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Sun L, Wang L, Chen H. High Productivity Ethanol from Solid-State Fermentation of Steam-Exploded Corn Stover Using Zymomonas mobilis by N 2 Periodic Pulsation Process Intensification. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:466-481. [PMID: 32399840 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state fermentation, featured by water-saving, eco-friendly and high concentration product, is a promising technology in lignocellulosic ethanol industry. However, in solid-state fermentation system, large gas content inside the substrate directly leads to high oxygen partial pressure and inhibits ethanol fermentation. Z. mobilis can produce ethanol from glucose near the theoretical maximum value, but this ethanol yield would be greatly decreased by high oxygen partial pressure during solid-state fermentation. In this study, we applied N2 periodic pulsation process intensification (NPPPI) to ethanol solid-state fermentation, which displaced air with N2 and provided a proper anaerobic environment for Z. mobilis. Based on the water state distribution, the promotion effects of NPPPI on low solid loading and solid-state fermentation were analyzed to confirm the different degrees of oxygen inhibition in ethanol solid-state fermentation. During the simultaneous saccharification solid-state fermentation, the NPPPI group achieved 45.29% ethanol yield improvement and 30.38% concentration improvement compared with the control group. NPPPI also effectively decreased 58.47% of glycerol and 84.24% of acetic acid production and increased the biomass of Z. mobilis. By coupling the peristaltic enzymatic hydrolysis and fed-batch culture, NPPPI made the ethanol yield and concentration reach 80.11% and 55.06 g/L, respectively, in solid-state fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomass Refining Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomass Refining Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongzhang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomass Refining Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
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Manan MA, Webb C. Newly designed multi-stacked circular tray solid-state bioreactor: analysis of a distributed parameter gas balance during solid-state fermentation with influence of variable initial moisture content arrangements. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-020-00307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The growth of Aspergillus awamori and Aspergillus oryzae in a self-designed, multi-stacked circular tray solid-state bioreactor (SSB), operating in solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions at a laboratory scale, was studied. The bioreactor was divided into six layers by six circular perforated trays. Wheat bran was used as both a carrier of bound mycelia and nutrient medium for the growth of A. awamori and A. oryzae. The new tray SSB is equipped with instrumentation (an oxygen (O2)/carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyser and a thermocouple) to continuously monitor O2 consumption and CO2 and heat evolved, which can directly be used to monitor the fungal biomass. The integrated Gompertz model was used to describe the accumulated evolution of CO2.
Results
The results from the models strongly suggest that the evolved and accumulated CO2 can be used to excellently describe fungal growth. Another important parameter that can be determined by the gas balance method is the respiratory quotient (RQ). This is the ratio of the CO2 evolution rate (CER) to the O2 uptake rate (OUR). The use of CER and OUR confirmed that correlated measurements of microbial activity are available, and the determination of RQ may propose an explanation for differences from expected levels. The kinetic behaviour of the fungal culture, using raw CO2, which represents an accumulation term, was integrated with respect to time and fitted to a Gompertz model, a log-like equation. The model can be used to generate parameter values that may be used to verify the experimental data, and also to simulate and optimise the process.
Conclusion
Overall, A. awamori and A. oryzae have their own ability to degrade and utilise the complex compositions contained in the solid substrate, and fermentation conditions may lead to possible comparisons. In addition, multi-stacked circular tray SSB systems demonstrated an excellent system for further investigations of mass transfer and possibly for large-scale operation, though considerable optimisation work remains to be done; for example, the height/diameter ratio and total number of trays should be optimised.
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Chandrasekar V, Ganapathy S, Karthikeyan S, Nambi E, Pandiselvam R. Numerical modeling and simulation of temperature profiles in finger millet bed during solid state fermentation. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shunmugam Ganapathy
- Department of Food and Agricultural Process EngineeringTamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore India
| | | | - Eyarkai Nambi
- ICAR‐Central Institute of Post‐Harvest Engineering and Technology Ludhiana India
| | - Ravi Pandiselvam
- Physiology, Biochemistry and Post Harvest Technology DivisionICAR‐Central Plantation Crops Research Institute Kasaragod India
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Arora S, Rani R, Ghosh S. Bioreactors in solid state fermentation technology: Design, applications and engineering aspects. J Biotechnol 2018; 269:16-34. [PMID: 29408199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, substantial credibility in employing Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) technique has been witnessed owing to its numerous advantages over submerged fermentation (SmF). In spite of enormous advantages, true potential of SSF technology has not been fully realized at industrial scale. The lack of rational and scalable bioreactor designs backed by mathematical models and automated control system that could successfully address heterogeneity with respect to heat and mass, and also operate aseptically, remains the prime reason for it. As a result, there still exists vast scope in SSF bioreactor research and development to facilitate broad spectrum of biotechnological applications. The present article reviews state-of-the-art in SSF technology with focus on bioreactors that have been employed for bioprocess applications, in particular, enzyme production. Based on the mode of operation, bioreactors are divided into four categories with emphasis on design features, effect of operating conditions on productivity, applications and limitations. Selected modeling studies developed over the years, have been revised and presented in problem specific manner in order to address the limitations. Some interesting designs including few recent ones that have been proposed and/or employed at pilot and industrial levels are discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Arora
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Richa Rani
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India.
