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Shimizu M, Makiguchi M, Uno Y, Yamazaki H. Quinuclidine N-Oxygenation Mediated by Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases 1 and 3 in Kidney and Liver Microsomes from Humans, Monkeys, Dogs, and Pigs. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:906-910. [PMID: 38769015 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) are a family of enzymes that are involved in the oxygenation of heteroatom-containing molecules. In humans, FMO3 is the major hepatic form, whereas FMO1 is predominant in the kidneys. FMO1 and FMO3 have also been identified in monkeys, dogs, and pigs. The predicted contribution of human FMO3 to drug candidate N-oxygenation could be estimated using the classic base dissociation constants of the N-containing moiety. A basic quinuclidine moiety was found in natural quinine and medicinal products. Consequently, N-oxygenation of quinuclidine was evaluated using liver and kidney microsomes from humans, monkeys, dogs, and pigs as well as recombinant FMO1, FMO3, and FMO5 enzymes. Experiments using simple reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence monitoring revealed that recombinant FMO1 mediated quinuclidine N-oxygenation with a high capacity in humans. Moreover, recombinant FMO1, FMO3, and/or FMO5 in monkeys, dogs, and pigs exhibited relatively broad substrate specificity toward quinuclidine N-oxygenation. Kinetic analysis showed that human FMO1 efficiently, and pig FMO1 moderately, mediated quinuclidine N-oxygenation with high capacity, which is consistent with the reported findings for larger substrates readily accepted by pig FMO1 but excluded by human FMO1. In contrast, human FMO3-mediated quinuclidine N-oxygenation was slower than that of the typical FMO3 substrate trimethylamine. These results suggest that some species differences exist in terms of FMO-mediated quinuclidine N-oxygenation in humans and some animal models (monkeys, dogs, and minipigs); however, the potential for quinuclidine, which has a simple chemical structure, to be inhibited clinically by co-administered drugs should be relatively low, especially in human livers. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The high capacity of human flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) 1 to mediate quinuclidine N-oxygenation, a basic moiety in natural products and medicines, was demonstrated by simple reversed-phase liquid chromatography using fluorescence monitoring. The substrate specificity of FMO1 and FMO3 toward quinuclidine N-oxygenation in monkeys, dogs, and pigs was suggested to be relatively broad. Human FMO3-mediated quinuclidine N-oxygenation was slower than trimethylamine N-oxygenation. The likelihood of quinuclidine, with its simple chemical structure, being clinically inhibited by co-administered drugs is relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan (M.S., M.M., H.Y.) and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Miaki Makiguchi
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan (M.S., M.M., H.Y.) and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan (M.S., M.M., H.Y.) and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan (M.S., M.M., H.Y.) and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
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Uno Y, Yamato O, Yamazaki H. Transcript abundance of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in two dog breeds compared with 14 species including humans. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 55:101002. [PMID: 38452615 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2024.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Drug-metabolizing enzymes are important in drug development and therapy, but have not been fully identified and characterized in many species, lines, and breeds. Liver transcriptomic data were analyzed for phase I cytochromes P450, flavin-containing monooxygenases, and carboxylesterases and phase II UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, and glutathione S-transferases. Comparisons with a variety of species (humans, rhesus macaques, African green monkeys, baboons, common marmosets, cattle, sheep, pigs, cats, dogs, rabbits, tree shrews, rats, mice, and chickens) revealed both general similarities and differences in the transcript abundances of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Similarly, Beagle and Shiba dogs were examined by next-generation sequencing (RNA-seq). Consequently, no substantial differences in transcript abundance were noted in different breeds of pigs and dogs and in different lines of mice and rats. Therefore, the expression profiles of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme transcripts appear to be similar in Shiba and Beagle dogs and pig breeds and the rat and mouse lines analyzed, although some differences were found in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Osamu Yamato
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan.
