1
|
Xue F, Liu Z, Yu Y, Wu Y, Jin Y, Yang M, Ma L. Codon-Optimized Rhodotorula glutinis PAL Expressed in Escherichia coli With Enhanced Activities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:610506. [PMID: 33614604 PMCID: PMC7886678 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.610506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase) is important for secondary metabolite production in plants and microorganisms. There is broad interest in engineering PAL for its biocatalytic applications in industry, agriculture, and medicine. The production of quantities of high-activity enzymes has been explored by gene cloning and heterogeneous expression of the corresponding protein. Here, we cloned the cDNA of Rhodotorula glutinis PAL (RgPAL) and introduced codon optimization to improve protein expression in Escherichia coli and enzyme activities in vitro. The RgPAL gene was cloned by reverse transcription and named pal-wt. It had a full-length of 2,121 bp and encoded a 706-amino-acid protein. The pal-wt was inefficiently expressed in E. coli, even when the expression host and physical conditions were optimized. Therefore, codon optimization was used to obtain the corresponding gene sequence, named pal-opt, in order to encode the same amino acid for the RgPAL protein. The recombinant protein encoded by pal-opt, named PAL-opt, was successfully expressed in E. coli and then purified to detect its enzymatic activity in vitro. Consequently, 55.33 ± 0.88 mg/L of PAL-opt protein with a specific activity of 1,219 ± 147 U/mg and Km value of 609 μM for substrate L-phenylalanine was easily obtained. The enzyme protein also displayed tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL)–specific activity of 80 ± 2 U/mg and Km value of 13.3 μM for substrate L-tyrosine. The bifunctional enzyme RgPAL/TAL (PAL-opt) and its easy expression advantage will provide an important basis for further applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Xue
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Liu
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yangjie Wu
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Jin
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Mingfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lanqing Ma
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang F, Ren J, Zhan J. Identification and Characterization of an Efficient Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase from Photorhabdus luminescens. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:1099-1115. [PMID: 33411135 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A putative aromatic amino acid ammonia-lyase gene (named Pl-pal) was discovered in Photorhabdus luminescens DSM 3368. BLAST and phylogenetic analyses predicted that this enzyme is a histidine ammonia-lyase, whereas sequence alignment suggested that it is more likely a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). This gene was amplified from P. luminescens and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The function of Pl-PAL (58 kDa) was characterized by in vitro enzymatic reactions with L-phenylalanine (L-Phe), L-tyrosine (L-Tyr), L-histidine (L-His), and L-tryptophan (L-Trp). Pl-PAL can convert L-Phe and L-Tyr to trans-cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid, respectively, but had no function on L-His and L-Trp. The optimum temperature and pH were determined to be 40 °C and 11.0, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, Pl-PAL had a kcat/Km value of 0.52 s-1 mM-1 with L-Phe as the substrate, while only 0.013 s-1 mM-1 for L-Tyr. Therefore, the primary function of Pl-PAL was determined to be PAL. The Pl-pal-harboring E. coli strain was used as a whole-cell biocatalyst to produce trans-cinnamic acid from L-Phe. The overall molar conversion rate and productivity were 65.98% and 228.10 mg L-1 h-1, respectively, after the cells were repeatedly utilized 7 times. This work thus provides a promising strain for industrial production of trans-cinnamic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.,College of Life Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Jixun Zhan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Biomedical applications of microbial phenylalanine ammonia lyase: Current status and future prospects. Biochimie 2020; 177:142-152. [PMID: 32828824 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) has recently emerged as an important therapeutic enzyme with several biomedical applications. The enzyme catabolizes l-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamate and ammonia. PAL is widely distributed in higher plants, some algae, ferns, and microorganisms, but absent in animals. Although microbial PAL has been extensively exploited in the past for producing