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5
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Joseph G, Wang L. Production of Biofuels from Biomass by Fungi. Fungal Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90379-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Variable pressure pulsation frequency optimization in gas double-dynamic solid-state fermentation (GDSSF) based on heat balance model. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Lovastatin production by Aspergillus terreus using lignocellulose biomass in large scale packed bed reactor. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chen HZ, Zhao ZM, Li HQ. The effect of gas double-dynamic on mass distribution in solid-state fermentation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 58-59:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Effects of gas periodic stimulation on key enzyme activity in gas double-dynamic solid state fermentation (GDD-SSF). Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 56:35-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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11
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Influence of forced internal air circulation on airflow distribution and heat transfer in a gas double-dynamic solid-state fermentation bioreactor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:2218-26. [PMID: 24347160 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Internal air circulation affects the temperature field distribution in a gas double-dynamic solid-state fermentation bioreactor (GDSFB). To enhance heat transfer through strengthening internal air circulation in a GDSFB, we put an air distribution plate (ADP) into the bioreactor and studied the effects of forced internal air circulation on airflow, heat transfer, and cellulase activity of Trichoderma viride L3. Results showed that ADP could help form a steady and uniform airflow distribution, and with gas-guide tubes, air reversal was formed inside the bioreactor, thus resulting in a smaller temperature difference between medium and air by enhancing convective heat transfer inside the bioreactor. Using an ADP of 5.35 % aperture ratio caused a 1 °C decrease in the average temperature difference during the solid-state fermentation process of T. viride L3. Meanwhile, the cellulase activity of T. viride L3 increased by 13.5 %. The best heat-transfer effect was attained when using an ADP of 5.35 % aperture ratio and setting the fan power to 125 V (4.81 W) in the gas double-dynamic solid-state fermentation (GDSF) process. An option of suitable aperture ratio and fan power may be conducive to ADPs' industrial amplification.
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Impact of operating conditions on performance of a novel gas double-dynamic solid-state fermentation bioreactor (GDSFB). Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 36:1753-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-0950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Derakhti S, Shojaosadati SA, Hashemi M, Khajeh K. PROCESS PARAMETERS STUDY OF α-AMYLASE PRODUCTION IN A PACKED-BED BIOREACTOR UNDER SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION WITH POSSIBILITY OF TEMPERATURE MONITORING. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 42:203-16. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2011.599466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Xanthan Production on Polyurethane Foam and Its Enhancement by Air Pressure Pulsation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 162:2244-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-8998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Mazutti MA, Skrowonski A, Boni G, Zabot GL, Silva MF, de Oliveira D, Di Luccio M, Filho FM, Rodrigues MI, Treichel H. Partial Characterization of Inulinases Obtained by Submerged and Solid-State Fermentation Using Agroindustrial Residues as Substrates: A Comparative Study. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:682-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Rigo E, Ninow JL, Polloni AE, Remonatto D, Arbter F, Vardanega R, de Oliveira D, Treichel H, Di Luccio M. ORIGINAL RESEARCH: Improved lipase biosynthesis by a newly isolated Penicillium sp. grown on agricultural wastes. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2009. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2009.5.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisandra Rigo
- Departamento de Engenharia Química e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, SC, Brasil
| | - Jorge L. Ninow
- Departamento de Engenharia Química e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, SC, Brasil
| | - André E. Polloni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões – Campus de Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, 99700-000, Erechim, RS, Brasil
| | - Daniela Remonatto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões – Campus de Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, 99700-000, Erechim, RS, Brasil
| | - Francieli Arbter
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões – Campus de Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, 99700-000, Erechim, RS, Brasil
| | - Renata Vardanega
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões – Campus de Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, 99700-000, Erechim, RS, Brasil
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões – Campus de Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, 99700-000, Erechim, RS, Brasil
| | - Helen Treichel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões – Campus de Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, 99700-000, Erechim, RS, Brasil; Corresponding author
| | - Marco Di Luccio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões – Campus de Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, 99700-000, Erechim, RS, Brasil
