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Barouki R. A toxicological perspective on climate change and the exposome. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1361274. [PMID: 38651121 PMCID: PMC11033471 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1361274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change is accompanied by changes in the exposome, including increased heat, ground-level ozone, and other air pollutants, infectious agents, pollens, and psychosocial stress. These exposures alter the internal component of the exposome and account for some of the health effects of climate change. The adverse outcome pathways describe biological events leading to an unfavorable health outcome. In this perspective study, I propose to use this toxicological framework to better describe the biological steps linking a stressor associated with climate change to an adverse outcome. Such a framework also allows for better identification of possible interactions between stressors related to climate change and others, such as chemical pollution. More generally, I call for the incorporation of climate change as part of the exposome and for improved identification of the biological pathways involved in its health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Barouki
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U 1124 (T3S), Paris, France
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2
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Stemmer E, Zahavi T, Kellerman M, Sinberger LA, Shrem G, Salmon‐Divon M. Exploring potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in inflammatory bowel disease: insights from a mega-analysis approach. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1353402. [PMID: 38510241 PMCID: PMC10951083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1353402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has led to the discovery of new therapeutic targets that are more specific and effective. Our aim was to explore the molecular pathways and genes involved in IBD pathogenesis and to identify new therapeutic targets and novel biomarkers that can aid in the diagnosis of the disease. Methods To obtain the largest possible number of samples and analyze them comprehensively, we used a mega-analysis approach. This involved reprocessing raw data from multiple studies and analyzing them using bioinformatic and machine learning techniques. Results We analyzed a total of 697 intestinal biopsies of Ulcerative Colitis (n = 386), Crohn's disease (n = 183) and non-IBD controls (n = 128). A machine learning analysis detected 34 genes whose collective expression effectively distinguishes inflamed biopsies of IBD patients from non-IBD control samples. Most of these genes were upregulated in IBD. Notably, among these genes, three novel lncRNAs have emerged as potential contributors to IBD development: ENSG00000285744, ENSG00000287626, and MIR4435-2HG. Furthermore, by examining the expression of 29 genes, among the 34, in blood samples from IBD patients, we detected a significant upregulation of 12 genes (p-value < 0.01), underscoring their potential utility as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers. Finally, by utilizing the CMap library, we discovered potential compounds that should be explored in future studies for their therapeutic efficacy in IBD treatment. Conclusion Our findings contribute to the understanding of IBD pathogenesis, suggest novel biomarkers for IBD diagnosis and offer new prospects for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edia Stemmer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Tamar Zahavi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Maoz Kellerman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Kaleidoo, Bar Lev High Tech Park, Misgav, Israel
| | | | - Guy Shrem
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility (OB&GYN) Department Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mali Salmon‐Divon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Li Y, Shi P, Yao K, Lin Q, Wang M, Hou Z, Tang W, Diao H. Diarrhea induced by insufficient fat absorption in weaned piglets: Causes and nutrition regulation. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:299-305. [PMID: 38371473 PMCID: PMC10869582 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Fat is one of the three macronutrients and a significant energy source for piglets. It plays a positive role in maintaining intestinal health and improving production performance. During the weaning period, physiological, stress and diet-related factors influence the absorption of fat in piglets, leading to damage to the intestinal barrier, diarrhea and even death. Signaling pathways, such as fatty acid translocase (CD36), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), are responsible for regulating intestinal fat uptake and maintaining intestinal barrier function. Therefore, this review mainly elaborates on the reasons for diarrhea induced by insufficient fat absorption and related signaling pathways in weaned-piglets, with an emphasis on the intestinal fat absorption disorder. Moreover, we focus on introducing nutritional strategies that can promote intestinal fat absorption in piglets with insufficient fat absorption-related diarrhea, such as lipase, amino acids, and probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Li
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Pengjun Shi
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Kang Yao
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Mansheng Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Zhenping Hou
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co. Ltd, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Hui Diao
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co. Ltd, Chengdu 610066, China
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4
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Dvořák Z, Vyhlídalová B, Pečinková P, Li H, Anzenbacher P, Špičáková A, Anzenbacherová E, Chow V, Liu J, Krause H, Wilson D, Berés T, Tarkowski P, Chen D, Mani S. In vitro safety signals for potential clinical development of the anti-inflammatory pregnane X receptor agonist FKK6. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107137. [PMID: 38245951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Based on the mimicry of microbial metabolites, functionalized indoles were demonstrated as the ligands and agonists of the pregnane X receptor (PXR). The lead indole, FKK6, displayed PXR-dependent protective effects in DSS-induced colitis in mice and in vitro cytokine-treated intestinal organoid cultures. Here, we report on the initial in vitro pharmacological profiling of FKK6. FKK6-PXR interactions were characterized by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Screening FKK6 against potential cellular off-targets (G protein-coupled receptors, steroid and nuclear receptors, ion channels, and xenobiotic membrane transporters) revealed high PXR selectivity. FKK6 has poor aqueous solubility but was highly soluble in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. A large fraction of FKK6 was bound to plasma proteins and chemically stable in plasma. The partition coefficient of FKK6 was 2.70, and FKK6 moderately partitioned into red blood cells. In Caco2 cells, FKK6 displayed high permeability (A-B: 22.8 × 10-6 cm.s-1) and no active efflux. These data are indicative of essentially complete in vivo absorption of FKK6. The data from human liver microsomes indicated that FKK6 is rapidly metabolized by cytochromes P450 (t1/2 5 min), notably by CYP3A4. Two oxidized FKK6 derivatives, including DC73 (N6-oxide) and DC97 (C19-phenol), were detected, and these metabolites had 5-7 × lower potency as PXR agonists than FKK6. This implies that despite high intestinal absorption, FKK6 is rapidly eliminated by the liver, and its PXR effects are predicted to be predominantly in the intestines. In conclusion, the PXR ligand and agonist FKK6 has a suitable pharmacological profile supporting its potential preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Vyhlídalová
