZIP 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - R G Peccinini
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP ZIP 14801-902, Brazil.
| | - F R Pavan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP ZIP 14801-902, Brazil.
| | - N P Lopes
- University of Sao Paulo (USP), NPPNS, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, SP ZIP 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - N V De Moraes
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP ZIP 14801-902, Brazil.
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Oliveira-Paula GH, Tanus-Santos JE. Nitrite-stimulated Gastric Formation of S-nitrosothiols As An Antihypertensive Therapeutic Strategy. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 20:431-443. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180816120816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is usually associated with deficient nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, and therefore stimulating NO activity is an important antihypertensive strategy. Recently, many studies have shown that both nitrite and nitrate anions are not simple products of NO metabolism and indeed may be reduced back to NO. While enzymes with nitrite-reductase activity capable of generating NO from nitrite may contribute to antihypertensive effects of nitrite, another mechanism involving the generation of NO-related species in the stomach from nitrite has been validated. Under the acidic conditions of the stomach, nitrite generates NO-related species that form S-nitrosothiols. Conversely, drugs that increase gastric pH may impair the gastric formation of S-nitrosothiols, which may mediate antihypertensive effects of oral nitrite or nitrate. Therefore, it is now becoming clear that promoting gastric formation of S-nitrosothiols may result in effective antihypertensive responses, and this mechanism opens a window of opportunity in the therapy of hypertension. In this review, we discuss the recent studies supporting the gastric generation of S-nitrosothiols as a potential antihypertensive mechanism of oral nitrite. We also highlight some drugs that increase S-nitrosothiols bioavailability, which may also improve the responses to nitrite/nitrate therapy. This new approach may result in increased nitrosation of critical pharmacological receptors and enzymes involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension, which tend to respond less to their activators resulting in lower blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo H. Oliveira-Paula
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose E. Tanus-Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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