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Zeng W, Chen HZ. Air pressure pulsation solid state fermentation of feruloyl esterase by Aspergillus niger. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:1371-1375. [PMID: 18929480 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2008] [Revised: 08/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Air pressure pulsation solid state fermentation (APP-SSF) was applied to produce feruloyl esterase (FAE) by Aspergillus niger. With the optimization of some variables by orthogonal design, the optimal condition obtained was 0.2 MPa (gauge pressure) of high pressure intensity, 30 min of low pressure duration and 20s of high pressure duration. Based on the optimized condition, the APP-SSF achieved the reasonable enzyme yield of 881 mU/g at 48 h, which was 58% more than that by static solid state fermentation (static SSF) at 72 h. By comparison of two fermentation methods in temperature, O(2) and CO(2) concentration, and respiration intensity, it was concluded that APP-SSF enhanced heat and mass transfer of fermentation system and strengthened the metabolism of microorganisms. The APP-SSF had a greatly positive effect on FAE production by A. niger, by enhancing mass and heat transfer and activating growth and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Bhanja T, Rout S, Banerjee R, Bhattacharyya B. Studies on the performance of a new bioreactor for improving antioxidant potential of rice. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Bhanja T, Rout S, Banerjee R, Bhattacharyya BC. Comparative profiles of alpha-amylase production in conventional tray reactor and GROWTEK bioreactor. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2007; 30:369-76. [PMID: 17573554 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-007-0133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
GROWTEK bioreactor was used as modified solid-state fermentor to circumvent many of the problems associated with the conventional tray reactors for solid-state fermentation (SSF). Aspergillus oryzae IFO-30103 produced very high levels of alpha-amylase by modified solid-state fermentation (mSSF) compared to SSF carried out in enamel coated metallic trays utilizing wheat bran as substrate. High alpha-amylase yield of 15,833 U g(-1) dry solid in mSSF were obtained when the fungus were cultivated at an initial pH of 6.0 at 32 degrees C for 54 h whereas alpha-amylase production in SSF reached its maxima (12,899 U g(-1) dry solid ) at 30 degrees C after 66 h of incubation. With the supplementation of 1% NaNO(3), the maximum activity obtained was 19,665 U g(-1) dry solid (24% higher than control) in mSSF, whereas, in SSF maximum activity was 15,480 U g(-1) dry solid in presence of 0.1% Triton X-100 (20% higher than the control).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapati Bhanja
- Microbial Biotechnology and Downstream Processing Laboratory, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
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A Novel Stepwise Recovery Strategy of Cellulase Adsorbed to the Residual Substrate after Hydrolysis of Steam Exploded Wheat Straw. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 143:93-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-0031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chen H, Sun F. Novel bioconversion of wheat straw to bio-organic fertilizer in a solid-state bioreactor. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2007; 30:99-105. [PMID: 17225993 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-006-0105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to increase the eco-efficiency and overall availability of naturally renewable resource, the novel bioconversion of steam-exploded wheat straw to bio-organic fertilizer containing N(2)-fixer, P and K solubilizers was investigated. The conversion was performed in solid-state fermentation (SSF) with periodic air-forced pressure oscillation (PAPO). The results showed that SSF-PAPO was competitive with the conventional solid-state fermentation (cSSF) in biomass accumulation and wheat straw digestion. With solid-liquid ratio 1:3, microbial biomass production at 72 h was high up to 2 x 10(11) cfu g(-1), nearly twice as that in cSSF. The degradation rate of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin after fermentation in SSF-PAPO reached 48.57 +/- 10.66, 84.77 +/- 2.75 and 2.15 +/- 10.11, respectively, which was greater than that of 29.30 +/- 10.28%, 33.47 +/- 4.85% and 0.53 +/- 9.07% in cSSF, correspondingly. The SSF-PAPO system displayed unique advantage, by a novel gas phase control strategy on gas concentration and heat gradient, on the bioconversion of wheat straw to the bio-organic fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Yinbo Q, Zhu M, Liu K, Bao X, Lin J. Studies on cellulosic ethanol production for sustainable supply of liquid fuel in China. Biotechnol J 2006; 1:1235-40. [PMID: 17068751 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200600067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As the biggest developing country, China faces a serious challenge in satisfying its need for huge amounts of energy resources, especially for liquid fuel. The Chinese government has recently started a bioethanol project, and has produced about 1 million tons of ethanol fuel from corn and wheat in 2005. As it has the largest population in the world and limited lands for food production, cellulosic ethanol would be a more suitable choice for China. Many research projects in China on biodegradation and biotransformation of lignocellulosics have been carried out. Furthermore, understanding the biodegradation mechanism of lignocellulosics and developing practical processes for ethanol production have been ongoing. After more than 30 years of research, several pilot scale facilities have been set up, and lots of experience has been acquired. However, the calculated production cost of cellulosic ethanol is still higher than that of corn ethanol. To overcome this problem, the biorefinery conception has been introduced into research on lignocellulosics transformation. A corncob biorefinery process has been developed in Shandong University. By combining the cellulase and ethanol production with a xylose-related products production, the total production cost can be reduced. A scale of 50,000-ton/year cellulosic ethanol biorefinery is being planned to be built at Yucheng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu Yinbo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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