industrially important metabolites, its high substrate specificity and catalytic efficacy lately spurred interest in its biomedical applications. PEG-PAL drug named Palynziq™, isolated from Anabaena variabilis has been recently approved for the treatment of adult phenylketonuria (PKU) patients. Further, it has exhibited high potency in regressing tumors and treating tyrosine related metabolic abnormalities like tyrosinemia. Several therapeutically valuable metabolites have been biosynthesized via its catalytic action including dietary supplements, antimicrobial peptides, aspartame, amino-acids, and their derivatives. This review focuses on all the prospective biomedical applications of PAL. It also provides an overview of the structure, production parameters, and various strategies to improve the therapeutic potential of this enzyme. Engineered PAL with improved pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties will further establish this enzyme as a highly efficient biological drug.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kong Q, Deng R, Li X, Zeng Q, Zhang X, Yu X, Ren X. Based on RNA-Seq analysis identification and expression analysis of Trans-scripusinA synthesize-related genes of UV-treatment in postharvest grape fruit. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 690:108471. [PMID: 32622788 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stilbenes, an active substances closely related to resistance and quality of grapes, are rarely found in natural resources. However its cumulative amount is affected by ultraviolet radiation (UV). The purpose of this study is to screen key genes in biosynthesis of stilbenes Trans-scripusin A and explore its synthetic pathway. We tested content of stilbenes with UHPLC-QQQ-MS2, results revealed that stilbenes accumulation is positively correlated with UV-B exposure time. Then, we performed transcriptome high-throughput sequencing of grapes under treatments. Results shown that 13,906 differentially expressed genes were obtained, which were mainly enriched in three major regions (ribosome, plant-pathogen interaction and biosynthesis of flavonoid). Three genes of trans-scripusin A synthesis pathway key got by combining KEGG annotation and reference gene HsCYP1B1. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SAH genes had high homology with other hydroxylase genes, and distributed in two subgroups. Gene structure analysis showed that SAH genes contained four exons, indicating that gene has low genetic diversity. Chromosome localization revealed that SAH genes were distributed on different chromosomes, in addition, the number of gene pairs between Vitis vinifera and other species was not related to genome size of other species. The expression profiles of SAH genes in different parts of Vitis vinifera L. were analyzed using qRT-PCR analysis, results indicated that expression of SAH genes be specific to fruit part. These paper provide theoretical basis for further study of polyphenols biosynthesis pathway in grape fruits. The study provides novel insights for further understanding quality of grapes response to UV radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Kong
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rongrong Deng
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingyan Li
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingzhi Zeng
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xing Yu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueyan Ren
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The production of L- and D-phenylalanines using engineered phenylalanine ammonia lyases from Petroselinum crispum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20123. [PMID: 31882791 PMCID: PMC6934771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The biocatalytic synthesis of l- and d-phenylalanine analogues of high synthetic value have been developed using as biocatalysts mutant variants of phenylalanine ammonia lyase from Petroselinum crispum (PcPAL), specifically tailored towards mono-substituted phenylalanine and cinnamic acid substrates. The catalytic performance of the engineered PcPAL variants was optimized within the ammonia elimination and ammonia addition reactions, focusing on the effect of substrate concentration, biocatalyst:substrate ratio, reaction buffer and reaction time, on the conversion and enantiomeric excess values. The optimal conditions provided an efficient preparative scale biocatalytic procedure of valuable phenylalanines, such as (S)-m-methoxyphenylalanine (Y = 40%, ee > 99%), (S)-p-bromophenylalanine (Y = 82%, ee > 99%), (S)-m-(trifluoromethyl)phenylalanine (Y = 26%, ee > 99%), (R)-p-methylphenylalanine, (Y = 49%, ee = 95%) and (R)-m-(trifluoromethyl)phenylalanine (Y = 34%, ee = 93%).
