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Ko YJ, Lee ME, Cho BH, Kim M, Hyeon JE, Han JH, Han SO. Bioproduction of porphyrins, phycobilins, and their proteins using microbial cell factories: engineering, metabolic regulations, challenges, and perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:373-387. [PMID: 36775664 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2168512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins, phycobilins, and their proteins have abundant π-electrons and strongly absorb visible light, some of which bind a metal ion in the center. Because of the structural and optical properties, they not only play critical roles as an essential component in natural systems but also have attracted much attention as a high value specialty chemical in various fields, including renewable energy, cosmetics, medicines, and foods. However, their commercial application seems to be still limited because the market price of porphyrins and phycobilins is generally expensive to apply them easily. Furthermore, their petroleum-based chemical synthesis is energy-intensive and emits a pollutant. Recently, to replace petroleum-based production, many studies on the bioproduction of metalloporphyrins, including Zn-porphyrin, Co-porphyrin, and heme, porphyrin derivatives including chlorophyll, biliverdin, and phycobilins, and their proteins including hemoproteins, phycobiliproteins, and phytochromes from renewable carbon sources using microbial cell factories have been reported. This review outlines recent advances in the bioproduction of porphyrins, phycobilins, and their proteins using microbial cell factories developed by various microbial biotechnology techniques, provides well-organized information on metabolic regulations of the porphyrin metabolism, and then critically discusses challenges and future perspectives. Through these, it is expected to be able to achieve possible solutions and insights and to develop an outstanding platform to be applied to the industry in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Ko
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeong-Eun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Hyeon Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhye Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Hyeon
- Department of Next Generation Applied Sciences, The Graduate School of Sungshin University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Hee Han
- Department of Next Generation Applied Sciences, The Graduate School of Sungshin University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Ok Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Puzorjov A, McCormick AJ. Phycobiliproteins from extreme environments and their potential applications. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3827-3842. [PMID: 32188986 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The light-harvesting phycobilisome complex is an important component of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and red algae. Phycobilisomes are composed of phycobiliproteins, including the blue phycobiliprotein phycocyanin, that are considered high-value products with applications in several industries. Remarkably, several cyanobacteria and red algal species retain the capacity to harvest light and photosynthesise under highly selective environments such as hot springs, and flourish in extremes of pH and elevated temperatures. These thermophilic organisms produce thermostable phycobiliproteins, which have superior qualities much needed for wider adoption of these natural pigment-proteins in the food, textile, and other industries. Here we review the available literature on the thermostability of phycobilisome components from thermophilic species and discuss how a better appreciation of phycobiliproteins from extreme environments will benefit our fundamental understanding of photosynthetic adaptation and could provide a sustainable resource for several industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Puzorjov
- SynthSys and Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Dagnino-Leone J, Figueroa M, Uribe E, Hinrichs MV, Ortiz-López D, Martínez-Oyanedel J, Bunster M. Biosynthesis and characterization of a recombinant eukaryotic allophycocyanin using prokaryotic accessory enzymes. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e989. [PMID: 31970933 PMCID: PMC7066465 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are colored fluorescent proteins present in cyanobacteria, red alga, and cryptophyta. These proteins have many potential uses in biotechnology going from food colorants to medical applications. Allophycocyanin, the simplest PBP, is a heterodimer of αβ subunits that oligomerizes as a trimer (αβ)3. Each subunit contains a phycocyanobilin, bound to a cysteine residue, which is responsible for its spectroscopic properties. In this article, we are reporting the expression of recombinant allophycocyanin (rAPC) from the eukaryotic red algae Agarophyton chilensis in Escherichia coli, using prokaryotic accessory enzymes to obtain a fully functional rAPC. Three duet vectors were used to include coding sequences of α and β subunits from A. chilensis and accessorial enzymes (heterodimeric lyase cpc S/U, heme oxygenase 1, phycocyanobilin oxidoreductase) from cyanobacteria Arthrospira maxima. rAPC was purified using several chromatographic steps. The characterization of the pure rAPC indicates very similar spectroscopic properties, λmaxAbs, λmaxEm, fluorescence lifetime, and chromophorylation degree, with native allophycocyanin (nAPC) from A. chilensis. This method, to produce high‐quality recombinant allophycocyanin, can be used to express and characterize other macroalga phycobiliproteins, to be used for biotechnological or biomedical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Dagnino-Leone
