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Gao C, Cai C, Liu J, Wang Y, Chen Y, Wang L, Tan Z. Extraction and preliminary purification of polysaccharides from Camellia oleifera Abel. seed cake using a thermoseparating aqueous two-phase system based on EOPO copolymer and deep eutectic solvents. Food Chem 2020; 313:126164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Akamatsu K, Kurita R, Sato D, Nakao SI. Aqueous Two-Phase System Formation in Small Droplets by Shirasu Porous Glass Membrane Emulsification Followed by Water Extraction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:9825-9830. [PMID: 31293166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
By utilizing water transport phenomena between two different water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion droplets through continuous oil phase, we developed a novel method of aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) formation in small droplets prepared by Shirasu porous glass (SPG) membrane emulsification technique. When we mixed W/O emulsion droplets containing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and dextran (DEX) at concentrations below the threshold of the phase separation, with droplets containing other solutes at high concentrations, water extraction from the droplets containing PEG and DEX to those containing the other solutes occurred, owing to the osmotic pressure difference. This effect increased the concentrations of PEG and DEX in the droplets above the phase separation threshold. We demonstrated the feasibility of the preparation method by varying the pore sizes of the SPG membranes, the solutes, and their concentrations. Only when the concentration of the solute was high enough to extract sufficient amounts of water did the homogeneous disperse phase consisting of PEG and DEX in droplets turn into a PEG-rich phase and DEX-rich phase, showing ATPS. This result was irrespective of the solute itself and pore size of the SPG membrane. In particular, we successfully demonstrated monodisperse ATPS droplets with diameters of approximately 10 μm under a certain condition.
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Zhang N, Zhang QA, Wei CX, Fan XH. Aqueous two-phase system for the extraction of amygdalin from the debitterized water of apricot kernels. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2019.1609586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Institute of Food & Physical Field Processing, School of Food Engineering and Nutrition Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Qing-An Zhang
- Institute of Food & Physical Field Processing, School of Food Engineering and Nutrition Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Chen-Xi Wei
- Institute of Food & Physical Field Processing, School of Food Engineering and Nutrition Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xue-Hui Fan
- Institute of Food & Physical Field Processing, School of Food Engineering and Nutrition Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
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Lin YK, Show PL, Yap YJ, Ariff A, Annuar MSBM, Lai OM, Ling TC, Ng EP. Extractive Bioconversion of Gamma-Cyclodextrin and Recycling of Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase in Liquid Biphasic System Using Thermo-Separating Polymer. Front Chem 2018; 6:448. [PMID: 30345267 PMCID: PMC6182088 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An extractive bioconversion conducted on soluble starch with cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) enzyme in ethylene oxide-propylene oxide (EOPO)/potassium phosphates liquid biphasic system (LBS) to extract gamma-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) was examined. A range of EOPO (with potassium phosphates) molecular weights was screen to investigate the effect of the latter on the partioning efficency of CGTase and γ-CD. The results show that the optimal top phase γ-CD yield (74.4%) was reached in 35.0% (w/w) EOPO 970 and 10.0% (w/w) potassium phosphate with 2.0% (w/w) sodium chloride. A theoretical explanation for the effect of NaCl on γ-CD was also presented. After a 2 h bioconversion process, a total of 0.87 mg/mL concentration of γ-CD was produced in the EOPO/ phosphates LBS top phase. After the extraction of top phase from LBS, four continuous repetitive batches were successfully conducted with relative CGTase activity of 1.00, 0.86, 0.45, and 0.40 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kiat Lin
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Yee Jiun Yap
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Arbakariya Ariff
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Oi Ming Lai
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Bimolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eng Poh Ng
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
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Khan BM, Cheong KL, Liu Y. ATPS: “Aqueous two-phase system” as the “answer to protein separation” for protein-processing food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3165-3178. [PMID: 29883189 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1486283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Muhammad Khan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Kit-Leong Cheong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
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Han J, Cai Y, Xie X, Wang Y, Wang L, Li C, Rao W, Ni L. A simple method for purification of bromelain in a thermosensitive triblock copolymer-based protection system and recycling of phase components. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1398757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunfeng Cai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xueqiao Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou Chien-shiung Institute of Technology, Taicang, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou Chien-shiung Institute of Technology, Taicang, China
| | - Wenwei Rao
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou Chien-shiung Institute of Technology, Taicang, China
| | - Liang Ni
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou Chien-shiung Institute of Technology, Taicang, China
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Separation of Antioxidant Peptides from Pepsin Hydrolysate of Whey Protein Isolate by ATPS of EOPO Co-polymer (UCON)/Phosphate. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13320. [PMID: 29042603 PMCID: PMC5645355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) consisting of poly(ethylene glycol-ran-propylene glycol) monobutyl ether (UCON)/phosphate was developed for the separation of the antioxidant peptides from pepsin hydrolysate of Whey Protein Isolate (WPI). The efficiency of the separation was evaluated based on the DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the separated peptides. The effects of some parameters on the partition of antioxidant peptides were investigated. An efficient separation of antioxidant peptides was achieved using ATPS with pH of 4.0, 4 mL of UCON solution (40%, w/w), 4 mL of KH2PO4 solution (15.5%, w/w), 2 mL of WPI hydrolysate and 0.40 g/10 mL of NaCl. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), amino acid analyzer and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) were used to characterize the purified peptides separated by the ATPS. The peptides in top phase were less polar than those in bottom phase. More antioxidative and hydrophobic amino acids were extracted to the top phase of ATPS, and the peptides with the amino acid sequences with antioxidant activities moved to the top phase as well. In conclusion, antioxidant peptides were successfully separated from the WPI hydrolysate by UCON/phosphate ATPS.
