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Zhao XP, Liu J, Sui ZJ, Xu MJ, Zhu ZY. Preparation and antibacterial effect of chitooligosaccharides monomers with different polymerization degrees from crab shell chitosan by enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:164-174. [PMID: 35307889 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the structure and antibacterial properties of chitooligosaccharide monomers with different polymerization degrees and to provide a theoretical basis for inhibiting Salmonella infection. Chitosan was used as a raw material to prepare and separate low-molecular-weight chitooligosaccharides. Chitobiose, chitotriose, and chitotetraose were obtained by gradient elution with cation exchange resin. The molecular weights and acetyl groups of the three monomers were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), respectively. Three chitooligosaccharide monomers were used to explore the antibacterial effect on Salmonella. The results showed that the degree of deacetylation of chitosan was 92.6%, and the enzyme activity of chitosanase was 102.53 U/g. Within 18 h, chitosan was enzymatically hydrolyzed to chitooligosaccharides containing chitobiose, chitotriose, and chitotetraose, which were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and MALDI-TOF. MALD-TOF and TLC showed that the separation of monomers with ion exchange resins was effective, and NMR showed that there was no acetyl group. Chitobiose had a poor inhibitory effect on Salmonella, and chitotriose and chitotetraose had equivalent antibacterial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu-Jun Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Gonçalves C, Ferreira N, Lourenço L. Production of Low Molecular Weight Chitosan and Chitooligosaccharides (COS): A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2466. [PMID: 34372068 PMCID: PMC8348454 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a biopolymer with high added value, and its properties are related to its molecular weight. Thus, high molecular weight values provide low solubility of chitosan, presenting limitations in its use. Based on this, several studies have developed different hydrolysis methods to reduce the molecular weight of chitosan. Acid hydrolysis is still the most used method to obtain low molecular weight chitosan and chitooligosaccharides. However, the use of acids can generate environmental impacts. When different methods are combined, gamma radiation and microwave power intensity are the variables that most influence acid hydrolysis. Otherwise, in oxidative hydrolysis with hydrogen peroxide, a long time is the limiting factor. Thus, it was observed that the most efficient method is the association between the different hydrolysis methods mentioned. However, this alternative can increase the cost of the process. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the most studied method due to its environmental advantages and high specificity. However, hydrolysis time and process cost are factors that still limit industrial application. In addition, the enzymatic method has a limited association with other hydrolysis methods due to the sensitivity of the enzymes. Therefore, this article seeks to extensively review the variables that influence the main methods of hydrolysis: acid concentration, radiation intensity, potency, time, temperature, pH, and enzyme/substrate ratio, observing their influence on molecular weight, yield, and characteristic of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleidiane Gonçalves
- Institute of Technology, Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil;
- Institute of Health and Animal Production, Amazon Rural Federal University, Belém 66077-830, Pará, Brazil
| | - Nelson Ferreira
- Institute of Technology, Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil;
| | - Lúcia Lourenço
- Institute of Technology, Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil;
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3
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Zhou J, Wen B, Xie H, Zhang C, Bai Y, Cao H, Che Q, Guo J, Su Z. Advances in the preparation and assessment of the biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides with different structural characteristics. Food Funct 2021; 12:926-951. [PMID: 33434251 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02768e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) are widely used biopolymers that have been studied in relation to a variety of abnormal biological activities in the food and biomedical fields. Since different COS preparation technologies produce COS compounds with different structural characteristics, it has not yet been possible to determine whether one or more chito-oligomers are primarily responsible for the bioactivity of COSs. The inherent biocompatibility, mucosal adhesion and nontoxic nature of COSs are well documented, as is the fact that they are readily absorbed from the intestinal tract, but their structure-activity relationship requires further investigation. This review summarizes the methods used for COS preparation, and the research findings with regard to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, bacteriostatic and antitumour activity of COSs with different structural characteristics. The correlation between the molecular structure and bioactivities of COSs is described, and new insights into their structure-activity relationship are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhou
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China. and Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Bingjian Wen
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China. and Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Hongyi Xie
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China. and Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China. and Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510310), China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan (528458), China
| | - Qishi Che
- Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Ltd, Science City, Guangzhou (510663), China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
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Modification of Chitosan for the Generation of Functional Derivatives. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9071321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Today, chitosan (CS) is probably considered as a biofunctional polysaccharide with the most notable growth and potential for applications in various fields. The progress in chitin chemistry and the need to replace additives and non-natural polymers with functional natural-based polymers have opened many new opportunities for CS and its derivatives. Thanks to the specific reactive groups of CS and easy chemical modifications, a wide range of physico-chemical and biological properties can be obtained from this ubiquitous polysaccharide that is composed of β-(1,4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose repeating units. This review is presented to share insights into multiple native/modified CSs and chitooligosaccharides (COS) associated with their functional properties. An overview will be given on bioadhesive applications, antimicrobial activities, adsorption, and chelation in the wine industry, as well as developments in medical fields or biodegradability.