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Figueroa
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Elena Uribe
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María Victoria Hinrichs
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Diego Ortiz-López
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - José Martínez-Oyanedel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marta Bunster
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Qi H, Liu Y, Qi X, Liang H, Chen H, Jiang P, Wang D. Dietary Recombinant Phycoerythrin Modulates the Gut Microbiota of H22 Tumor-Bearing Mice. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E665. [PMID: 31779128 PMCID: PMC6950257 DOI: 10.3390/md17120665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal intestinal flora is widely involved in many functions of the host: nutritional metabolism; maintenance of intestinal microecological balance; regulation of intestinal endocrine function and nerve signal transduction; promotion of intestinal immune system development and maturation; inhibition of pathogenic bacteria growth and colonization, reduction of its invasion to intestinal mucosa, and so on. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that intestinal flora is closely related to the occurrence, development, and treatment of various tumors. It is indicated that recombinant phycoerythrin (RPE) has significant anti-tumor and immunomodulatory effects. However, little is known about the mechanism of the effect of oral (or intragastric) administration of RPE on gut microbiota in tumor-bearing animals. In this study, using high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing, we examined the response of gut microbiota in H22-bearing mice to dietary RPE supplementation. The results showed that the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the mice intestinal flora decreased and that of the detrimental flora increased after inoculation with tumor cells (H22); following treatment with dietary RPE, the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal flora significantly increased and that of detrimental bacteria decreased. In this study, for the first time, it was demonstrated that dietary RPE could modulate the gut microbiota of the H22 bearing mice by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria and decreasing that of detrimental bacteria among intestinal bacteria, providing evidence for the mechanism by which bioactive proteins affect intestinal nutrition and disease resistance in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Qi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
- Food Science and Engineering Department, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China;
| | - Huaxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dongfeng Wang
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
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Nwoba EG, Parlevliet DA, Laird DW, Alameh K, Moheimani NR. Sustainable phycocyanin production from Arthrospira platensis using solar-control thin film coated photobioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Li W, Pu Y, Gao N, Tang Z, Song L, Qin S. Efficient purification protocol for bioengineering allophycocyanin trimer with N-terminus Histag. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24:451-458. [PMID: 28386167 PMCID: PMC5372374 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Allophycocyanin plays a key role for the photon energy transfer from the phycobilisome to reaction center chlorophylls with high efficiency in cyanobacteria. Previously, the high soluble self-assembled bioengineering allophycocyanin trimer with N-terminus polyhistidine from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 had been successfully recombined and expressed in Escherichia coli strain. The standard protocol with immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography with chelating transition metal ion (Ni2+) was used to purify the recombinant protein. Extensive optimization works were performed to obtain the desired protocol for high efficiency, low disassociation, simplicity and fitting for large-scale purification. In this study, a 33 full factorial response surface methodology was employed to optimize the varied factors such as pH of potassium phosphate (X1), NaCl concentration (X2), and imidazole concentration (X3). A maximum trimerization ratio (Y1) of approximate A650 nm/A620 nm at 1.024 was obtained at these optimum parameters. Further examinations, with absorbance spectra, fluorescence spectra and SDS-PAGE, confirmed the presence of bioengineering allophycocyanin trimer with highly trimeric form. All these results demonstrate that optimized protocol is efficient in purification of bioengineering allophycocyanin trimer with Histag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Pu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Na Gao
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Zhihong Tang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lufei Song
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
