1
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Hosseini A, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H, Mirzaei HR. Role of the bone marrow microenvironment in drug resistance of hematological malignances. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2290-2305. [PMID: 34514979 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210910124319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The unique features of the tumor microenvironment (TME) govern the biological properties of many cancers, including hematological malignancies. TME factors can trigger invasion, and protect against drug cytotoxicity by inhibiting apoptosis and activating specific signaling pathways (e.g. NF-ΚB). TME remodeling is facilitated due to the high self-renewal ability of the bone marrow. Progressing tumor cells can alter some extracellular matrix (ECM) components which act as a barrier to drug penetration in the TME. The initial progression of the cell cycle is controlled by the MAPK pathway (Raf/MEK/ERK) and Hippo pathway, while the final phase is regulated by the PI3K/Akt /mTOR and WNT pathways. In this review we summarize the main signaling pathways involved in drug resistance (DR) and some mechanisms by which DR can occur in the bone marrow. The relationship between autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and cellular signaling pathways in DR and apoptosis are covered in relation to the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Hosseini
- Laboratory Hematology and Blood Banking, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028. South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan. Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
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2
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Lewis T, Corcoran DB, Thurston DE, Giles PJ, Ashelford K, Walsby EJ, Fegan CD, Pepper AGS, Miraz Rahman K, Pepper C. Novel pyrrolobenzodiazepine benzofused hybrid molecules inhibit NF-κB activity and synergise with bortezomib and ibrutinib in hematological cancers. Haematologica 2021; 106:958-967. [PMID: 32381576 PMCID: PMC8018133 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.238584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and multiple myeloma are incurable hematologic malignancies that are pathologically linked with aberrant nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation. In this study, we identified a group of novel C8-linked benzofused pyrrolo[2,1- c][1,4]benzodiazepine monomeric hybrids capable of sequence-selective inhibition of NF-κB with low nanomolar LD50 values in CLL (n=46) and multiple myeloma cell lines (n=5). The lead compound, DC-1-192, significantly inhibited NF-κB DNA binding after just 4 h of exposure, demonstrating inhibitory effects on both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB subunits. In primary CLL cells, sensitivity to DC-1-192 was inversely correlated with RelA subunit expression (r2=0.2) and samples with BIRC3 or NOTCH1 mutations showed increased sensitivity (P=0.001). RNAsequencing and gene set enrichment analysis confirmed the over-representation of NF-κB regulated genes in the downregulated gene list. Furthermore, in vivo efficacy studies in NOD/SCID mice, using a systemic RPMI 8226 human multiple myeloma xenograft model, showed that DC- 1-192 significantly prolonged survival (P=0.017). In addition, DC1-192 showed synergy with bortezomib and ibrutinib; synergy with ibrutinib was enhanced when CLL cells were co-cultured on CD40L-expressing fibroblasts in order to mimic the cytoprotective lymph node microenvironment (P=0.01). Given that NF-κB plays a role in both bortezomib and ibrutinib resistance mechanisms, these data provide a strong rationale for the use of DC-1-192 in the treatment of NF-κB-driven cancers, particularly in the context of relapsed/refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lewis
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - David B Corcoran
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King College London, UK
| | - David E Thurston
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King College London, UK
| | - Peter J Giles
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kevin Ashelford
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Elisabeth J Walsby
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Christopher D Fegan
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrea G S Pepper
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Chris Pepper
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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3
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Ikumawoyi VO, Awodele O, Agbaje EO, Alimba CG, Bakare AA, Akinloye O. Bioactivity and modulatory functions of Napoleona vogelii on oxidative stress-induced micronuclei and apoptotic biomarkers in mice. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:963-974. [PMID: 31673498 PMCID: PMC6816133 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Napoleona vogelii is used in traditional medicine for the management of pain, inflammatory conditions and cancer. This study was conducted to investigate the modulatory mechanisms of methanol stem bark extract of N. vogelii on induction of micronuclei, apoptotic biomarkers and in vivo antioxidant enzymes in mice. Forty male albino mice were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 5) and were administered distilled water (DW, 5 mL/kg) as negative control, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg of the extract respectively for 28 days before the injection of cyclophosphamide (CP, 40 mg/kg) i.p. on the 28th day. The remaining groups were administered 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg of the extract only for 28 days. Twenty four hours after injection of CP or administration of the last dose of extract, animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation and blood samples collected for