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Martínez Gil J, Reyes RV, Bastidas-Barranco M, Giraldo L, Moreno-Piraján JC. Biodiesel Production from Transesterification with Lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia Immobilized on Modified Structured Metal Organic Materials. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:41882-41904. [PMID: 36440125 PMCID: PMC9685751 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This research presents the modification of MOF-199 and ZIF-8 using furfuryl alcohol (FA) as a carbon source to subsequently fix lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia and use these biocatalysts in the transesterification of African palm oil (APO). The need to overcome the disadvantages of free lipases in the biodiesel production process led to the use of metal organic framework (MOF)-type supports because they provide greater thermal stability and separation of the catalytic phase, thus improving the activity and efficiency in relation to the use of free lipase, disadvantages that could not be overcome with the use of other types of catalysts used in transesterification/esterification reactions for the production of biodiesel. The modification of MOFs ZIF-8 and MOF-199 with FA increases the pore volume which allows better immobilization of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase (PCL). The results show that these biocatalysts undergo transesterification with biodiesel yields above 90%. Additionally, studies were carried out on the effect of (1) enzyme loading, 2) enzyme immobilization time, (3) enzyme immobilization temperature, and (4) pH on the % immobilization of the enzyme and the specific activity. The results show that the highest immobilization efficiency for the FA@ZIF-8 support has a value of 91.2% when the load of this support was 3.5 mg/mg and has a specific activity of 142.5 U/g protein. The FA@MOF-199 support presented 80.3% enzyme immobilization and 125% U/g specific activity protein. We established that the specific activity increases in the period from 0.5 to 5.0 h for the systems under investigation. After this time, both the specific activity and the % efficiency of enzyme immobilization decrease. Therefore, 5.0 h (immobilization efficiency of 95 and 85% for FA@MOF-199, respectively) was chosen as the most appropriate time for PCL immobilization. Methods of adding methanol, with three and four steps, were tested, where biodiesel yields greater than 90% were obtained for the biocatalysts synthesized in this work (FA@ZIF-8-PCL and FA@MOF-199-PCL) and above 70% for free PCL, and the maximum yield was reached at a molar ratio between methanol and APO of 4:1 when using the one-step method under the same reaction conditions (as mentioned above). Only the results of FA@ZIF-8-PCL are presented here; however, it should be noted that the results for biocatalyst FA@MOF-199-PCL and lipase-free PCL presented the same behavior. The order of biocatalyst performance was FA@ZIF-8-PCL > FA@MOF-199-PCL > PCL-Free, which demonstrates that the use of FA as a modifier is a novel aspect in the conversion of palm oil into biodiesel components.
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Affiliation(s)
- José
Manuel Martínez Gil
- Grupo
de Investigación Catálisis y Materiales. Facultad de
Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad
de La Guajira, Km 5 vía a Maicao., Riohacha440007, Colombia
- Grupo
de Investigación Química Cuántica y Teórica,
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Cartagena, Campus de Zaragocilla, Cartagena130005, Colombia
- Grupo
de Investigación Desarrollo de Estudios y Tecnologías
Ambientales del Carbono (DESTACAR). Facultad de Ingenierías, Universidad de La Guajira, Km 5 vía a Maicao., Riohacha440007, Colombia
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Grupo de Investigación
en Sólidos Porosos y Calorimetría, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá01, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Vivas Reyes
- Grupo
de Investigación Química Cuántica y Teórica,
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Cartagena, Campus de Zaragocilla, Cartagena130005, Colombia
| | - Marlon Bastidas-Barranco
- Grupo
de Investigación Desarrollo de Estudios y Tecnologías
Ambientales del Carbono (DESTACAR). Facultad de Ingenierías, Universidad de La Guajira, Km 5 vía a Maicao., Riohacha440007, Colombia
| | - Liliana Giraldo
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Grupo de Calorimetría, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá01, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Moreno-Piraján
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Grupo de Investigación
en Sólidos Porosos y Calorimetría, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá01, Colombia