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Shoja Z, Rajabi Memari H, Roayaei Ardakani M. Cloning and Expression of Beta Subunit Gene of Phycocyanin From Spirulina platensis in Escherichia coli. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e17809. [PMID: 26464761 PMCID: PMC4600200 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.17809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) from blue-green algae such as Spirulina has been reported to have various pharmacological characteristics, including anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. Recombinant β-subunit of C-PC (C-PC/β) is an inhibitor of cell proliferation and an inducer of cancer cell apoptosis. Objectives: Since C-PC/β has a big potential to be used as a promising cancer prevention or therapy agent, the purpose of this study was to clone and express Spirulina platensis cpcB gene in a bacterial expression system. This is a significant step for the production of this compound. Materials and Methods: The cpcB gene was amplified using specific primers and cloned in a bacterial expression vector, namely pET43.1a+. Gene expression of cpcB was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the dot blotting technique. Results: The SDS-PAGE analysis and dot blotting confirmed the production of recombinant C-PC/β in the bacterial expression system. Over-expression of cpcB gene was optimized in induction by 1 mM Isopropyl-β-D-Thiogalactoside (IPTG), after four hours of inoculation at 30°C. Conclusions: Over-expression of the synthetic CPC/β protein in the bacterial system (Escherichia coli BL-21) showed that E. coli can be used as a basis for further research to produce this desired protein in large quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shoja
- Biology Department, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, IR Iran
| | - Hamid Rajabi Memari
- Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Hamid Rajabi Memari, Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-6133330012, Fax: +98-6133330079, E-mail:
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Heidari R, Rabiee-Faradonbeh M, Darban-Sarokhalil D, Alvandi A, Abdian N, Aryan E, Soleimani N, Gholipour A. Expression and Purification of the Recombinant Cytochrome P450 CYP141 Protein of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis as a Diagnostic Tool and Vaccine Production. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 17:e23191. [PMID: 26380105 PMCID: PMC4568075 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.23191v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is regarded as a health problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is the cause of this disease. Approximately two billion people worldwide are infected by M. tuberculosis and annually about two million individuals die in consequence. Forty million people are estimated to die because of M. tuberculosis over the next 25 years if the measures for controlling this infection are not extensively developed. In the vaccination field, BacillusCalmette–Guérin (BCG) is still the most effective vaccine but it shows no efficacy in adult pulmonary patients. One of the other problems regarding TB is its appropriate diagnosis. Objectives: In this experimental study, the recombinant cytochrome P450 CYP141 protein of M. tuberculosis was expressed and purified to be used as a vaccine candidate and diagnostic purpose in subsequent investigations. Materials and Methods: The optimization of the cytochrome P450 CYP141 protein expression was evaluated in different conditions. Then, this protein was purified with a resin column of nickel–nitrilotriacetic acid and investigated via Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western Blotting. Results: The highest expression of the cytochrome P450 CYP141 protein was obtained by the addition of 1 mM of isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) to the bacterial culture grown to an optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.6, 16 hours after induction. This protein was subsequently purified with a purification of higher than 80%. The results of Western Blotting indicated that the purified protein was specifically detected. Conclusions: In this experimental study, for the first time in Iran the expression and purification of this recombinant protein was done successfully. This recombinant protein could be used as a vaccine candidate and diagnostic purpose in subsequent investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Heidari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, IR Iran
| | | | - Davood Darban-Sarokhalil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Amirhooshang Alvandi
- Department of Microbiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran
| | - Narges Abdian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, IR Iran
| | - Ehsan Aryan
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Neda Soleimani
- Department of Pathology, Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Abolfazl Gholipour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, IR Iran
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Zhang L, Zhu X, Jiao D, Sun Y, Sun H. Efficient purification of His-tagged protein by superparamagnetic Fe3O4/Au-ANTA-Co2+ nanoparticles. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:1989-92. [PMID: 23498223 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic Fe3O4/Au nanoparticles were synthesized and surface modified with mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), followed by conjugating Nα,Nα-Bis(carboxymethyl)-l-lysine hydrate (ANTA) and subsequently chelating Co(2+). The resulting Fe3O4/Au-ANTA-Co(2+) nanoparticles have an average size of 210 nm in aqueous solution, and a magnetization of 36 emu/g, endowing the magnetic nanoparticles with excellent magnetic responsivity and dispersity. The Co(2+) ions in the magnetic nanoparticle shell provide docking site for histidine, and the Fe3O4/Au-ANTA-Co(2+) nanoparticles exhibit excellent performance in binding of a His-tagged protein with a binding capacity of 74 μg/mg. The magnetic nanoparticles show highly selective purification of the His-tagged protein from Escherichia coli lysate. Therefore, the obtained Fe3O4/Au-ANTA-Co(2+) nanoparticles exhibited excellent performance in the direct separation of His-tagged protein from cell lysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianying Zhang
- Department of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, PR China.