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pečinková
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Špičáková
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Anzenbacherová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vimanda Chow
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 6 Thompson Road, M3J 1L3, ON, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jiabao Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College Street, M5S 3E1, ON, Toronto, Canada
| | - Henry Krause
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College Street, M5S 3E1, ON, Toronto, Canada
| | - Derek Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 6 Thompson Road, M3J 1L3, ON, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tibor Berés
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dajun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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5
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Liang Y, Gong Y, Jiang Q, Yu Y, Zhang J. Environmental endocrine disruptors and pregnane X receptor action: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113976. [PMID: 37532173 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a kind of orphan nuclear receptor activated by a series of ligands. Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) are a wide class of molecules present in the environment that are suspected to have adverse effects on the endocrine system by interfering with the synthesis, transport, degradation, or action of endogenous hormones. Since EEDs may modulate human/rodent PXR, this review aims to summarize EEDs as PXR modulators, including agonists and antagonists. The modular structure of PXR is also described, interestingly, the pharmacology of PXR have been confirmed to vary among different species. Furthermore, PXR play a key role in the regulation of endocrine function. Endocrine disruption of EEDs via PXR and its related pathways are systematically summarized. In brief, this review may provide a way to understand the roles of EEDs in interaction with the nuclear receptors (such as PXR) and the related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yiyao Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qiuyan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yifan Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Liang Y, Jiang Q, Gong Y, Yu Y, Zou H, Zhao J, Zhang T, Zhang J. In vitro and in silico assessment of endocrine disrupting effects of food contaminants through pregnane X receptor. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113711. [PMID: 36893891 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
As a promiscuous xenobiotic receptor, pregnane X receptor (PXR) has been confirmed to participate in numerous physiological process. In addition to the conventional estrogen/androgen receptor, PXR also serves as an alternative target for environmental chemical contaminants. In this work, the PXR-mediated endocrine disrupting effects of typical food contaminants were explored. Firstly, the time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays confirmed the PXR binding affinities of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, chlorpyrifos, bisphenol A, and zearalenone, with IC50 values ranging from 1.88 to 4284.00 nM. Then their PXR agonist activities were assessed by PXR-mediated CYP3A4 reporter gene assays. Subsequently, the regulation of gene expressions of PXR and its targets CYP3A4, UGT1A1, and MDR1 by these compounds was further investigated. Intriguingly, all the tested compounds interfered with these gene expressions, confirming their endocrine disrupting effects via PXR-mediated signaling. The compound-PXR-LBD binding interactions were explored by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to unravel the structural basis of their PXR binding capacities. The weak intermolecular interactions are key players in stabilizing these compound-PXR-LBD complexes. During the simulation process, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl remained stable while the other 5 compounds underwent relatively severe disturbances. In conclusion, these food contaminants might exhibit endocrine disrupting effects via PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qiuyan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yiyao Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yifan Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Haoyang Zou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jingqi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Men S, Wang H. Phenobarbital in Nuclear Receptor Activation: An Update. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:210-218. [PMID: 36351837 PMCID: PMC9900862 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenobarbital (PB) is a commonly prescribed anti-epileptic drug that can also benefit newborns from hyperbilirubinemia. Being the first drug demonstrating hepatic induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP), PB has since been broadly used as a model compound to study xenobiotic-induced drug metabolism and clearance. Mechanistically, PB-mediated CYP induction is linked to a number of nuclear receptors, such as the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and estrogen receptor α, with CAR being the predominant regulator. Unlike prototypical agonistic ligands, PB-mediated activation of CAR does not involve direct binding with the receptor. Instead, dephosphorylation of threonine 38 in the DNA-binding domain of CAR was delineated as a key signaling event underlying PB-mediated indirect activation of CAR. Further studies revealed that such phosphorylation sites appear to be highly conserved among most human nuclear receptors. Interestingly, while PB is a pan-CAR activator in both animals and humans, PB activates human but not mouse PXR. The species-specific role of PB in gene regulation is a key determinant of its implication in xenobiotic metabolism, drug-drug interactions, energy homeostasis, and cell proliferation. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in our understanding of PB-provoked transactivation of nuclear receptors with a focus on CAR and PXR. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Extensive studies using PB as a research tool have significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular basis underlying nuclear receptor-mediated drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions, energy homeostasis, and cell proliferation. In particular, CAR has been established as a cell signaling-regulated nuclear receptor in addition to ligand-dependent functionality. This mini-review highlights the mechanisms by which PB transactivates CAR and PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqian Men
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (S.M., H.W.)