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Gupta P, Kumar M, Gupta RP, Puri SK, Ramakumar SSV. Fermentative reforming of crude glycerol to 1,3-propanediol using Clostridium butyricum strain L4. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133426. [PMID: 34971623 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Repurposed used cooking oil is a sustainable alternative to other feedstocks for biodiesel production offering enviro-economic benefits. Residual crude glycerol (RCG) from such biodiesel production plants is difficult to utilize due to presence of numerous toxic impurities with various inhibitory effects on biological fermentative reforming process. However, it is a new industrial feedstock for bio-based production of 1,3-propanediol. In this work, a new Clostridium butyricum strain L4 was isolated from biogas reactor leachate after rigorous adaption and 35 subcultures under increasing stress conditions and studied for green production of 1,3-propanediol (PDO) from RCG and further process development. Evaluation of fermentative reforming kinetics was performed and the optimal reaction conditions are pH 7.0, temperature 30 °C, 2 g yeast extract/L and 15 g ammonium sulphate/L. Glycerol-glucose co-fermentation (10:1) enhanced cell growth and thus, PDO output by 11.6 g/L. In comparison to batch fermentation (24.8 g PDO/L; 0.58 mol PDO/mol glycerol) there was 2.8-fold improvement with fed-batch process resulting in accumulation of 70.1 g PDO/L (Yield = 0.65 mol PDO/mol glycerol) using the studied biocatalyst in 150 h. In order to predict yields under different operational conditions a multiple linear regression model was developed (r2 = 0.783) with six independent variables (p < 0.05), where biomass (g/L) and temperature (oC) were forecasted as top contributors to PDO yield. Finally, this biocatalyst appears as a potential candidate for industrial use due to its non-pathogenic nature, ability to grow in wide pH and temperature conditions, tolerance to high substrate and product concentration, insignificant generation of by-products and Coenzyme B12 independent biotransformation. The study can add value to bio-utilization of RCG to produce green 1,3-propanediol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Gupta
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited, R&D Centre, Sector 13, Faridabad, 121007, Haryana, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited, R&D Centre, Sector 13, Faridabad, 121007, Haryana, India.
| | - Ravi Prakash Gupta
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited, R&D Centre, Sector 13, Faridabad, 121007, Haryana, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Puri
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited, R&D Centre, Sector 13, Faridabad, 121007, Haryana, India
| | - S S V Ramakumar
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited, R&D Centre, Sector 13, Faridabad, 121007, Haryana, India
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Igbokwe VC, Ezugworie FN, Onwosi CO, Aliyu GO, Obi CJ. Biochemical biorefinery: A low-cost and non-waste concept for promoting sustainable circular bioeconomy. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 305:114333. [PMID: 34952394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The transition from a fossil-based linear economy to a circular bioeconomy is no longer an option but rather imperative, given worldwide concerns about the depletion of fossil resources and the demand for innovative products that are ecocompatible. As a critical component of sustainable development, this discourse has attracted wide attention at the regional and international levels. Biorefinery is an indispensable technology to implement the blueprint of the circular bioeconomy. As a low-cost, non-waste innovative concept, the biorefinery concept will spur a myriad of new economic opportunities across a wide range of sectors. Consequently, scaling up biorefinery processes is of the essence. Despite several decades of research and development channeled into upscaling biorefinery processes, the commercialization of biorefinery technology appears unrealizable. In this review, challenges limiting the commercialization of biorefinery technologies are discussed, with a particular focus on biofuels, biochemicals, and biomaterials. To counteract these challenges, various process intensification strategies such as consolidated bioprocessing, integrated biorefinery configurations, the use of highly efficient bioreactors, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, have been explored. This study also includes an overview of biomass pretreatment-generated inhibitory compounds as platform chemicals to produce other essential biocommodities. There is a detailed examination of the technological, economic, and environmental considerations of a sustainable biorefinery. Finally, the prospects for establishing a viable circular bioeconomy in Nigeria are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor C Igbokwe
- Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 64012, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Flora N Ezugworie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chukwudi O Onwosi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Godwin O Aliyu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chinonye J Obi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Court EK, Chaudhuri RR, Kapoore RV, Villa RX, Pandhal J, Biggs CA, Stafford GP. Looking through the FOG: microbiome characterization and lipolytic bacteria isolation from a fatberg site. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2021; 167. [PMID: 34870579 PMCID: PMC8744997 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sewer systems are complex physical, chemical and microbial ecosystems where fats, oils and grease (FOG) present a major problem for sewer management. Their accumulation can lead to blockages (‘Fatbergs’), sewer overflows and disruption of downstream wastewater treatment. Further advancements of biological FOG treatments need to be tailored to degrade the FOG, and operate successfully within the sewer environment. In this study we developed a pipeline for isolation of lipolytic strains directly from two FOG blockage sites in the UK, and isolated a range of highly lipolytic bacteria. We selected the five most lipolytic strains using Rhodamine B agar plates and pNP-Fatty acid substrates, with two Serratia spp., two Klebsiella spp. and an environmental Acinetobacter strain that all have the capacity to grow on FOG-based carbon sources. Their genome sequences identified the genetic capacity for fatty acid harvesting (lipases), catabolism and utilization (Fad genes). Furthermore, we performed a preliminary molecular characterization of the microbial community at these sites, showing a diverse community of environmental bacteria at each site, but which did include evidence of sequences related to our isolates. This study provides proof of concept to isolation strategies targeting Fatberg sites to yield candidate strains with bioremediation potential for FOG in the wastewater network. Our work sets the foundation for development of novel bioadditions tailored to the environment with non-pathogenic Acinetobacter identified as a candidate for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Court
- Integrated BioScience Group, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Roy R Chaudhuri
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rahul V Kapoore
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Raffaella X Villa
- Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Jagroop Pandhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Catherine A Biggs
- Environmental Engineering Group, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Graham P Stafford
- Integrated BioScience Group, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Kamal R, Liu Y, Li Q, Huang Q, Wang Q, Yu X, Zhao ZK. Exogenous l-proline improved Rhodosporidium toruloides lipid production on crude glycerol. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:159. [PMID: 32944075 PMCID: PMC7490893 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crude glycerol as a promising feedstock for microbial lipid production contains several impurities that make it toxic stress inducer at high amount. Under stress conditions, microorganisms can accumulate l-proline as a safeguard. Herein, l-proline was assessed as an anti-stress agent in crude glycerol media. RESULTS Crude glycerol was converted to microbial lipids by the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides CGMCC 2.1389 in a two-staged culture mode. The media was supplied with exogenous l-proline to improve lipid production efficiency in high crude glycerol stress. An optimal amount of 0.5 g/L l-proline increased lipid titer and lipid yield by 34% and 28%, respectively. The lipid titer of 12.2 g/L and lipid content of 64.5% with a highest lipid yield of 0.26 g/g were achieved with l-proline addition, which were far higher than those of the control, i.e., lipid titer of 9.1 g/L, lipid content of 58% and lipid yield of 0.21 g/g. Similarly, l-proline also improved cell growth and glycerol consumption. Moreover, fatty acid compositional profiles of the lipid products was found suitable as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. CONCLUSION Our study suggested that exogenous l-proline improved cell growth and lipid production on crude glycerol by R. toruloides. The fact that higher lipid yield as well as glycerol consumption indicated that l-proline might act as a potential anti-stress agent for the oleaginous yeast strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Kamal
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxue Liu
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qitian Huang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Yu
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongbao Kent Zhao
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
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Kumar V, Thakur IS. Biodiesel production from transesterification of Serratia sp. ISTD04 lipids using immobilised lipase on biocomposite materials of biomineralized products of carbon dioxide sequestrating bacterium. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 307:123193. [PMID: 32203868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Production of biodiesel from lipids of Serratia sp. ISTD04 by lipase of Pseudomonas sp. ISTPL3 immobilised on biocomposite materials to increase the enzyme stability and reusability was studied. Lipase extracted, partially purifiedand immobilized onto activated biochar, impregnated with calcite obtained from biomineralization-based conversion of CO2 from ISTD04, and bioactive ceramics materials, Na2Ca2Si3O9 prepared by chemical process. The composition, structure and texture of biocomposite materials determined by SEM and EDS methods. The composition of synthesized biodiesel was determined by GC-MS. The results imply that the immobilized lipase on activated biochar impregnated with calcite gave the maximum yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME:97.41%) followed by immobilized lipase on biochar (FAME:94.91), immobilized lipase on glass-ceramic (FAME:91.50%) and NaOH (FAME:85.63%). The reusability of lipase immobilized on activated biochar impregnated with calcite retained 75.11%and 50% catalytic activity after 5 and 10 cycles of transesterification reaction, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Indu Shekhar Thakur