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Extraction and purification of capsaicin from capsicum oleoresin using an aqueous two-phase system combined with chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1063:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Nadar SS, Pawar RG, Rathod VK. Recent advances in enzyme extraction strategies: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:931-957. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Leong YK, Lan JCW, Loh HS, Ling TC, Ooi CW, Show PL. Cloud-point extraction of green-polymers from Cupriavidus necator lysate using thermoseparating-based aqueous two-phase extraction. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 123:370-375. [PMID: 27745851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), a class of renewable and biodegradable green polymers, have gained attraction as a potential substitute for the conventional plastics due to the increasing concern towards environmental pollution as well as the rapidly depleting petroleum reserve. Nevertheless, the high cost of downstream processing of PHA has been a bottleneck for the wide adoption of PHAs. Among the options of PHAs recovery techniques, aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) outshines the others by having the advantages of providing a mild environment for bioseparation, being green and non-toxic, the capability to handle a large operating volume and easily scaled-up. Utilizing unique properties of thermo-responsive polymer which has decreasing solubility in its aqueous solution as the temperature rises, cloud point extraction (CPE) is an ATPE technique that allows its phase-forming component to be recycled and reused. A thorough literature review has shown that this is the first time isolation and recovery of PHAs from Cupriavidus necator H16 via CPE was reported. The optimum condition for PHAs extraction (recovery yield of 94.8% and purification factor of 1.42 fold) was achieved under the conditions of 20 wt/wt % ethylene oxide-propylene oxide (EOPO) with molecular weight of 3900 g/mol and 10 mM of sodium chloride addition at thermoseparating temperature of 60°C with crude feedstock limit of 37.5 wt/wt %. Recycling and reutilization of EOPO 3900 can be done at least twice with satisfying yield and PF. CPE has been demonstrated as an effective technique for the extraction of PHAs from microbial crude culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoong Kit Leong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - John Chi-Wei Lan
- Biorefinery and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Yuan Ze University, No. 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Chungli, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-San Loh
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Biotechnology Research Centre, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chien Wei Ooi
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Molecular Pharming and Bioproduction Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Yau YK, Ooi CW, Ng EP, Lan JCW, Ling TC, Show PL. Current applications of different type of aqueous two-phase systems. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-015-0078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Leong YK, Lan JCW, Loh HS, Ling TC, Ooi CW, Show PL. Thermoseparating aqueous two-phase systems: Recent trends and mechanisms. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:640-7. [PMID: 26447739 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Having the benefits of being environmentally friendly, providing a mild environment for bioseparation, and scalability, aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) have increasingly caught the attention of industry and researchers for their application in the isolation and recovery of bioproducts. The limitations of conventional ATPSs give rise to the development of temperature-induced ATPSs that have distinctive thermoseparating properties and easy recyclability. This review starts with a brief introduction to thermoseparating ATPSs, including its history, unique characteristics and advantages, and lastly, key factors that influence partitioning. The underlying mechanism of temperature-induced ATPSs is covered together with a summary of recent applications. Thermoseparating ATPSs have been proven as a solution to the demand for economically favorable and environmentally friendly industrial-scale bioextraction and purification techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoong Kit Leong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - John Chi-Wei Lan
- Biorefinery and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-San Loh
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chien Wei Ooi
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Manufacturing and Industrial Processes Division, Faculty of Engineering, Centre for Food and Bioproduct Processing, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Ketnawa S, Benjakul S, Martínez-Alvarez O, Rawdkuen S. Thermoseparating Aqueous Two-Phase System for the Separation of Alkaline Proteases from Fish Viscera. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2014.919595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Pilot-scale separation of lysozyme from hen egg white by integrating aqueous two-phase partitioning and membrane separation processes. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu J, Cao X. Biodegradation of microcrystalline cellulose in pH–pH recyclable aqueous two-phase systems with water-soluble immobilized cellulase. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dembczyński R, Białas W, Jankowski T. Partitioning of lysozyme in aqueous two-phase systems containing ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymer and potassium phosphates. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Liu Y, Wu Z, Zhang Y, Yuan H. Partitioning of biomolecules in aqueous two-phase systems of polyethylene glycol and nonionic surfactant. Biochem Eng J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Recovery of Bacillus cereus cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase and recycling of phase components in an aqueous two-phase system using thermo-separating polymer. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Silvério SC, Moreira S, Milagres AM, Macedo EA, Teixeira JA, Mussatto SI. Interference of some aqueous two-phase system phase-forming components in protein determination by the Bradford method. Anal Biochem 2012; 421:719-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Show PL, Tan CP, Anuar MS, Ariff A, Yusof YA, Chen SK, Ling TC. Primary recovery of lipase derived from Burkholderia cenocepacia strain ST8 and recycling of phase components in an aqueous two-phase system. Biochem Eng J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Direct recovery of lipase derived from Burkholderia cepacia in recycling aqueous two-phase flotation. Sep Purif Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rao JR, Nair BU. Novel approach towards recovery of glycosaminoglycans from tannery wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:872-878. [PMID: 20889335 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Poly ethylene glycol (PEG)-poly acrylic acid (PAA) based aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was selected as a practical model to recover glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from tannery wastewater. The influence of PEG molecular weight, tie line length (TLL), pH, temperature and NaCl concentration on the partition coefficient of glycosaminoglycans from tannery wastewater was studied. Partition coefficient of glycosaminoglycan decreases on increase of PEG molecular weight, NaCl concentration and temperature, whereas it increases with increase of pH. In the PEG-rich phase, increased partitioning of GAGs was observed with increase in TLL. The partitioning of GAGs was better in PEG 4000 at pH 8.0, 20 °C with a yield of 91.50%. This study demonstrates the potential application of ATPS processes for the recovery of GAGs from complex biological suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao
- Chemical Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India.
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