Collapse
|
6
|
Rahmatabadi SS, Sadeghian I, Ghasemi Y, Sakhteman A, Hemmati S. Identification and characterization of a sterically robust phenylalanine ammonia-lyase among 481 natural isoforms through association of in silico and in vitro studies. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 122:36-54. [PMID: 30638507 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) is of special importance for the treatment of phenylketonuria patients. The aim of this study was to find a stable recombinant PAL with suitable kinetic properties among all natural PAL producing species using in silico and experimental approaches. To find such a stable PAL among 481 natural isoforms, 48,000 of 3-D models were predicted using the Modeller 9.10 program and evaluated by Ramachandran plot. Correlation analysis between Ramachandran plot and the energy of different thermodynamic components indicated that this plot could be an appropriate tool to predict protein stability. Hence, PAL6 from Lotus japonicus (LjPAL6) was selected as a stable isoform. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulation for 50 ns and docking has been conducted for LjPAL6-phenylalanine complex. The best PAL-phenylalanine frame was selected by re-docking with l-phenylalanine (L-Phe) and root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) value. MD simulation showed that the complex has a good stability, depicted by the low RMSD value, binding free energy and hydrogen bindings. Docking results showed that LjPAL6 has a high affinity toward l-Phe according to the low level of binding free energy. By overexpressing Ljpal6 in E. coli BL21, a total of 33.5 mg/l of protein was obtained, which has been increased to 83.7 mg/l via the optimization of LjPAL6 production using response surface methodology. The optimal pH and temperature were 8.5 and 50 °C, respectively. LjPAL6 showed a specific activity of 42 nkat/mg protein, with Km, Kcat and Kcat/Km values of 0.483 mM, 7 S-1 and 14.5 S-1 mM-1 for l-phe, respectively. In conclusion, finding models with the most reasonable stereo-chemical quality and lowest numbers of steric clashes would result in easier folding. Hence, in silico analyses of bulk data from natural origin will lead one to find an optimal model for in vitro studies and drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Soheil Rahmatabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Issa Sadeghian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sakhteman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Shiva Hemmati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu W, Guo X, Zhang M, Huang Q, Qi F, Huang J. Enhancement of
l
‐phenylalanine production in
Escherichia coli
by heterologous expression of
Vitreoscilla
hemoglobin. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 65:476-483. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Bin Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of EducationFujian Normal University Fuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao‐Lei Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of EducationFujian Normal University Fuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Ming‐Liang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of EducationFujian Normal University Fuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Qing‐Gen Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of EducationFujian Normal University Fuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Qi
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of EducationFujian Normal University Fuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jian‐Zhong Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of EducationFujian Normal University Fuzhou People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Öztürk S, Ergün BG, Çalık P. Double promoter expression systems for recombinant protein production by industrial microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7459-7475. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8487-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
9
|
Pan T, Li S, Zou T, Yu Z, Zhang B, Wang C, Zhang J, He M, Zhao H. Terahertz spectra of l-phenylalanine and its monohydrate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 178:19-23. [PMID: 28157589 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The low-frequency vibrational property of l-phenylalanine (l-Phe) and l-phenylalanine monohydrate (l-Phe·H2O) has been investigated by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) at room and low temperature ranging from 0.5 to 4.5THz. Distinctive THz absorption spectra of the two compounds were observed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations based on the crystal structures have been performed to simulate the vibrational modes of l-Phe and l-Phe·H2O and the results agree well with the experimental observations. The study indicates that the characterized features of l-Phe mainly originate from the collective vibration of molecules. And the characterized features of l-Phe·H2O mainly come from hydrogen bond interactions between l-Phe and water molecules. l-Phe and l-Phe·H2O were also verified by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry (DSC-TG) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) examinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Pan
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Shaoping Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Tao Zou
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Zheng Yu
- Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Jianbing Zhang
- Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Mingxia He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hazi Mastan T, Lenka M, Sarkar D. Nucleation kinetics from metastable zone widths for sonocrystallization of l-phenylalanine. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 36:497-506. [PMID: 28069237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of ultrasound on metastable zone width (MSZW) during crystallization of l-phenylalanine from aqueous solution. The solubility of l-phenylalanine in water was measured gravimetrically in the temperature range of 293.15-333.15K. The MSZW was measured by conventional polythermal method for four different cooling rates at five different saturation temperatures in absence and presence of ultrasound. The MSZW increased with increase in cooling rates and decreased with increase in saturation temperature. The application of ultrasound considerably reduced the MSZW for all the experiments. The obtained MSZW data are analysed using four different approaches to calculate various nucleation parameters. In presence of ultrasound, the apparent nucleation order decreased and nucleation rate constant increased significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Hazi Mastan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Maheswata Lenka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Debasis Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dreßen A, Hilberath T, Mackfeld U, Billmeier A, Rudat J, Pohl M. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPAL2): A potent MIO-enzyme for the synthesis of non-canonical aromatic alpha-amino acids: Part I: Comparative characterization to the enzymes from Petroselinum crispum (PcPAL1) and Rhodosporidium toruloides (RtPAL). J Biotechnol 2017; 258:148-157. [PMID: 28392421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPAL2) was comparatively characterized to the well-studied enzyme from parsley (PcPAL1) and Rhodosporidium toruloides (RtPAL) with respect to kinetic parameters for the deamination and the amination reaction, pH- and temperature optima and the substrate range of the amination reaction. Whereas both plant enzymes are specific for phenylalanine, the bifunctional enzyme from Rhodosporidium toruloides shows KM-values for L-Phe and L-Tyr in the same order of magnitude and, compared to both plant enzymes, a 10-15-fold higher activity. At 30°C all enzymes were sufficiently stable with half-lives of 3.4days (PcPAL1), 4.6days (AtPAL2) and 9.7days (RtPAL/TAL). Very good results for the amination of various trans-cinnamic acid derivatives were obtained using E. coli cells as whole cell biocatalysts in ammonium carbonate buffer. Investigation of the substrate ranges gave interesting results for the newly tested enzymes from A. thaliana and R. toruloides. Only the latter accepts besides 4-hydroxy-CA also 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-CA as a substrate, which is an interesting intermediate for the formation of pharmaceutically relevant L-Dopa. AtPAL2 is a very good catalyst for the formation of (S)-3-F-Phe, (S)-4-F-Phe and (S)-2-Cl-Phe. Such non-canonical amino acids are valuable building blocks for the formation of various drug molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alana Dreßen
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hilberath
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Ursula Mackfeld
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Arne Billmeier
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Jens Rudat
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section: Technical Biology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 3, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Martina Pohl
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barron CC, Sponagle BJD, Arivalagan P, D'Cunha GB. Optimization of oligomeric enzyme activity in ionic liquids using Rhodotorula glutinis yeast phenylalanine ammonia lyase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 96:151-156. [PMID: 27871376 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (E.C.4.3.1.24, PAL) activity of Rhodotorula glutinis yeast has been demonstrated in four commonly used ionic liquids. PAL forward reaction was carried out in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate ([BMIM][MeSO4]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF6]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate ([BMIM][lactate]). Our experiments have revealed that PAL is catalytically active in ionic liquids and the enzyme activity in ([BMIM][PF6]) is comparable to that obtained in aqueous buffer medium. Different conditions were optimized for maximal PAL forward activity including time of incubation (30.0min)L-phenylalanine substrate concentration (30.0mM), nature of buffer (50.0mM Tris-HCl), pH (9.0), temperature (37°C), and speed of agitation (100 rev min-1). Under these optimized conditions, about 83% conversion of substrate to product was obtained for the PAL forward reaction that was determined using UV spectroscopy at 290nm. PAL reverse reaction in ([BMIM][PF6]) was determined spectrophotometrically at 520nm; and about 59% substrate conversion was obtained. This data provides further knowledge in enzyme biocatalysis in non-aqueous media, and may be of importance when studying the function of other oligomeric/multimeric proteins and enzymes in ionic liquids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon J D Sponagle
- Department of Chemistry, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, Nova Scotia, B1P 6L2, Canada
| | - Pugazhendhi Arivalagan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk, 712-714, South Korea
| | - Godwin B D'Cunha