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Kang DU, Lee YS, Lee JW. Construction of Escherichia coli BL21/A-53 producing histidine-tagged carboxymethylcellulase and comparison of its characteristics with CMCase without histidine-tag. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:167-175. [PMID: 30689537 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1566140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To enhance recovery yield of carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), E. coli BL21/A-53 producing the histidine-tagged CMCase was constructed in this study. The recovery yield of the histidine-tagged CMCase using the His-tag affinity chromatography was 39.8%. The predicted molecular weight of the histidine-tagged CMCase was determined as 56,260 Da. Its Km and Vmax were 9.3 g l-1 and 76.3 g l-1·min-1, respectively. The histidine-tagged CMCase hydrolyzed avicel, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), filter paper, pullulan, xylan, but there was no detectable activity on cellobiose, p-Nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG). The optimal temperature and pH for the enzymatic reaction of the histidine-tagged CMCase was 50 °C and 5.0. The histidine-tagged CMCase was enhanced by CoCl2 until the concentration of 100 mM, but inhibited by EDTA, HgCl2, MnCl2, NiCl2, and RbCl2. The characteristics of the histidine-tagged CMCase produced by E. coli BL21/A-53 were compared with those of CMCase without the histidine-tag of Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis A-53. The little changed characteristics of the histidine-tagged CMCase compared to the CMCase without a His-tag seemed to be the conformational change in the structure due to a His-tag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Un Kang
- a Department of Applied Biology of Graduate School , Dong-A University , Busan , Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Lee
- b Department of Biotechnology , Dong-A University , Busan , Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- b Department of Biotechnology , Dong-A University , Busan , Korea
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6
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Kang DU, Lee YS, Lee JW. Enhanced purification of histidine-tagged carboxymethylcellulase produced by Escherichia coli BL21/LBH-10 and comparison of its characteristics with carboxymethylcellulase without histidine-tag. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:1973-1983. [PMID: 30712248 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To enhance purification yield of the carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) of P. aquimaris LBH-10, E. coli BL21/LBH-10 was constructed to produce the six histidine-tagged CMCase (CMCase with a His-tag). The purification yield of the CMCase with a His-tag produced by E. coli BL21/LBH-10 was 44.4%. The molecular weight of the CMCase with a His-tag was determined as 56 kDa. Its Km and Vmax were 7.4 g/L and 70.9 g/L min, respectively. The CMCase with a His-tag hydrolyzed avicel, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), filter paper, pullulan, and xylan but did not hydrolyze cellobiose and p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside. The optimal temperature for reaction was 50 °C and more than 75% of its original activity was maintained at broad temperatures ranging from 20 to 70 °C after 24 h. The optimal pH was 4.0 and more than 60% of its original activity was maintained at pH ranging from 4.0 to 7.0. The activity of the CMCase with a His-tag was enhanced by CoCl2, KCl, PbCl2, RbCl2, and SrCl2 until the concentration of 100 mM, but inhibited by EDTA, HgCl2, MnCl2, and NiCl2. The characteristics of the CMCase with a His-tag produced by E. coli BL21/LBH-10 were little different from the CMCase without a His-tag, which seemed to resulted from the conformational change in the structure due to a His-tag. The purification yield of the CMCase with a His-tag using affinity chromatography from the cell broth after cell breakdown was proven to be more economic than that from the supernatant with its low concentration of cellulase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Un Kang
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Korea.