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Ushirozako G, Murayama N, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Yamazaki H, Uno Y. Novel Tree Shrew Cytochrome P450 2Ds (CYP2D8a and CYP2D8b) Are Functional Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes that Metabolize Bufuralol and Dextromethorphan. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:305-311. [PMID: 38262704 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tree shrews are a nonprimate species used in a range of biomedical studies. Recent genome analysis of tree shrews found that the sequence identities and the numbers of genes of cytochrome P450 (CYP or P450), an important family of drug-metabolizing enzymes, are similar to those of humans. However, tree shrew P450s have not yet been sufficiently identified and analyzed. In this study, novel CYP2D8a and CYP2D8b cDNAs were isolated from tree shrew liver and were characterized, along with human CYP2D6, dog CYP2D15, and pig CYP2D25. The amino acid sequences of these tree shrew CYP2Ds were 75%-78% identical to human CYP2D6, and phylogenetic analysis showed that they were more closely related to human CYP2D6 than rat CYP2Ds, similar to dog and pig CYP2Ds. For tree shrew CYP2D8b, two additional transcripts were isolated that contained different patterns of deletion. The gene and genome structures of CYP2Ds are generally similar in dogs, humans, pigs, and tree shrews. Tree shrew CYP2D8a mRNA was most abundantly expressed in liver, among the tissue types analyzed, similar to dog CYP2D15 and pig CYP2D25 mRNAs. Tree shrew CYP2D8b mRNA was also expressed in liver, but at a level 7.3-fold lower than CYP2D8a mRNA. Liver microsomes and recombinant protein of both tree shrew CYP2Ds metabolized bufuralol and dextromethorphan, selective substrates of human CYP2D6, but the activity level of CYP2D8a greatly exceeded that of CYP2D8b. These results suggest that tree shrew CYP2D8a and CYP2D8b are functional drug-metabolizing enzymes, of which CYP2D8a is the major CYP2D in liver. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Novel tree shrew CYP2D8a and CYP2D8b cDNAs were isolated from liver. Their amino acid sequences were 75%-78% identical to human CYP2D6. For CYP2D8b, two additional transcripts contained different patterns of deletion. Tree shrew CYP2D8a mRNA was abundantly expressed in liver, similar to dog CYP2D15 and pig CYP2D25 mRNAs. Recombinant tree shrew CYP2Ds catalyzed the oxidation of bufuralol and dextromethorphan. Tree shrew CYP2D8a and CYP2D8b are functional drug-metabolizing enzymes, of which CYP2D8a is the major CYP2D in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Ushirozako
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, Japan (G.U., K.T.-K., Y.U.); and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Norie Murayama
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, Japan (G.U., K.T.-K., Y.U.); and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, Japan (G.U., K.T.-K., Y.U.); and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, Japan (G.U., K.T.-K., Y.U.); and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, Japan (G.U., K.T.-K., Y.U.); and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
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Uno Y, Shimizu M, Yamazaki H. A variety of cytochrome P450 enzymes and flavin-containing monooxygenases in dogs and pigs commonly used as preclinical animal models. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116124. [PMID: 38490520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Drug oxygenation is mainly mediated by cytochromes P450 (P450s, CYPs) and flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs). Polymorphic variants of P450s and FMOs are known to influence drug metabolism. Species differences exist in terms of drug metabolism and can be important when determining the contributions of individual enzymes. The success of research into drug-metabolizing enzymes and their impacts on drug discovery and development has been remarkable. Dogs and pigs are often used as preclinical animal models. This research update provides information on P450 and FMO enzymes in dogs and pigs and makes comparisons with their human enzymes. Newly identified dog CYP3A98, a testosterone 6β- and estradiol 16α-hydroxylase, is abundantly expressed in small intestine and is likely the major CYP3A enzyme in small intestine, whereas dog CYP3A12 is the major CYP3A enzyme in liver. The roles of recently identified dog CYP2J2 and pig CYP2J33/34/35 were investigated. FMOs have been characterized in humans and several other species including dogs and pigs. P450 and FMO family members have been characterized also in cynomolgus macaques and common marmosets. P450s have industrial applications and have been the focus of attention of many pharmaceutical companies. The techniques used to investigate the roles of P450/FMO enzymes in drug oxidation and clinical treatments have not yet reached maturity and require further development. The findings summarized here provide a foundation for understanding individual pharmacokinetic and toxicological results in dogs and pigs as preclinical models and will help to further support understanding of the molecular mechanisms of human P450/FMO functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Uno Y, Makiguchi M, Ushirozako G, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Shimizu M, Yamazaki H. Molecular and functional characterization of flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO1-6) in tree shrews. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 277:109835. [PMID: 38215804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) are a family of important drug oxygenation enzymes that, in humans, consist of five functional enzymes (FMO1-5) and a pseudogene (FMO6P). The tree shrew is a non-rodent primate-like species that is used in various biomedical studies, but its usefulness in drug metabolism research has not yet been investigated. In this study, tree shrew FMO1-6 cDNAs were isolated and characterized by sequence analysis, tissue expression, and metabolic function. Compared with human FMOs, tree shrew FMOs showed sequence identities of 85-90 % and 81-89 %, respectively, for cDNA and amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that each tree shrew and human FMO were closely clustered. The genomic and genetic structures of the FMO genes were conserved in tree shrews and humans. Among the five tissue types analyzed (lung, heart, kidney, small intestine, and liver), FMO3 and FMO1 mRNAs were most abundant in liver and kidney, respectively. Recombinant tree shrew FMO1-6 proteins expressed in bacterial membranes all mediated benzydamine and trimethylamine N-oxygenations and methyl p-tolyl sulfide S-oxygenation. The selective human FMO3 substrate trimethylamine was predominantly metabolized by tree shrew FMO3. Additionally, tree shrew FMO6 was active toward trimethylamine, as is cynomolgus macaque FMO6, in contrast with the absence of activity of the human FMO6P pseudogene product. Tree shrew FMO1-6, which are orthologous to human FMOs (FMO1-5 and FMO6P) were identified, and tree shrew FMO3 has functional and molecular features generally comparable to those of human FMO3 as the predominant FMO in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Miaki Makiguchi
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Genki Ushirozako
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Uno Y, Minami Y, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. Identification of cytochrome P450 2C18 and 2C76 in tree shrews: P450 2C18 effectively oxidizes typical human P450 2C9/2C19 chiral substrates warfarin and omeprazole with less stereoselectivity. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115990. [PMID: 38110158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs), especially the CYP2C family, are important drug-metabolizing enzymes that play major roles in drug metabolism. Tree shrews, a non-rodent primate-like species, are used in various fields of biomedical research, notably hepatitis virus infection; however, its drug-metabolizing enzymes have not been fully investigated. In this study, tree shrew CYP2C18, CYP2C76a, CYP2C76b, and CYP2C76c cDNAs were identified and contained open reading frames of 489 or 490 amino acids with high sequence identities (70-78 %) to human CYP2Cs. Tree shrew CYP2C76a, CYP2C76b, and CYP2C76c showed higher sequence identities (79-80 %) to cynomolgus CYP2C76 and were not orthologous to any human CYP2C. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that tree shrew CYP2C18 and CYP2C76s were closely related to rat CYP2Cs and cynomolgus CYP2C76, respectively. Tree shrew CYP2C genes formed a gene cluster similar to human CYP2C genes. All four tree shrew CYP2C mRNAs showed predominant expressions in liver, among the tissue types examined; expression of CYP2C18 mRNA was also detected in small intestine. In liver, CYP2C18 mRNA was the most abundant among the tree shrew CYP2C mRNAs. In metabolic assays using human CYP2C substrates, all tree shrew CYP2Cs showed metabolic activities toward diclofenac, R,S-omeprazole, paclitaxel, and R,S-warfarin, with the activity of CYP2C18 exceeding that of the other CYP2Cs. Moreover, tree shrew CYP2C76 enzymes metabolized progesterone more efficiently than human, cynomolgus, or marmoset CYP2Cs. Therefore, these novel tree shrew CYP2Cs are expressed abundantly in liver, encode functional enzymes that metabolize human CYP2C substrates, and are likely responsible for drug clearances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Yuhki Minami