determination of in vivo antioxidants, the spleen harvested for immunohistochemical expression of NFκB, Bcl-2, Bax and p53. Bone marrow smears were also made for the micronucleus assay. Treatment with the extract resulted in a significant (p < 0.0001) reduction in frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) compared to CP exposed control conferring protection of 75.09, 94.74 and 96.84% at 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg respectively. In extract and CP exposed animals, there were significant (p < 0.05) increases in GSH, GST and SOD with a corresponding significant (p < 0.05) reduction in MDA. In addition, the extract significantly downregulated cytoplasmic levels of NFκB and Bcl-2 and upregulated Bax and p53. These findings demonstrate that N. vogelli may serve as an interesting lead for chemo-preventive drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Olabowale Ikumawoyi
- Department of Pharmacology Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olufunsho Awodele
- Department of Pharmacology Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Esther Oluwatoyin Agbaje
- Department of Pharmacology Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Chibuisi Gideon Alimba
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adekunle Akeem Bakare
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oluyemi Akinloye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
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4
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Jang SK, Yoon BH, Kang SM, Yoon YG, Kim SY, Kim W. CDRgator: An Integrative Navigator of Cancer Drug Resistance Gene Signatures. Mol Cells 2019; 42:237-244. [PMID: 30759968 PMCID: PMC6449719 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of cancer drug resistance is a critical challenge in cancer therapy. For many cancer drugs, various resistance mechanisms have been identified such as target alteration, alternative signaling pathways, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and epigenetic modulation. Resistance may arise via multiple mechanisms even for a single drug, making it necessary to investigate multiple independent models for comprehensive understanding and therapeutic application. In particular, we hypothesize that different resistance processes result in distinct gene expression changes. Here, we present a web-based database, CDRgator (Cancer Drug Resistance navigator) for comparative analysis of gene expression signatures of cancer drug resistance. Resistance signatures were extracted from two different types of datasets. First, resistance signatures were extracted from transcriptomic profiles of cancer cells or patient samples and their resistance-induced counterparts for >30 cancer drugs. Second, drug resistance group signatures were also extracted from two large-scale drug sensitivity datasets representing ~1,000 cancer cell lines. All the datasets are available for download, and are conveniently accessible based on drug class and cancer type, along with analytic features such as clustering analysis, multidimensional scaling, and pathway analysis. CDRgator allows meta-analysis of independent resistance models for more comprehensive understanding of drug-resistance mechanisms that is difficult to accomplish with individual datasets alone (database URL: http://cdrgator.ewha.ac.kr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Kyeong Jang
- Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular & Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760,
Korea
| | - Byung-Ha Yoon
- Gene Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141,
Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113,
Korea
| | - Seung Min Kang
- Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular & Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760,
Korea
| | - Yeo-Gha Yoon
- Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular & Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760,
Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Gene Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141,
Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113,
Korea
| | - Wankyu Kim
- Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular & Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760,
Korea
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5
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Daniele G, L'Abbate A, Turchiano A, Palumbo O, Carella M, Lo Cunsolo C, Iuzzolino P, Lonoce A, Hernández-Sánchez M, Minoia C, Leone P, Hernandez-Rivas JM, Storlazzi CT. 1q23.1 homozygous deletion and downregulation of Fc receptor-like family genes confer poor prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Exp Med 2019; 19:261-267. [PMID: 30877410 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-019-00551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The identification of chromosome 1 translocations and deletions is a rare and poorly investigated event in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Nevertheless, the identification of novel additional molecular alterations is of great interest, opening to new prognostic and therapeutic strategies for such heterogeneous hematological disease. We here describe a patient affected by CLL with a mutated IGHV status, showing a balanced t(1;3)(q23.1;q21.3) translocation and a der(18)t(1;18)(q24.2;p11.32), accompanying the recurrent 13q14 heterozygous deletion in all analyzed cells at onset. By combining whole-genome sequencing, SNP array, RNA sequencing, and FISH analyses, we defined a 1q23.1 biallelic minimally deleted region flanking translocations breakpoints at both derivative chromosome 1 homologues. The deletion resulted in the downregulation of the Fc receptor-like family genes FCRL1, FCRL2, and FCRL3 and in the lack of expression of FCRL5, observed by RT-qPCR. The mutational status of TP53, NOTCH1, SF3B1, MYD88, FBXW7, and XPO1 was investigated by targeted next-generation sequencing, detecting a frameshift deletion within NOTCH1 (c.7544_7545delCT). We hypothesize a loss of tumor suppressor function for FCRL genes, cooperating with NOTCH1 mutation and 13q14 genomic loss in our patient, both conferring a negative prognosis, independently from the known biological prognostic factors of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Daniele