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7
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Aktuganov GE, Melent’ev AI. Specific features of chitosan depolymerization by chitinases, chitosanases, and nonspecific enzymes in the production of bioactive chitooligosaccharides (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817060023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Soh LMJ, Mak WS, Lin PP, Mi L, Chen FYH, Damoiseaux R, Siegel JB, Liao JC. Engineering a Thermostable Keto Acid Decarboxylase Using Directed Evolution and Computationally Directed Protein Design. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:610-618. [PMID: 28052191 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Keto acid decarboxylase (Kdc) is a key enzyme in producing keto acid derived higher alcohols, like isobutanol. The most active Kdc's are found in mesophiles; the only reported Kdc activity in thermophiles is 2 orders of magnitude less active. Therefore, the thermostability of mesophilic Kdc limits isobutanol production temperature. Here, we report development of a thermostable 2-ketoisovalerate decarboxylase (Kivd) with 10.5-fold increased residual activity after 1h preincubation at 60 °C. Starting with mesophilic Lactococcus lactis Kivd, a library was generated using random mutagenesis and approximately 8,000 independent variants were screened. The top single-mutation variants were recombined. To further improve thermostability, 16 designs built using Rosetta Comparative Modeling were screened and the most active was recombined to form our best variant, LLM4. Compared to wild-type Kivd, a 13 °C increase in melting temperature and over 4-fold increase in half-life at 60 °C were observed. LLM4 will be useful for keto acid derived alcohol production in lignocellulosic thermophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wai Shun Mak
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, and the Genome Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | | | | | - Robert Damoiseaux
- California NanoSystems Institute, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Justin B. Siegel
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, and the Genome Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James C. Liao
- UCLA-DOE Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Academia Sinica, 128 Academia
Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C
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9
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Recent Progress in Chitosanase Production of Monomer-Free Chitooligosaccharides: Bioprocess Strategies and Future Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:883-899. [PMID: 27206559 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) are well documented, and numerous reports of COS production using specific and non-specific enzymes are available. However, strategies for improving the overall yield by making it monomer free need to be developed. Continuous enzymatic production from chitosan derived from marine wastes is desirable and is cost-effective. Isolation of potential microbes showing chitosanase activity from various ecological niches, gene cloning, enzyme immobilization, and fractionation/purification of COS are some areas, where lot of work is in progress. This review covers recent measures to improve monomer-free COS production using chitosanase/non-specific enzymes and purification/fractionation of these molecules using ultrafiltration and column chromatographic techniques. Various bioprocess strategies, gene cloning for enhanced chitosanase enzyme production, and other measures for COS yield improvements have also been covered in this review. COS derivative preparation as well as COS-coated nanoparticles for efficient drug delivery are being focused in recent studies.
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Pan AD, Zeng HY, Foua GB, Alain C, Li YQ. Enzymolysis of chitosan by papain and its kinetics. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 135:199-206. [PMID: 26453869 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) was obtained by the enzymolysis of chitosan by papain. Enzymolysis conditions (initial chitosan concentration, temperature, pH and ratio of papain to chitosan) were optimized by conducting experiments at three different levels using the response surface methodology (RSM) to obtain high soluble reducing sugars (SRSs) concentrations. Meanwhile, the influence of chitosan substrate concentration on the activity of papain was assessed in the experiments. The enzymolysis process was analyzed using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models and the experiment data were found to be more consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. In addition, the kinetic behavior of the enzymolysis was also investigated by using Haldane model, and chitosan exhibited substrate inhibition. It was clear that the Haldane kinetic model adequately described the dynamic behavior of the chitosan enzymolysis by papain. When the initial chitosan concentration was above 8.0g/L, the papain was overloaded and exhibited significant inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Dan Pan
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Er-huan Road, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, PR China
| | - Hong-Yan Zeng
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Er-huan Road, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Gohi Bi Foua
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Er-huan Road, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, PR China
| | - Claude Alain
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Er-huan Road, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yu-Qin Li
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Er-huan Road, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, PR China
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12