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Formate-removing inoculum dominated by Methanobacterium congolense supports succinate production from crude glycerol fermentation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:625-634. [PMID: 30783892 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02154-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We developed a formate-removing methanogenic inoculum (FRI) to facilitate succinate production from crude glycerol by Escherichia coli. FRI converted formate to methane, thereby enabling glycerol fermentation without additional electron acceptors under neutral pH. FRI was selectively enriched from sludge from the anaerobic digester of the Seonam sewage treatment plant (Seoul); this process was assessed via Illumina sequencing and scanning electron microscopy imaging. Methanobacterium congolense species occupied only 0.3% of the archaea community in the sludge and was enriched to 99.5% in complete FRI, wherein succinate-degrading bacteria were successfully eliminated. Co-culture with FRI improved glycerol fermentation and yielded 7.3 mM succinate from 28.7 mM crude glycerol, whereby FRI completely converted formate into methane. This study is the first to demonstrate methane production by M. congolense species, using formate. M. congolense-dominated FRI can serve as a renewable facilitator of waste feedstock fermentation and enable the production of commercially important compounds.
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Recent Advances in the Metabolic Engineering of Klebsiella pneumoniae: A Potential Platform Microorganism for Biorefineries. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-018-0346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Parate R, Mane R, Dharne M, Rode C. Mixed bacterial culture mediated direct conversion of bio-glycerol to diols. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 250:86-93. [PMID: 29156369 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct and economic transformation of biodiesel derived crude glycerol is gaining more significance. During screening of bacterial cultures Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes were able to convert crude bio-glycerol to 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) and 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), as major compounds, ethanol and acetoin as minor compounds, with a conversion of 69% and 79% respectively. Process optimization could achieve maximum conversion at pH 7.0, 37 °C, 30-40 g/L glycerol and 1.5 g of inoculum until 120 h. Mixed cultures led to complete glycerol conversion with optimal yield and productivity. An innovative approach of using crude glycerol for sustained growth and tolerance of bacteria as source of carbon and energy makes this study more significant. In addition to this, a mixed culture concept introduced here is expected to make impact in process economics for industrial scale synthesis for direct transformation of glycerol into C3 and specifically, C4 diols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Parate
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India; National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rasika Mane
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mahesh Dharne
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chandrashekhar Rode
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India.
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Mitrea L, Trif M, Cătoi AF, Vodnar DC. Utilization of biodiesel derived-glycerol for 1,3-PD and citric acid production. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:190. [PMID: 29110678 PMCID: PMC5674790 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, biofuels represent a hot topic in the context of petroleum and adjacent products decrease. As biofuels production increase, so does the production of their major byproduct, namely crude glycerol. The efficient usage of raw glycerol will concur to the biodiesel viability. As an inevitable waste of biodiesel manufacturing, glycerol is potentially an attractive substrate for the production of value-added products by fermentation processes, due to its large amounts, low cost and high degree of reduction. One of the most important usages of glycerol is its bioconversion through microbial fermentation to value-added materials like 1,3-propanediol and citric acid. There is a considerable industrial interest in 1,3-propanediol and citric acid production based on microbial fermentations, as it seems to be in competition with traditional technologies utilized for these products. In the present work, yields and concentrations of 1,3-propanediol and citric acid registered for different isolated strains are also described. Microbial bioconversion of glycerol represents a remarkable choice to add value to the biofuel production chain, allowing the biofuel industry to be more competitive. The current review presents certain ways for the bioconversion of crude glycerol into citric acid and 1,3-propanediol with high yields and concentrations achieved by using isolated microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mitrea