- Department of Biology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Orabona No. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Alberto L'Abbate
- Department of Biology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Orabona No. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Turchiano
- Department of Biology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Orabona No. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Orazio Palumbo
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Massimo Carella
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | | | | | - Angelo Lonoce
- Department of Biology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Orabona No. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - María Hernández-Sánchez
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, IBSAL, IBMCC, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carla Minoia
- Haematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Leone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Internal Medicine Unit G. Baccelli, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Jesus Maria Hernandez-Rivas
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, IBSAL, IBMCC, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Clelia Tiziana Storlazzi
- Department of Biology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Orabona No. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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6
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Chen TL, Gupta N, Lehman A, Ruppert AS, Yu L, Oakes CC, Claus R, Plass C, Maddocks KJ, Andritsos L, Jones JA, Lucas DM, Johnson AJ, Byrd JC, Hertlein E. Hsp90 inhibition increases SOCS3 transcript and regulates migration and cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncotarget 2017; 7:28684-96. [PMID: 27107422 PMCID: PMC5053755 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic or transcriptional silencing of important tumor suppressors has been described to contribute to cell survival and tumorigenesis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Using gene expression microarray analysis, we found that thousands of genes are repressed more than 2-fold in CLL compared to normal B cells; however therapeutic approaches to reverse this have been limited in CLL. Following treatment with the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-DMAG, a significant number of these repressed genes were significantly re-expressed. One of the genes significantly repressed in CLL and up-regulated by 17-DMAG was suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, (SOCS3). SOCS3 has been shown to be silenced in solid tumors as well as myeloid leukemia; however little is known about the regulation in CLL. We found that 17-DMAG induces expression of SOCS3 by via the activation of p38 signaling, and subsequently inhibits AKT and STAT3 phosphorylation resulting in downstream effects on cell migration and survival. We therefore suggest that SOCS3 is an important signaling protein in CLL, and Hsp90 inhibitors represent a novel approach to target transcriptional repression in B cell lymphoproliferative disorders which exhibit a substantial degree of gene repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nikhil Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy Lehman
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy S Ruppert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Christopher C Oakes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rainer Claus
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kami J Maddocks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Leslie Andritsos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffery A Jones
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - David M Lucas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy J Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John C Byrd
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Erin Hertlein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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7
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Simon-Gabriel CP, Foerster K, Saleem S, Bleckmann D, Benkisser-Petersen M, Thornton N, Umezawa K, Decker S, Burger M, Veelken H, Claus R, Dierks C, Duyster J, Zirlik K. Microenvironmental stromal cells abrogate NF-κB inhibitor-induced apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2017; 103:136-147. [PMID: 29122993 PMCID: PMC5777201 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.165381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Several NF-κB inhibitors were shown to successfully induce apoptosis of CLL cells in vitro Since the microenvironment is known to be crucial for the survival of CLL cells, herein, we tested whether NF-κB inhibition may still induce apoptosis in these leukemic cells in the presence of protective stromal interaction. We used the specific NF-κB inhibitor dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ). Microenvironmental support was mimicked by co-culturing CLL cells with bone marrow-derived stromal cell lines (HS-5 and M2-10B4). NF-κB inhibition by DHMEQ in CLL cells could be confirmed in both the monoculture and co-culture setting. In line with previous reports, NF-κB inhibition induced apoptosis in the monoculture setting by activating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway resulting in poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-cleavage; however, it was unable to induce apoptosis in leukemic cells co-cultured with stromal cells. Similarly, small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA)-mediated RELA downregulation induced apoptosis of CLL cells cultured alone, but not in the presence of supportive stromal cells. B-cell activating factor (BAFF) was identified as a microenvironmental messenger potentially protecting the leukemic cells from NF-κB inhibition-induced apoptosis. Finally, we show improved sensitivity of stroma-supported CLL cells to NF-κB inhibition when combining the NF-κB inhibitor with the SYK inhibitor R406 or the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib, agents known to inhibit the stroma-leukemia crosstalk. We conclude that NF-κB inhibitors are not promising as monotherapies in CLL, but may represent attractive therapeutic partners for ibrutinib and R406.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Philipp Simon-Gabriel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Foerster