- Department of Chemistry, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, Nova Scotia, B1P 6L2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cao W, Ma W, Wang X, Zhang B, Cao X, Chen K, Li Y, Ouyang P. Enhanced pinocembrin production in Escherichia coli by regulating cinnamic acid metabolism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32640. [PMID: 27586788 PMCID: PMC5009306 DOI: 10.1038/srep32640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial biosynthesis of pinocembrin is of great interest in the area of drug research and human healthcare. Here we found that the accumulation of the pathway intermediate cinnamic acid adversely affected pinocembrin production. Hence, a stepwise metabolic engineering strategy was carried out aimed at eliminating this pathway bottleneck and increasing pinocembrin production. The screening of gene source and the optimization of gene expression was first employed to regulate the synthetic pathway of cinnamic acid, which showed a 3.53-fold increase in pinocembrin production (7.76 mg/L) occurred with the alleviation of cinnamic acid accumulation in the engineered E. coli. Then, the downstream pathway that consuming cinnamic acid was optimized by the site-directed mutagenesis of chalcone synthase and cofactor engineering. S165M mutant of chalcone synthase could efficiently improve the pinocembrin production, and allowed the product titer of pinocembrin increased to 40.05 mg/L coupled with the malonyl-CoA engineering. With a two-phase pH fermentation strategy, the cultivation of the optimized strain resulted in a final pinocembrin titer of 67.81 mg/L. The results and engineering strategies demonstrated here would hold promise for the titer improvement of other flavonoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Weichao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China.,College of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741001, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Xun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nutaratat P, Srisuk N, Arunrattiyakorn P, Limtong S. Indole-3-acetic acid biosynthetic pathways in the basidiomycetous yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum. Arch Microbiol 2016; 198:429-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
15
|
Zang Y, Jiang T, Cong Y, Zheng Z, Ouyang J. Molecular Characterization of a Recombinant Zea mays Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (ZmPAL2) and Its Application in trans-Cinnamic Acid Production from L-Phenylalanine. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:924-37. [PMID: 25947617 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is one of the most extensively studied enzymes with its crucial role in secondary phenylpropanoid metabolism of plants. Recently, its demand has been increased for aromatic chemical production, but its applications in trans-cinnamic acid production were not much explored. In the present study, a putative PAL gene from Zea mays designated as ZmPAL2 was expressed and characterized in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant ZmPAL2 exhibited a high PAL activity (7.14 U/mg) and a weak tyrosine ammonia-lyase activity. The optimal temperature of ZmPAL2 was 55 °C, and the thermal stability results showed that about 50 % of enzyme activity remained after a treatment at 60 °C for 6 h. The recombinant ZmPAL2 is a good candidate for the production of trans-cinnamic acid. The vitro conversion indicated that the recombinant ZmPAL2 could effectively catalyze the L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid, and the trans-cinnamic acid concentration can reach up to 5 g/l.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kong JQ. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, a key component used for phenylpropanoids production by metabolic engineering. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08196c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, a versatile enzyme with industrial and medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Kong
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products
- Beijing
- China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhu L, Zhou L, Cui W, Liu Z, Zhou Z. Mechanism-based site-directed mutagenesis to shift the optimum pH of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Rhodotorula glutinis JN-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [PMID: 28626644 PMCID: PMC5466100 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (RgPAL) from Rhodotorula glutinis JN-1 stereoselectively catalyzes the conversion of the l-phenylalanine into trans-cinnamic acid and ammonia, and was used in chiral resolution of dl-phenylalanine to produce the d-phenylalanine under acidic condition. However, the optimum pH of RgPAL is 9 and the RgPAL exhibits low catalytic efficiency at acidic side. Therefore, a mutant RgPAL with a lower optimum pH is expected. Based on catalytic mechanism and structure analysis, we constructed a mutant RgPAL-Q137E by site-directed mutagenesis, and found that this mutant had an extended optimum pH 7-9 with activity of 1.8-fold higher than that of the wild type at pH 7. As revealed by Friedel-Crafts-type mechanism of RgPAL, the improvement of the RgPAL-Q137E might be due to the negative charge of Glu137 which could stabilize the intermediate transition states through electrostatic interaction. The RgPAL-Q137E mutant was used to resolve the racemic dl-phenylalanine, and the conversion rate and the eeD value of d-phenylalanine using RgPAL-Q137E at pH 7 were increased by 29% and 48%, and achieved 93% and 86%, respectively. This work provides an effective strategy to shift the optimum pH which is favorable to further applications of RgPAL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longbao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhongmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cui JD, Qiu JQ, Fan XW, Jia SR, Tan ZL. Biotechnological production and applications of microbial phenylalanine ammonia lyase: a recent review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:258-68. [PMID: 23688066 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.791660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) catalyzes