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica Trif
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana-Florinela Cătoi
- Pathophysiology Department, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan-Cristian Vodnar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Freches A, Lemos PC. Microbial selection strategies for polyhydroxyalkanoates production from crude glycerol: Effect of OLR and cycle length. N Biotechnol 2017; 39:22-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Stasiak-Różańska L, Błażejak S, Gientka I, Bzducha-Wróbel A, Lipińska E. Utilization of a waste glycerol fraction using and reusing immobilized Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC 621 cell extract. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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13
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Tudorache M, Negoi A, Parvulescu VI. Enhancement of the valorization of renewable glycerol: The effects of the surfactant-enzyme interaction on the biocatalytic synthesis of glycerol carbonate. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Use of Crude Glycerol as Sole Carbon Source for Microbial Lipid Production by Oleaginous Yeasts. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 182:495-510. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Gong Z, Zhou W, Shen H, Zhao ZK, Yang Z, Yan J, Zhao M. Co-utilization of corn stover hydrolysates and biodiesel-derived glycerol by Cryptococcus curvatus for lipid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 219:552-558. [PMID: 27529520 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, synergistic effects were observed when glycerol was co-fermented with glucose and xylose for lipid production by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus. Glycerol was assimilated simultaneously with sugars at the beginning of the culture without adaption time. Furthermore, better lipid production results, i.e., lipid yield and lipid productivity of 18.0g/100g and 0.13g/L/h, respectively, were achieved when cells were cultured in blends of corn stover hydrolysates and biodiesel-derived glycerol than those in the hydrolysates alone. The lipid samples had fatty acid compositional profiles similar to those of vegetable oils, suggesting their potential for biodiesel production. This co-utilization strategy provides an extremely simple solution to advance lipid production from both lignocelluloses and biodiesel-derived glycerol in one step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Road, Wuhan 430081, PR China.
| | - Wenting Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Road, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Hongwei Shen
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy and Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Zongbao K Zhao
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy and Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Road, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Jiabao Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Road, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Mi Zhao
- China Carbon Balance Energy and Tech LTD, 1 Jianguomenwai Avenue, Beijing 100004, PR China
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Multi-modular engineering of 1,3-propanediol biosynthesis system in Klebsiella pneumoniae from co-substrate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:647-657. [PMID: 27761634 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) is a monomer for the synthesis of various polyesters. It is widely used in industries including cosmetics, solvents, and lubricants. Here, the multi-modular engineering was used to improve the concentration and tolerance of 1,3-PDO in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Firstly, the concentration of 1,3-PDO was increased by 25 %, while the concentrations of by-products were reduced considerably through one-step evolution which focused on the glycerol pathway. In addition, the 1,3-PDO tolerance was improved to 150 g L-1. Secondly, co-substrate transport system was regulated, and the 1,3-PDO concentration, yield, and productivity of the mutant were improved to 76.4 g L-1, 0.53 mol mol-1, and 2.55 g L-1 h-1, respectively. Finally, NADH regeneration was introduced and the recombinant strain was successfully achieved with a high productivity of 2.69 g L-1 h-1. The concentration and yield of 1,3-PDO were also improved to 86 g L-1 and 0.59 mol mol-1. This strategy described here provides an approach of achieving a superior strain which is able to produce 1,3-PDO with high productivity and yield.