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (S.M., H.W.)
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Zhang J, Jia Q, Li Y, He J. The Function of Xenobiotic Receptors in Metabolic Diseases. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:237-248. [PMID: 36414407 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are a series of metabolic disorders that include obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The increased prevalence of metabolic diseases has resulted in higher mortality and mobility rates over the past decades, and this has led to extensive research focusing on the underlying mechanisms. Xenobiotic receptors (XRs) are a series of xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors that regulate their downstream target genes expression, thus defending the body from xenobiotic and endotoxin attacks. XR activation is associated with the development of a number of metabolic diseases such as obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, thus suggesting an important role for XRs in modulating metabolic diseases. However, the regulatory mechanism of XRs in the context of metabolic disorders under different nutrient conditions is complex and remains controversial. This review summarizes the effects of XRs on different metabolic components (cholesterol, lipids, glucose, and bile acids) in different tissues during metabolic diseases. As chronic inflammation plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of metabolic diseases, we also discuss the impact of XRs on inflammation to comprehensively recognize the role of XRs in metabolic diseases. This will provide new ideas for treating metabolic diseases by targeting XRs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review outlines the current understanding of xenobiotic receptors on nutrient metabolism and inflammation during metabolic diseases. This work also highlights the gaps in this field, which can be used to direct the future investigations on metabolic diseases treatment by targeting xenobiotic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingyi Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinhan He
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Dvořák Z, Li H, Mani S. Microbial Metabolites as Ligands to Xenobiotic Receptors: Chemical Mimicry as Potential Drugs of the Future. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:219-227. [PMID: 36184080 PMCID: PMC9900867 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic receptors, such as the pregnane X receptor, regulate multiple host physiologic pathways including xenobiotic metabolism, certain aspects of cellular metabolism, and innate immunity. These ligand-dependent nuclear factors regulate gene expression via genomic recognition of specific promoters and transcriptional activation of the gene. Natural or endogenous ligands are not commonly associated with this class of receptors; however, since these receptors are expressed in a cell-type specific manner in the liver and intestines, there has been significant recent effort to characterize microbially derived metabolites as ligands for these receptors. In general, these metabolites are thought to be weak micromolar affinity ligands. This journal anniversary minireview focuses on recent efforts to derive potentially nontoxic microbial metabolite chemical mimics that could one day be developed as drugs combating xenobiotic receptor-modifying pathophysiology. The review will include our perspective on the field and recommend certain directions for future research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Xenobiotic receptors (XRs) regulate host drug metabolism, cellular metabolism, and immunity. Their presence in host intestines allows them to function not only as xenosensors but also as a response to the complex metabolic environment present in the intestines. Specifically, this review focuses on describing microbial metabolite-XR interactions and the translation of these findings toward discovery of novel chemical mimics as potential drugs of the future for diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Immunomodulation, Toxicity, and Therapeutic Potential of Nanoparticles. BIOTECH 2022; 11:biotech11030042. [PMID: 36134916 PMCID: PMC9497228 DOI: 10.3390/biotech11030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered immune responses associated with human disease conditions, such as inflammatory and infectious diseases, cancers, and autoimmune diseases, are among the primary causes of morbidity across the world. A wealth of studies has demonstrated the efficiency of nanoparticles (NPs)-based immunotherapy strategies in different laboratory model systems. Nanoscale dimensions (<100 nm) enable NPs to have increased surface area to volume ratio, surface charge, and reactivity. Physicochemical properties along with the shapes, sizes, and elasticity influence the immunomodulatory response induced by NPs. In recent years, NPs-based immunotherapy strategies have attained significant focus in the context of cancers and autoimmune diseases. This rapidly growing field of nanomedicine has already introduced ~50 nanotherapeutics in clinical practices. Parallel to wide industrial applications of NPs, studies have raised concerns about their potential threat to the environment and human health. In past decades, a wealth of in vivo and in vitro studies has demonstrated the immunotoxicity potential of various NPs. Given that the number of engineered/designed NPs in biomedical applications is continuing to increase, it is pertinent to establish the toxicity profile for their safe and intelligent use in biomedical applications. The review is intended to summarize the NPs-induced immunomodulation pertaining to toxicity and therapeutic development in human health.
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