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shifa Saleem
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Bleckmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Benkisser-Petersen
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Thornton
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kazuo Umezawa
- Department of Molecular Target Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Sarah Decker
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Meike Burger
- Furtwangen University, Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Schwenningen Campus, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Veelken
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Rainer Claus
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Dierks
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Justus Duyster
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja Zirlik
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany .,Tumor and Breast Center ZeTuP, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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8
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Franiak-Pietryga I, Ostrowska K, Maciejewski H, Appelhans D, Misiewicz M, Ziemba B, Bednarek M, Bryszewska M, Borowiec M. PPI-G4 Glycodendrimers Upregulate TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [PMID: 27996200 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia in Western world, it remains incurable with conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an antitumor candidate in cancer therapy. This study examines the proapoptotic effects of poly(propylene imine) (PPI) glycodendrimers modified with the maltotriose residues (PPI-G4-OS-Mal-III and PPI-G4-DS-Mal-III) on the TNF family in CLL cells. The combination of an understanding of the signaling pathways associated with CLL and the development of a molecular profiling is a key issue for the design of personalized approaches to therapy. Gene expression is determined with two-color microarray 8 × 60K. The findings indicate that PPI-G4-OS/DS-Mal-III affect gene expression from the TRAIL apoptotic pathway and exert a strong effect on CLL cells comparable with fludarabine. Dendrimer-targeted technology may well prove to bridge the gap between the ineffective treatment of today and the effective personalized therapy of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Franiak-Pietryga
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213, Lodz, Poland.,Laboratory of Clinical and Transplant Immunology and Genetics, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, 2 Pabianicka Str., 90-513, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kinga Ostrowska
- Laboratory of Clinical and Transplant Immunology and Genetics, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, 2 Pabianicka Str., 90-513, Lodz, Poland.,Department of Immunobiology of Bacteria, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Str., 90-231, Lodz, Poland
| | - Henryk Maciejewski
- Department of Computer Engineering, Wroclaw University of Technology, 5 Łukasiewicza Str., 50-371, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Misiewicz
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Barbara Ziemba
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska Str., 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Maria Bryszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska Str., 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Borowiec
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213, Lodz, Poland
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9
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HSP90 promotes Burkitt lymphoma cell survival by maintaining tonic B-cell receptor signaling. Blood 2016; 129:598-608. [PMID: 28064214 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-06-721423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is an aggressive B-cell neoplasm that is currently treated by intensive chemotherapy in combination with anti-CD20 antibodies. Because of their toxicity, current treatment regimens are often not suitable for elderly patients or for patients in developing countries where BL is endemic. Targeted therapies for BL are therefore needed. In this study, we performed a compound screen in 17 BL cell lines to identify small molecule inhibitors affecting cell survival. We found that inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) induced apoptosis in BL cells in vitro at concentrations that did not affect normal B cells. By global proteomic and phosphoproteomic profiling, we show that, in BL, HSP90 inhibition compromises the activity of the pivotal B-cell antigen receptor (BCR)-proximal effector spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), which we identified as an HSP90 client protein. Consistently, expression of constitutively active TEL-SYK counteracted the apoptotic effect of HSP90 inhibition. Together, our results demonstrate that HSP90 inhibition impairs BL cell survival by interfering with tonic BCR signaling, thus providing a molecular rationale for the use of HSP90 inhibitors in the treatment of BL.