the nonoxidative deamination of l-phenylalanine to form trans-cinnamic acid and a free ammonium ion. It plays a major role in the catabolism of l-phenylalanine. The presence of PAL has been reported in diverse plants, some fungi, Streptomyces and few Cyanobacteria. In the past two decades, PAL has gained considerable significance in several clinical, industrial and biotechnological applications. Since its discovery, much knowledge has been gathered with reference to the enzyme's importance in phenyl propanoid pathway of plants. In contrast, there is little knowledge about microbial PAL. Furthermore, the commercial source of the enzyme has been mainly obtained from the fungi. This study focuses on the recent advances on the physiological role of microbial PAL and the improvements of PAL biotechnological production both from our laboratory and many others as well as the latest advances on the new applications of microbial PAL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Dong Cui
- Research Center for Fermentation Engineering of Hebei, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology , Shijiazhang , P R China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Quinn AJ, Pickup MJ, D'Cunha GB. Enzyme activity evaluation of organic solvent-treated phenylalanine ammonia lyase. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1554-60. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
20
|
Wu S, Zhao X, Shen H, Wang Q, Zhao ZK. Microbial lipid production by Rhodosporidium toruloides under sulfate-limited conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:1803-7. [PMID: 20934330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Novel biochemical approaches remain to be developed to improve microbial lipid technology. This study demonstrated that sulfate limitation was effective to promote accumulating substantial amounts of intracellular lipid by the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides Y4. When it was cultivated using a medium with an initial carbon-to-sulfur (C/S) molar ratio of 46,750, cellular lipid content reached up to 58.3%. The time courses of cell growth, lipid accumulation and nutrient depletion were analyzed and discussed in terms of lipid biosynthesis. Moreover, lipid accumulation under sulfate-limited conditions was effective regardless of the presence of a high concentration of nitrogen sources. Thus, lipid contents almost held constant at near 57% in the media with an initial C/S molar ratio of 11,380 although the carbon-to-nitrogen molar ratio ranged from 28.3 to 5.7. Taken together, our results established the sulfate-limitation approach to control lipid biosynthesis, which should be valuable to explore nitrogen-rich raw materials as the feedstock for lipid production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siguo Wu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang BZ, Cui JD, Zhao GX, Jia SR. Modeling and optimization of phenylalanine ammonia lyase stabilization in recombinant Escherichia coli for the continuous synthesis of l-phenylalanine on the statistical-based experimental designs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:2795-2800. [PMID: 20128589 DOI: 10.1021/jf9036744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Some approaches for improving recombinant phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) stability in Escherichia coli during the enzymatic methods of l-phenylalanine (l-Phe) production were developed following preliminary studies by means of statistical-based experiment designs (response surface method). The traditional non-statistical technology was used to screen four critical factors for PAL stability during the bioconversion process, viz., glycerin, sucrose, 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT), and MgSO(4). The central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the combined effect of critical factors for recombinant PAL stability and understand the relationship between the factors and PAL stability. The optimum values for testing variables were 13.04 mM glycerin, 1.87 mM sucrose, 4.09 mM DTT, and 69 mM Mg(2+). A second-order model equation was suggested and then validated experimentally. The model adequacy was very satisfactory because the coefficient of determination was 0.88. The maximum PAL activity was retained as 67.73 units/g after three successive cycles of bioconversion. In comparison to initial PAL activity, the loss of PAL activity was only 22%. PAL activity was enhanced about 23% in comparison to the control (without any stabilizer additives). PAL stability was significantly improved during successive bioconversion. The results obtained here verified the effectiveness of the applied methodology and may be helpful for l-Phe production on an industrial scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Zhu Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 70 Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhang 050018, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Optimization of medium for phenylalanine ammonia lyase production in E. coli using response surface methodology. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-009-0234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
23
|
LU J, LI Z, JIANG X, ROHANI S. Solubility of L-Phenylalanine in Aqueous Solutions. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2010. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.10we013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie LU
- School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Zhen LI
- School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Xiaolin JIANG
- School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Sohrab ROHANI
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6 A 5B9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|