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Cárdenas-Moreno Y, González-Bacerio J, García Arellano H, Del Monte-Martínez A. Oxidoreductase enzymes: Characteristics, applications, and challenges as a biocatalyst. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:2108-2135. [PMID: 37753743 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Oxidoreductases are enzymes with distinctive characteristics that favor their use in different areas, such as agriculture, environmental management, medicine, and analytical chemistry. Among these enzymes, oxidases, dehydrogenases, peroxidases, and oxygenases are very interesting. Because their substrate diversity, they can be used in different biocatalytic processes by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Immobilization of these enzymes has favored their use in the solution of different biotechnological problems, with a notable increase in the study and optimization of this technology in the last years. In this review, the main structural and catalytical features of oxidoreductases, their substrate specificity, immobilization, and usage in biocatalytic processes, such as bioconversion, bioremediation, and biosensors obtainment, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosberto Cárdenas-Moreno
- Laboratory for Enzyme Technology, Centre for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Jorge González-Bacerio
- Laboratory for Enzyme Technology, Centre for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Humberto García Arellano
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Division of Health and Biological Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Lerma, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Alberto Del Monte-Martínez
- Laboratory for Enzyme Technology, Centre for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
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Ushirozako G, Murayama N, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Yamazaki H, Uno Y. Tree shrew cytochrome P450 2E1 is a functional enzyme that metabolises chlorzoxazone and p-nitrophenol. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:573-580. [PMID: 37934191 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2280996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs or P450s) are important enzymes for drug metabolism. Tree shrews are non-primate animal species used in various fields of biomedical research, including infection (especially hepatitis viruses), depression, and myopia. A recent tree shrew genome analysis indicated that the sequences and the numbers of P450 genes are similar to those of humans; however, P450s have not been adequately identified and analysed in this species.In this study, a novel CYP2E1 was isolated from tree shrew liver and was characterised in comparison with human, dog, and pig CYP2E1. Tree shrew CYP2E1 and human CYP2E1 showed high amino acid sequence identity (83%) and were closely related in a phylogenetic tree.Gene and genome structures of CYP2E1 were generally similar in humans, dogs, pigs, and tree shrews. Tissue expression patterns showed that tree shrew CYP2E1 mRNA was predominantly expressed in liver, just as for dog and pig CYP2E1 mRNAs. In tree shrews, recombinant CYP2E1 protein and liver microsomes metabolised chlorzoxazone and p-nitrophenol, probe substrates of human CYP2E1, just as they do in dogs and pigs.These results suggest that tree shrew CYP2E1 encodes a functional drug-metabolising enzyme that plays a role in the liver, similar to human CYP2E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Ushirozako
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Japan
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Uno Y, Noda Y, Morikuni S, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. Liver microsomal cytochrome P450 3A-dependent drug oxidation activities in individual dogs. Xenobiotica 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37144920 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2211673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug oxidations are mediated mainly by cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs). CYP3As are an important P450 subfamily and include liver-specific CYP3A12 and intestine-specific CYP3A98 in dogs. Individual differences in drug oxidation activities were investigated, including correlations with immunoreactive CYP3A protein intensities and CYP3A mRNA expression levels in liver microsomes.Pooled and individual dog liver microsomes showed activities toward nifedipine, midazolam, alprazolam, and estradiol, but the levels of catalytic activities varied approximately twofold among the individual dogs. One dog harbored a CYP1A2 variant causing protein deletion, but showed higher activities than the other dogs toward nifedipine oxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation, alprazolam 