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Chen H, Lin H, Li F, Jiang P, Qin S. Biosynthesis of a stable allophycocyanin beta subunit in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 115:485-9. [PMID: 23266116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Allophycocyanin (APC) is widely used as a fluorescent tag for fluorescence detection techniques. In this study, the apcB gene from a thermophilic cyanobacterium strain was cloned and ligated into an expression vector to construct a pathway for the biosynthesis of an allophycocyanin beta subunit (holo-apcBT) in Escherichia coli. Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside induction successfully reconstituted holo-apcBT in E. coli. The recombinant holo-apcB showed spectroscopic properties similar to native APC. The stability and spectroscopic properties of this protein were then compared with another recombinant allophycocyanin beta subunit (holo-apcBM) whose apcB gene was cloned from mesophilic cyanobacterium. At high temperatures and during the course of storage, holo-apcBT was significantly more stable than holo-apcBM. In addition, holo-apcBT had an unexpectedly higher extinction coefficient and fluorescence quantum yield than holo-apcBM, suggesting that holo-apcBT would be a promising fluorescent tag and serve as a substitute for native APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Alvey RM, Biswas A, Schluchter WM, Bryant DA. Attachment of noncognate chromophores to CpcA of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 2011; 50:4890-902. [PMID: 21553904 DOI: 10.1021/bi200307s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many cyanobacteria use brilliantly pigmented, multisubunit macromolecular structures known as phycobilisomes as antenna to enhance light harvesting for photosynthesis. Recent studies have defined the enzymes that synthesize phycobilin chromophores as well as many of the phycobilin lyase enzymes that attach these chromophores to their cognate apoproteins. The ability of the phycocyanin α-subunit (CpcA) to bind alternative linear tetrapyrrole chromophores was examined through the use of a heterologous expression system in Escherichia coli. E. coli strains produced phycocyanobilin, phytochromobilin, or phycoerythrobilin when they expressed 3Z-phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PcyA), 3Z-phytochromobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (HY2) from Arabidopsis thaliana, or phycoerythrobilin synthase (PebS) from the myovirus P-SSM4, respectively. CpcA from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 or Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 was coexpressed in these strains with the phycocyanin α-subunit phycocyanobilin lyase, CpcE/CpcF, or the phycoerythrocyanin α-subunit phycocyanobilin isomerizing lyase, PecE/PecF, from Noctoc sp. PCC 7120. Both lyases were capable of attaching three different linear tetrapyrrole chromophores to CpcA; thus, up to six different CpcA variants, each with a unique chromophore, could be produced with this system. One of these chromophores, denoted phytoviolobilin, has not yet been observed naturally. The recombinant proteins had unexpected and potentially useful properties, which included very high fluorescence quantum yields and photochemical activity. Chimeric lyases PecE/CpcF and CpcE/PecF were used to show that the isomerizing activity that converts phycocyanobilin to phycoviolobilin resides with PecF and not PecE. Finally, spectroscopic properties of recombinant phycocyanin R-PCIII, in which the CpcA subunits carry a phycoerythrobilin chromophore, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Alvey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Chen Y, Jiang P, Liu S, Zhao H, Cui Y, Qin S. Purification of 6×His-tagged phycobiliprotein using zinc-decorated silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:993-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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