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Menendez E, Garcia-Fraile P, Rivas R. Biotechnological applications of bacterial cellulases. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2015.3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Lin PP, Rabe KS, Takasumi JL, Kadisch M, Arnold FH, Liao JC. Isobutanol production at elevated temperatures in thermophilic Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius. Metab Eng 2014; 24:1-8. [PMID: 24721011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential advantages of biological production of chemicals or fuels from biomass at high temperatures include reduced enzyme loading for cellulose degradation, decreased chance of contamination, and lower product separation cost. In general, high temperature production of compounds that are not native to the thermophilic hosts is limited by enzyme stability and the lack of suitable expression systems. Further complications can arise when the pathway includes a volatile intermediate. Here we report the engineering of Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius to produce isobutanol at 50°C. We prospected various enzymes in the isobutanol synthesis pathway and characterized their thermostabilities. We also constructed an expression system based on the lactate dehydrogenase promoter from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans. With the best enzyme combination and the expression system, 3.3g/l of isobutanol was produced from glucose and 0.6g/l of isobutanol from cellobiose in G. thermoglucosidasius within 48h at 50°C. This is the first demonstration of isobutanol production in recombinant bacteria at an elevated temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kersten S Rabe
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jennifer L Takasumi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marvin Kadisch
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - James C Liao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Montilla A, Ruiz-Matute AI, Corzo N, Giacomini C, Irazoqui G. Enzymatic generation of chitooligosaccharides from chitosan using soluble and immobilized glycosyltransferase (Branchzyme). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:10360-10367. [PMID: 24090050 DOI: 10.1021/jf403321r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides possessing remarkable biological properties can be obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin. In this work, the chitosanase activity of soluble and immobilized glycosyltransferase (Branchzyme) toward chitosan and biochemical characterization are described for the first time. This enzyme was found to be homotetrameric with a molecular weight of 256 kDa, an isoelectric point of 5.3, and an optimal temperature range of between 50 and 60 °C. It was covalently immobilized to glutaraldehyde-agarose with protein and activity immobilization yields of 67% and 17%, respectively. Immobilization improved enzyme stability, increasing its half-life 5-fold, and allowed enzyme reuse for at least 25 consecutive cycles. The chitosanase activity of Branchzyme on chitosan was similar for the soluble and immobilized forms. The reaction mixture was constituted by chitooligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization of between 2 and 20, with a higher concentration having degrees of polymerization of 3-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Montilla
- Departamento Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC) , Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Liu GL, Li Y, Zhou HX, Chi ZM, Madzak C. Over-expression of a bacterial chitosanase gene in Yarrowia lipolytica and chitosan hydrolysis by the recombinant chitosanase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Dhillon GS, Kaur S, Brar SK, Verma M. Green synthesis approach: extraction of chitosan from fungus mycelia. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2012; 33:379-403. [PMID: 23078670 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2012.717217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan, copolymer of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine is mainly derived from chitin, which is present in cell walls of crustaceans and some other microorganisms, such as fungi. Chitosan is emerging as an important biopolymer having a broad range of applications in different fields. On a commercial scale, chitosan is mainly obtained from crustacean shells rather than from the fungal sources. The methods used for extraction of chitosan are laden with many disadvantages. Alternative options of producing chitosan from fungal biomass exist, in fact with superior physico-chemical properties. Researchers around the globe are attempting to commercialize chitosan production and extraction from fungal sources. Chitosan extracted from fungal sources has the potential to completely replace crustacean-derived chitosan. In this context, the present review discusses the potential of fungal biomass resulting from various biotechnological industries or grown on negative/low cost agricultural and industrial wastes and their by-products as an inexpensive source of chitosan. Biologically derived fungal chitosan offers promising advantages over the chitosan obtained from crustacean shells with respect to different physico-chemical attributes. The different aspects of fungal chitosan extraction methods and various parameters having an effect on the yield of chitosan are discussed in detail. This review also deals with essential attributes of chitosan for high value-added applications in different fields.
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Characterization of a commercial cellulase for hydrolysis of agroindustrial substrates. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 35:1229-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sinha S, Tripathi P, Chand S. A New Bifunctional Chitosanase Enzyme from Streptomyces sp. and Its Application in Production of Antioxidant Chitooligosaccharides. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:1029-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Statistical optimization of cellulases production by Penicillium chrysogenum QML-2 under solid-state fermentation and primary application to chitosan hydrolysis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:1163-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0919-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Zhang H, Sang Q, Zhang W. Statistical optimization of cellulases production by Aspergillus niger HQ-1 in solid-state fermentation and partial enzymatic characterization of cellulases on hydrolyzing chitosan. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0300-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Dhillon GS, Brar SK, Valero JR, Verma M. Bioproduction of hydrolytic enzymes using apple pomace waste by A. niger: applications in biocontrol formulations and hydrolysis of chitin/chitosan. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011; 34:1017-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhu LY, Lin DQ, Yao SJ. Biodegradation of polyelectrolyte complex films composed of chitosan and sodium cellulose sulfate as the controllable release carrier. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhang J, Xia W, Liu P, Cheng Q, Tahirou T, Gu W, Li B. Chitosan modification and pharmaceutical/biomedical applications. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1962-87. [PMID: 20714418 PMCID: PMC2920537 DOI: 10.3390/md8071962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan has received much attention as a functional biopolymer for diverse applications, especially in pharmaceutics and medicine. Our recent efforts focused on the chemical and biological modification of chitosan in order to increase its solubility in aqueous solutions and absorbability in the in vivo system, thus for a better use of chitosan. This review summarizes chitosan modification and its pharmaceutical/biomedical applications based on our achievements as well as the domestic and overseas developments: (1) enzymatic preparation of low molecular weight chitosans/chitooligosaccharides with their hypocholesterolemic and immuno-modulating effects; (2) the effects of chitin, chitosan and their derivatives on blood hemostasis; and (3) synthesis of a non-toxic ion ligand--D-Glucosaminic acid from oxidation of D-Glucosamine for cancer and diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenshui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Jiangsu Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Talba Tahirou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenxiu Gu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
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Kim HJ, Gao W, Lee YJ, Chung CH, Lee JW. Characterization of Acidic Carboxymethylcellulase Produced by a Marine Microorganism, Psychrobacter aquimaris LBH-10. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2010.20.4.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Feng Y, Jiang JX, Zhu LW. Recent developments in activities, utilization and sources of cellulase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11632-009-0028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fleuri LF, Sato HH, Garcia JS, Franco TT. Elucidação parcial da estrutura de aminoglucanooligossacarídeos (AGO's) produzidos enzimaticamente. POLIMEROS 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-14282009000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O presente trabalho visou a aplicação da enzima quitinolítica purificada da linhagem Cellulosimicrobium cellulans 191 e da preparação comercial de papaína na hidrólise da quitina coloidal. A quitina coloidal foi caracterizada quanto ao grau de desacetilação e apresentou GD de 14% por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho. A quitinase purificada hidrolisou a quitina coloidal liberando di-N-acetilquitobiose, enquanto que a preparação comercial de papaína atuando sobre o mesmo substrato formou di-N-acetilquitobiose e tri-N-acetilquitotriose. A estrutura química dos aminoglucanooligossacarídeos foi elucidada por espectrometria de massa.
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Feng T, Gong J, Du Y, Huang Z. Free radical scavenging activity of cellulase-treated chitosan. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Xia W, Liu P, Liu J. Advance in chitosan hydrolysis by non-specific cellulases. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:6751-6762. [PMID: 18328693 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Besides the specific chitinase, chitosanase and lysozyme, chitosan also could be hydrolyzed by some non-specific enzymes such as cellulase, protease, lipase and pepsin, especially cellulase, which show high activity on chitosan. Almost all the cellulases produced by different kinds of microorganisms could degrade chitosan to chitooligomers. The existence of bifunctional enzymes with cellulase and chitosanase activity is one of the reasons for cellulase on chitosan hydrolysis. The bifunctional cellulase-chitosanases mainly belong to glycoside hydrolase family 8 (GH-8), few belong to GH-5 and GH-7, according to the homogeneity analysis of amino acids sequences. Their three dimensional structures however have not been clearly determined. This paper may serve as a guide for a further study on the relationship between structure and function of chitosanolytic cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshui Xia
- Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 Hubei, PR China.
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Liu P, Xia W, Liu J. The role of carboxyl groups on the chitosanase and CMCase activity of a bifunctional enzyme purified from a commercial cellulase with EDC modification. Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lee DX, Xia WS, Zhang JL. Enzymatic preparation of chitooligosaccharides by commercial lipase. Food Chem 2008; 111:291-5. [PMID: 26047425 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a commercial lipase on chitosan degradation was investigated. When four chitosans with various degrees of deacetylation were used as substrates, the lipase showed higher optimal pH toward chitosan with higher DD (degree of deacetylation). The optimal temperature of the lipase was 55°C for all chitosans. The enzyme exhibited higher activity to chitosans which were 82.8% and 73.2% deacetylated. Kinetics experiments show that chitosans with DD of 82.8% and 73.2% which resulted in lower Km values had stronger affinity for the lipase. The chitosan hydrolysis carried out at 37°C produced larger quantity of COS (chitooligosaccharides) than that at 55°C when the reaction time was longer than 6h, and COS yield of 24h hydrolysis at 37°C was 93.8%. Products analysis results demonstrate that the enzyme produced glucosamine and chitooligosaccharides with DP (degree of polymerization) of 2-6 and above, and it acted on chitosan in both exo- and endo-hydrolytic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xia Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jinagnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Shui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jinagnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China.
| | - Jia-Li Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
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