4-hydroxylation, estradiol 16α-hydroxylation activities, and caffeine C8-hydroxylation; the latter is used as a reference reaction for CYP1A.In individual dog liver microsomes, the intensities of the immunochemical bands with anti-human CYP3A4 and anti-rat CYP3A2 antibodies along with CYP3A12 and CYP3A26 mRNA expression levels showed good correlations (p < 0.05) with nifedipine oxidation, midazolam 1'- and 4-hydroxylation, alprazolam 1'- and 4-hydroxylation, and estradiol 16α-hydroxylation activities.These results suggest that the oxidation activities of dog liver microsomes toward nifedipine and other typical CYP3A-catalyzed drugs exhibit approximately twofold individual differences and were predominantly mediated by liver-specific CYP3A12 in the dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yutaro Noda
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Saho Morikuni
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
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Lee DY, Kang HE. Pharmacokinetics of the novel 5-HT 4 receptor agonist, DA-6886, in dogs. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:438-444. [PMID: 37737842 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2262013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of a new 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 agonist, DA-6886, intended for the treatment of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, were evaluated in beagle dogs following both intravenous and oral administration of DA-6886 (1-10 mg/kg). The study also examined the effects of gender and food on the pharmacokinetics of DA-6886 in dogs.DA-6886 demonstrated dose-proportional area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) values and dose-independent clearance (21.0-24.6 mL/min/kg) after administration via both routes. The steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) for DA-6886 was dose-independent and relatively large (6.76-8.57 L/kg), aligning with its observed high distribution in rat tissues.No significant differences were observed in the pharmacokinetics of DA-6886 between male and female dogs. Post oral administration, extent of absolute oral bioavailability (BA) was relatively high (48.2-96.1%) in contrast to the rates observed in rats (18.9-55.0%).Dogs that were fed exhibited a significantly lower Cmax and a delayed Tmax in comparison to those that were fasted. However, the AUC values were similar between the two groups. The extended stomach transit time in the fed state may account for this delayed absorption of DA-6886 without substantial changes in AUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Lee
- Research Center, Dong-A ST Co. Ltd, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Hee Eun Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
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Genomic Survey of Flavin Monooxygenases in Wild and Cultivated Rice Provides Insight into Evolution and Functional Diversities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044190. [PMID: 36835601 PMCID: PMC9960948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavin monooxygenase (FMO) enzyme was discovered in mammalian liver cells that convert a carcinogenic compound, N-N'-dimethylaniline, into a non-carcinogenic compound, N-oxide. Since then, many FMOs have been reported in animal systems for their primary role in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds. In plants, this family has diverged to perform varied functions like pathogen defense, auxin biosynthesis, and S-oxygenation of compounds. Only a few members of this family, primarily those involved in auxin biosynthesis, have been functionally characterized in plant species. Thus, the present study aims to identify all the members of the FMO family in 10 different wild and cultivated Oryza species. Genome-wide analysis of the FMO family in different Oryza species reveals that each species has multiple FMO members in its genome and that this family is conserved throughout evolution. Taking clues from its role in pathogen defense and its possible function in ROS scavenging, we have also assessed the involvement of this family in abiotic stresses. A detailed in silico expression analysis of the FMO family in Oryza sativa subsp. japonica revealed that only a subset of genes responds to different abiotic stresses. This is supported by the experimental validation of a few selected genes using qRT-PCR in stress-sensitive Oryza sativa subsp. indica and stress-sensitive wild rice Oryza nivara. The identification and comprehensive in silico analysis of FMO genes from different Oryza species carried out in this study will serve as the foundation for further structural and functional studies of FMO genes in rice as well as other crop types.