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Wang F, Xiao W, Gao L, Xiao G. Enhanced performance of glycerol to aromatics over Sn-containing HZSM-5 zeolites. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03358j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two routes exist in one-step catalytic conversion of glycerol to aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 211189
- PR China
| | - Weiyin Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 211189
- PR China
| | - Lijing Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 211189
- PR China
| | - Guomin Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 211189
- PR China
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Kuttiraja M, Krishna S, Dhouha A, Tyagi RD. A substrate-based approach for the selection of oil-bearing heterotrophs from nitrogen-deficient soil for lipid production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:1926-37. [PMID: 25432337 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, nine heterotrophic yeast isolates were tested for their ability to assimilate crude glycerol and consecutive conversion to triacylglycerides (TGAs). All the organisms were initially screened on crude glycerol-based selection media, and those producing lipid globules were further evaluated for lipid production. Sudan Black B staining of eight isolates showed lipid globules. These strains were further studied at different C/N ratio. The molecular identification revealed that the isolates belonged to the genera of Yarrowia and Candida. Among these isolates, SKY7 (Yarrowia lipolytica) produced up to 42.04 ± 0.11 % of lipid w/w) with a C/N ratio of 100 and fermentation time of 72 h. The other strains produced 5.82 ± 0.4 to 34.57 ± 0.44 % lipid (w/w). The GC-flame ionization detector (FID) lipid profile showed that the lipid produced by the strains had close resemblance with vegetable oil and could serve as a feedstock for biodiesel production. Biolog test of the isolates revealed a wide spectrum of carbon utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kuttiraja
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre & Environnement, Université du Québec, 490, rue de la Couronne, Quebec, G1K 9A9, Canada
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20
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Gungormusler M, Gonen C, Azbar N. Effect of cell immobilization on the production of 1,3-propanediol. N Biotechnol 2013; 30:623-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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The effects of cell recycling on the production of 1,3-propanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:513-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hama S, Kondo A. Enzymatic biodiesel production: an overview of potential feedstocks and process development. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 135:386-395. [PMID: 22985827 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The increased global demand for biofuels has prompted the search for alternatives to edible oils for biodiesel production. Given the abundance and cost, waste and nonedible oils have been investigated as potential feedstocks. A recent research interest is the conversion of such feedstocks into biodiesel via enzymatic processes, which have considerable advantages over conventional alkali-catalyzed processes. To expand the viability of enzymatic biodiesel production, considerable effort has been directed toward process development in terms of biodiesel productivity, application to wide ranges of contents of water and fatty acids, adding value to glycerol byproducts, and bioreactor design. A cost evaluation suggested that, with the current enzyme prices, the cost of catalysts alone is not competitive against that of alkalis. However, it can also be expected that further process optimization will lead to a reduced cost in enzyme preparation as well as in downstream processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Hama
- Bio-energy Corporation, Research and Development Laboratory, 2-9-7 Minaminanamatsu, Amagasaki 660-0053, Japan
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23
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Tandem transformation of glycerol to esters. J Biotechnol 2012; 162:390-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gonen C, Gungormusler M, Azbar N. Comparative Evaluation of Pumice Stone as an Alternative Immobilization Material for 1,3-Propanediol Production from Waste Glycerol by Immobilized Klebsiella pneumoniae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:2136-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yang F, Hanna MA, Sun R. Value-added uses for crude glycerol--a byproduct of biodiesel production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2012; 5:13. [PMID: 22413907 PMCID: PMC3313861 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-5-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a promising alternative, and renewable, fuel. As its production increases, so does production of the principle co-product, crude glycerol. The effective utilization of crude glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this review, composition and quality factors of crude glycerol are discussed. The value-added utilization opportunities of crude glycerol are reviewed. The majority of crude glycerol is used as feedstock for production of other value-added chemicals, followed by animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxia Yang
- College of forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
- Department of Biological systems Engineering, Industrial Agricultural Products Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Milford A Hanna
- Department of Biological systems Engineering, Industrial Agricultural Products Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Runcang Sun