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10
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Roos-Weil D, Nguyen-Khac F, Bernard OA. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Time to go past genomics? Am J Hematol 2016; 91:518-28. [PMID: 26800490 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in massively parallel sequencing technologies have provided a detailed picture of the mutational landscape in CLL and underscored the vast degree of interpatient and intratumor heterogeneities. These studies have led to the characterization of novel putative driver genes and recurrently affected biological pathways, and to the modeling of CLL clonal evolution. We herein review selected aspects including recent advances in the biology of CLL and present cellular and biological processes involved in the development of CLL and potentially other mature B-cell lymphoproliferative neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Roos-Weil
- Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1170; Villejuif France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Saclay; France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer
| | - Florence Nguyen-Khac
- INSERM U1138; Paris France
- Université Pierre Et Marie Curie-Paris 6; France
- Service D'hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Paris France
| | - Olivier A. Bernard
- Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1170; Villejuif France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Saclay; France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer
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11
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Awan FT, Flynn JM, Jones JA, Andritsos LA, Maddocks KJ, Sass EJ, Lucas MS, Chase W, Waymer S, Ling Y, Jiang Y, Phelps MA, Byrd JC, Lucas DM, Woyach JA. Phase I dose escalation trial of the novel proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib in patients with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:2834-40. [PMID: 25669927 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1014368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The proteasome complex degrades proteins involved in a variety of cellular processes and is a powerful therapeutic target in several malignancies. Carfilzomib is a potent proteasome inhibitor which induces rapid chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cell apoptosis in vitro. We conducted a phase I dose-escalation trial to determine the safety and tolerability of carfilzomib in relapsed/refractory CLL or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). Nineteen patients were treated with carfilzomib initially at 20 mg/m(2), then escalated in four cohorts (27, 36, 45 and 56 mg/m(2)) on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15 and 16 of 28-day cycles. Therapy was generally well tolerated, and no dose limiting toxicities were observed. The most common hematologic toxicities were thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. All patients evaluable for response had stable disease, including patients with del17p13 and fludarabine-resistant disease. This trial shows acceptable tolerability and limited preliminary efficacy of carfilzomib in CLL and SLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh T Awan
- a The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Joseph M Flynn
- a The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Jeffrey A Jones
- a The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Leslie A Andritsos
- a The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Kami J Maddocks
- a The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Ellen J Sass
- a The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Margaret S Lucas
- a The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Weihong Chase
- a The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Sharon Waymer
- a The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Yonghua Ling
- a The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Yao Jiang
- a The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Mitch A Phelps
- a The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - John C Byrd
- a The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - David M Lucas
- a The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Jennifer A Woyach
- a The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
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12
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Clinical relevance of vascular endothelial growth factor type A (VEGFA) and VEGF receptor type 2 (VEGFR2) gene polymorphism in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2015; 54:139-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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Dal Bo M, Tissino E, Benedetti D, Caldana C, Bomben R, Del Poeta G, Gaidano G, Rossi FM, Zucchetto A, Gattei V. Microenvironmental Interactions in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: The Master Role of CD49d. Semin Hematol 2014; 51:168-76. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Gasparini C, Celeghini C, Monasta L, Zauli G. NF-κB pathways in hematological malignancies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2083-102. [PMID: 24419302 PMCID: PMC11113378 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor κB or NF-κB transcription factor family plays a key role in several cellular functions, i.e. inflammation, apoptosis, cell survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, and innate and acquired immunity. The constitutive activation of NF-κB is typical of most malignancies and plays a major role in tumorigenesis. In this review, we describe NF-κB and its two pathways: the canonical pathway (RelA/p50) and the non-canonical pathway (RelB/p50 or RelB/p52). We then consider the role of the NF-κB subunits in the development and functional activity of B cells, T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, which are the targets of hematological malignancies. The relevance of the two pathways is described in normal B and T cells and in hematological malignancies, acute and chronic leukemias (ALL, AML, CLL, CML), B lymphomas (DLBCLs, Hodgkin's lymphoma), T lymphomas (ATLL, ALCL) and multiple myeloma. We describe the interaction of NF-κB with the apoptotic pathways induced by TRAIL and the transcription factor p53. Finally, we discuss therapeutic anti-tumoral approaches as mono-therapies or combination therapies aimed to block NF-κB activity and to induce apoptosis (PARAs and Nutlin-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy,