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Yamazaki H, Shimizu M. Species Specificity and Selection of Models for Drug Oxidations Mediated by Polymorphic Human Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:123-129. [PMID: 35772770 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many drug oxygenations are mainly mediated by polymorphic cytochromes P450 (P450s) and also by flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs). More than 50 years of research on P450/FMO-mediated drug oxygenations have clarified their catalytic roles. The natural product coumarin causes hepatotoxicity in rats via the reactive coumarin 3,4-epoxide, a reaction catalyzed by P450 1A2; however, coumarin undergoes rapid 7-hydroxylation by polymorphic P450 2A6 in humans. The primary oxidation product of the teratogen thalidomide in rats is deactivated 5'-hydroxythalidomide plus sulfate and glucuronide conjugates; however, similar 5'-hydroxythalidomide and 5-hydroxythalidomide are formed in rabbits in vivo. Thalidomide causes human P450 3A enzyme induction in liver (and placenta) and is also activated in vitro and in vivo by P450 3A through the primary human metabolite 5-hydroxythalidomide (leading to conjugation with glutathione/nonspecific proteins). Species differences exist in terms of drug metabolism in rodents and humans, and such differences can be very important when determining the contributions of individual enzymes. The approaches used for investigating the roles of human P450 and FMO enzymes in understanding drug oxidations and clinical therapy have not yet reached maturity and still require further development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Drug oxidations in animals and humans mediated by P450s and FMOs are important for understanding the pharmacological properties of drugs, such as the species-dependent teratogenicity of the reactive metabolites of thalidomide and the metabolism of food-derived odorous trimethylamine to non-odorous (but proatherogenic) trimethylamine N-oxide. Recognized differences exist in terms of drug metabolism between rodents, non-human primates, and humans, and such differences are important when determining individual liver enzyme contributions with substrates in in vitro and in vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
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Medication with fenbendazole in feed: plasma concentrations and effects on hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in swine. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:803-815. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Uno Y, Morikuni S, Shiraishi M, Asano A, Kawaguchi H, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. A comprehensive analysis of six forms of cytochrome P450 2C (CYP2C) in pigs. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:963-972. [PMID: 36373600 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2148139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are an important species used in drug metabolism studies; however, the cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) have not been fully investigated in pigs.In this study, pig CYP2C32, CYP2C33, CYP2C34, CYP2C36, CYP2C42, and CYP2C49 cDNAs were isolated and found to contain open reading frames of 490 or 494 amino acids that shared 64-82% sequence identity with human CYP2C8/9/18/19.Pig CYP2C genes formed a gene cluster in a genomic region that corresponded to that of the human CYP2C cluster; an additional gene cluster was formed by pig CYP2C33a and CYP2C33b distant from the first cluster but located in the same chromosome.Among the tissues analysed, these pig CYP2C mRNAs were preferentially expressed in liver, small intestine, and/or kidney; pig CYP2C49, CYP2C32, CYP2C34, and CYP2C33 mRNAs were the most abundant CYP2C mRNAs in liver, jejunum, ileum, and kidney, respectively.Metabolic assays showed that pig CYP2C proteins (heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli) metabolised typical human CYP2C substrates diclofenac, warfarin, and/or omeprazole.The results suggest that these pig CYP2Cs are functional enzymes able to metabolise human CYP2C substrates in liver and small intestine, just as human CYP2Cs do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Japan
| | - Saho Morikuni
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
| | - Mitsuya Shiraishi
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Japan
| | - Atsushi Asano
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Japan
| | | | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
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Uno Y, Ushirozako G, Uehara S, Murayama N, Fujiki Y, Kawaguchi H, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Yamazaki H. Newly identified tree shrew cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) and pig CYP2B6b are functional drug-metabolising enzymes. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:687-696. [PMID: 36286316 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2141153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tree shrews have high phylogenetic affinity to humans and are used in various fields of biomedical research, especially hepatitis virus infection; however, cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) have not been investigated in this species.In this study, tree shrew CYP2B6 and pig CYP2B6b were newly identified and had amino acid sequences highly identical (80% and 78%, respectively) to human CYP2B6, containing sequence motifs characteristic of P450s.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that novel tree shrew CYP2B6 was more closely related to known human CYP2B6 than dog, pig, or rat CYP2Bs are.Among the tissue types analysed, tree shrew CYP2B6 mRNA was preferentially expressed in liver and lung, whereas pig CYP2B6b mRNA was preferentially expressed in jejunum and lung.Tree shrew CYP2B6 and pig CYP2B6b proteins heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli metabolised human CYP2B6 substrates efavirenz, ethoxycoumarin, propofol, and testosterone, suggesting that these novel CYP2Bs are functional drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver and/or lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Genki Ushirozako
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujiki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
| | | | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
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