- Institute of Biomass Chemistry and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Anand P, Saxena RK. A comparative study of solvent-assisted pretreatment of biodiesel derived crude glycerol on growth and 1,3-propanediol production from Citrobacter freundii. N Biotechnol 2012; 29:199-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gungormusler M, Gonen C, Azbar N. Use of ceramic-based cell immobilization to produce 1,3-propanediol from biodiesel-derived waste glycerol with Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:1138-47. [PMID: 21883732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The feasibility of the continuous production of a valuable bioplastic raw material, namely 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) from biodiesel by-product glycerol, using immobilized cells was investigated. In addition, the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) was also analysed. METHODS AND RESULTS Ceramic balls and ceramic rings were used for the immobilization of a locally isolated strain; Klebsiella pneumoniae (GenBank no. 27F HM063413). HRT of 1 h is the best one in terms of volumetric production rate (g 1,3-PDO l(-1) h(-1)). The results indicated that ceramic-based cell immobilization achieved a 2-fold higher production rate (10 g 1,3-PDO l(-1) h(-1)) in comparison with suspended cell system (4·9 g 1,3-PDO l(-1) h(-1)). CONCLUSIONS Continuous cultures with immobilized cells revealed that 1,3-PDO production was more effective and more stable than suspended culture systems. Furthermore, cell immobilization had also obvious benefits especially for resistance of the production for extreme conditions (high organic loading rates, cell washouts). The results were important for understanding the significance of continuous immobilization process among other well-known 1,3-PDO fermentation processes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work is a promising process for further studies, as the immobilized micro-organism was able to reach high volumetric production rates at short HRT, it has an important role in tolerating and converting glycerol during fermentation. Therefore, HRT is a very significant operational parameter (P value <0·05) directly affecting the bioreactor performance and production rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gungormusler
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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28
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Papanikolaou S, Aggelis G. Lipids of oleaginous yeasts. Part II: Technology and potential applications. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Gungormusler M, Gonen C, Azbar N. Continuous production of 1,3-propanediol using raw glycerol with immobilized Clostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-593 in comparison to suspended culture. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011; 34:727-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Potential use of oleaginous red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis for the bioconversion of crude glycerol from biodiesel plant to lipids and carotenoids. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Liang Y, Sarkany N, Cui Y, Blackburn JW. Batch stage study of lipid production from crude glycerol derived from yellow grease or animal fats through microalgal fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:6745-50. [PMID: 20381345 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A marine microalga, Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 has been found to grow fast on crude glycerol - a major by-product from the current biodiesel industry. Using crude glycerol derived from restaurant used oils (yellow grease), we have determined that glycerol concentrations of 25 and 35 g/l were the optimal ones for untreated and treated crude glycerol in batch cultures, respectively. Biomass dry weight as 8.3 and 13.3g/l were attained for these two doses, respectively. Higher concentrations of glycerol resulted in decreased cell growth due to substrate inhibition and methanol presence. With 35 g/l, the cellular lipid content was the highest - 73.3% among all the doses tested. Animal fats derived crude glycerol also supported algal growth and lipid production. Results from this study set a solid foundation for our ongoing fed-batch process to achieve maximal crude glycerol utilization and lipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Liang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 1230 Lincoln Dr., Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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Microbial fed-batch production of 1,3-propanediol using raw glycerol with suspended and immobilized Klebsiella pneumoniae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 161:491-501. [PMID: 19921491 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The production of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) was investigated with Klebsiella pneumoniae DSM 4799 using raw glycerol without purification obtained from a biodiesel production process. Fed-batch cultures with suspended cells revealed that 1,3-PD production was more effective when utilizing raw glycerol than pure glycerol (productivity after 47 h of fermentation, 0.84 g L(-1) 1 h(-1) versus 1.51 g L(-1) h(-1) with pure and raw glycerol,respectively). In addition, more than 80 g/L of 1,3-PD was produced using raw glycerol;this is the highest 1,3-PD concentration reported thus far for K. pneumoniae using raw glycerol. Repeated fed-batch fermentation with cell immobilization in a fixed-bed reactor was performed to enhance 1,3-PD production. Production of 1,3-PD increased with the cycle number (1.06 g L(-1) h(-1) versus 1.61 g L(-1) h(-1) at the first and fourth cycle, respectively)due to successful cell immobilization. During 46 cycles of fed-batch fermentation taking place over 1,460 h, a stable and reproducible 1,3-PD production performance was observed with both pure and raw glycerol. Based on our results, repeated fed batch with immobilized cells is an efficient fermentor configuration, and raw glycerol can be utilized to produce 1,3-PD without inhibitory effects caused by accumulated impurities.
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André A, Chatzifragkou A, Diamantopoulou P, Sarris D, Philippoussis A, Galiotou-Panayotou M, Komaitis M, Papanikolaou S. Biotechnological conversions of bio-diesel-derived crude glycerol by Yarrowia lipolytica strains. Eng Life Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200900063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Saxena R, Anand P, Saran S, Isar J. Microbial production of 1,3-propanediol: Recent developments and emerging opportunities. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:895-913. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Adamczak M, Bornscheuer UT, Bednarski W. The application of biotechnological methods for the synthesis of biodiesel. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200900078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Anastasov A. Biodiesel—Basic Characteristics, Technology and Perspectives. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2009.10818533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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