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15
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Cosimo E, McCaig AM, Carter-Brzezinski LJM, Wheadon H, Leach MT, Le Ster K, Berthou C, Durieu E, Oumata N, Galons H, Meijer L, Michie AM. Inhibition of NF-κB-mediated signaling by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CR8 overcomes prosurvival stimuli to induce apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:2393-405. [PMID: 23532892 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is currently incurable with standard chemotherapeutic agents, highlighting the need for novel therapies. Overcoming proliferative and cytoprotective signals generated within the microenvironment of lymphoid organs is essential for limiting CLL progression and ultimately developing a cure. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We assessed the potency of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor CR8, a roscovitine analog, to induce apoptosis in primary CLL from distinct prognostic subsets using flow cytometry-based assays. CLL cells were cultured in in vitro prosurvival and proproliferative conditions to mimic microenvironmental signals in the lymphoid organs, to elucidate the mechanism of action of CR8 in quiescent and proliferating CLL cells using flow cytometry, Western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS CR8 was 100-fold more potent at inducing apoptosis in primary CLL cells than roscovitine, both in isolated culture and stromal-coculture conditions. Importantly, CR8 induced apoptosis in CD40-ligated CLL cells and preferentially targeted actively proliferating cells within these cultures. CR8 treatment induced downregulation of the antiapoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and XIAP, through inhibition of RNA polymerase II, and inhibition of NF-κB signaling at the transcriptional level and through inhibition of the inhibitor of IκB kinase (IKK) complex, resulting in stabilization of IκBα expression. CONCLUSIONS CR8 is a potent CDK inhibitor that subverts pivotal prosurvival and proproliferative signals present in the tumor microenvironment of CLL patient lymphoid organs. Our data support the clinical development of selective CDK inhibitors as novel therapies for CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Cosimo
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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16
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Gupta SV, Hertlein E, Lu Y, Sass EJ, Lapalombella R, Chen TL, Davis ME, Woyach JA, Lehman A, Jarjoura D, Byrd JC, Lucas DM. The proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib functions independently of p53 to induce cytotoxicity and an atypical NF-κB response in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:2406-19. [PMID: 23515408 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The proteasome consists of chymotrypsin-like (CT-L), trypsin-like, and caspase-like subunits that cleave substrates preferentially by amino acid sequence. Proteasomes mediate degradation of regulatory proteins of the p53, Bcl-2, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) families that are aberrantly active in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CLL remains an incurable disease, and new treatments are especially needed in the relapsed/refractory setting. We therefore investigated the effects of the proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib (CFZ) in CLL cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumor cells from CLL patients were assayed in vitro using immunoblotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. In addition, a p53 dominant-negative construct was generated in a human B-cell line. RESULTS Unlike bortezomib, CFZ potently induces apoptosis in CLL patient cells in the presence of human serum. CLL cells have significantly lower basal CT-L activity compared to normal B and T cells, although activity is inhibited similarly in T cells versus CLL. Co-culture of CLL cells on stroma protected from CFZ-mediated cytotoxicity; however, PI3K inhibition significantly diminished this stromal protection. CFZ-mediated cytotoxicity in leukemic B cells is caspase-dependent and occurs irrespective of p53 status. In CLL cells, CFZ promotes atypical activation of NF-κB evidenced by loss of cytoplasmic IκBα, phosphorylation of IκBα, and increased p50/p65 DNA binding, without subsequent increases in canonical NF-κB target gene transcription. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data provide new mechanistic insights into the activity of CFZ in CLL and support phase I investigation of CFZ in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha V Gupta
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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17
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Baldwin AS. Regulation of cell death and autophagy by IKK and NF-κB: critical mechanisms in immune function and cancer. Immunol Rev 2012; 246:327-45. [PMID: 22435564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cellular response to survive or to undergo death is fundamental to the benefit of the organism, and errors in this process can lead to autoimmunity and cancer. The transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) functions to block cell death through transcriptional induction of genes encoding anti-apoptotic and antioxidant proteins. This is essential for survival of activated cells of the immune system and for cells undergoing a DNA damage response. In Ras-transformed cells and tumors as well as other cancers, NF-κB functions to suppress apoptosis--a hallmark of cancer. Critical prosurvival roles for inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKK) family members, including IKKε and TBK1, have been reported, which are both NF-κB-dependent and -independent. While the roles of NF-κB in promoting cell survival in lymphocytes and in cancers is relatively clear, evidence has been presented that NF-κB can promote cell death in particular contexts. Recently, IKK was shown to play a critical role in the induction of autophagy, a metabolic response typically associated with cell survival but which can lead to cell death. This review provides an historical perspective, along with new findings, regarding the roles of the IKK and NF-κB pathways in regulating cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert S Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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18
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Kwak JH, Jung JK, Lee H. Nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitors; a patent review (2006-2010). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 21:1897-910. [PMID: 22098320 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.638285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nuclear factor (NF)-κB, as transcription factor, is linked to the expression of various genes and plays an essential role in immune and inflammatory responses. Abnormal NF-κB signaling results in human diseases, such as immune disorders, inflammation and various cancers. Therefore, regulation of NF-κB may treat or improve the symptoms in human disorders. AREAS COVERED This review provides information on recent NF-κB inhibitor-related patents from 2006 to 2010. The patents are explained and categorized by mechanism. The reader will gain an understanding of NF-κB function and the structure and biological activity of recently developed NF-κB inhibitors that may be new drug candidates. EXPERT OPINION NF-κB plays an essential role in the human body and thus regulation of NF-κB is very important for the treatment of diseases. Furthermore, patented compounds and peptides are available as lead compounds in drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwan Kwak
- Chungbuk National University, College of Pharmacy, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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19
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Disruption of BIRC3 associates with fludarabine chemorefractoriness in TP53 wild-type chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2012; 119:2854-62. [PMID: 22308293 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-395673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic lesions identified to date do not fully recapitulate the molecular pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and do not entirely explain the development of severe complications such as chemorefractoriness. In the present study, BIRC3, a negative regulator of noncanonical NF-κB signaling, was investigated in different CLL clinical phases. BIRC3 lesions were absent in monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (0 of 63) and were rare in CLL at diagnosis (13 of 306, 4%). Conversely, BIRC3 disruption selectively affected 12 of 49 (24%) fludarabine-refractory CLL cases by inactivating mutations and/or gene deletions that distributed in a mutually exclusive fashion with TP53 abnormalities. In contrast to fludarabine-refractory CLL, progressive but fludarabine-sensitive patients were consistently devoid of BIRC3 abnormalities, suggesting that BIRC3 genetic lesions associate specifically with a chemorefractory phenotype. By actuarial analysis in newly diagnosed CLL (n = 306), BIRC3 disruption identified patients with a poor outcome similar to that associated with TP53 abnormalities and exerted a prognostic role that was independent of widely accepted clinical and genetic risk factors. Consistent with the role of BIRC3 as a negative regulator of NF-κB, biochemical studies revealed the presence of constitutive noncanonical NF-κB activation in fludarabine-refractory CLL patients harboring molecular lesions of BIRC3. These data identify BIRC3 disruption as a recurrent genetic lesion of high-risk CLL devoid of TP53 abnormalities.
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20
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Skórka K, Giannopoulos K. Budowa i funkcje jądrowego czynnika transkrypcyjnego NF kappa B (NF-κB) oraz jego znaczenie w przewlekłej białaczce limfocytowej. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-5814(12)31005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Spagnuolo C, Cerella C, Russo M, Chateauvieux S, Diederich M, Russo GL. Quercetin downregulates Mcl-1 by acting on mRNA stability and protein degradation. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:221-30. [PMID: 21750559 PMCID: PMC3142809 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We recently demonstrated that quercetin, a flavonoid naturally present in food and beverages belonging to the large class of phytochemicals, was able to sensitise leukaemic cells isolated from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) when associated with recombinant tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) or anti-CD95. We also showed that quercetin potentiated the effect of fludarabine on resistant B cells from CLL patients. Resistance to therapy in CLL depends on the expression and activity of anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family. Among these, myeloid cell leukaemia-1 (Mcl-1) has been associated with apoptotic resistance in CLL. Therefore, we investigate here whether the sensitising activity of this flavonoid, which leads to increased apoptosis in both cell lines and CLL, could be related to Mcl-1 expression and stability. Results: B cells isolated from CLL patients showed different levels of Mcl-1 protein expression, resulting, in several cases, in increased sensitivity to fludarabine. Quercetin significantly enhanced the downregulation of Mcl-1 in B cells isolated from selected patients expressing detectable levels of Mcl-1. In U-937 cells, quercetin increased Mcl-1 mRNA instability in the presence of actinomycin D. When cells were treated with MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, Mcl-1 protein level increased. However, quercetin, in the presence of Z-Vad-FMK, continued to lower Mcl-1 protein expression, indicating its independence from caspase-mediated degradation. In contrast, co-treatment of quercetin and MG-132 did not revert the effect of MG-132 mono-treatment, thus suggesting a possible interference of quercetin in regulating the proteasome-dependent degradation of Mcl-1. Gossypol, a small-molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2 family members, mimics the activity of quercetin by lowering Mcl-1 expression and sensitising U-937 cells to apoptosis induced by recombinant TRAIL and the Fas-ligand. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that in U-937 cells, quercetin downregulates Mcl-1 acting directly or indirectly on its mRNA stability and protein degradation, suggesting that the same mechanism may bypass resistance to apoptosis in leukaemic cells isolated from CLL patients and sensitise B cells to apoptosis induced by drugs and death receptor inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Spagnuolo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino 83100 Avellino, Italy
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