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Paladino O, Neviani M. Interchangeable modular design and operation of photo-bioreactors for Chlorella vulgaris cultivation towards a zero-waste biorefinery. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 173:110371. [PMID: 38100847 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
This study explores diverse cultivation modes for Chlorella vulgaris within a biorefinery at pilot scale that produces both biodiesel by transesterification of waste frying oils and syngas by gasification of organic wood waste. Given microalgae's comparatively modest biofuel yield relative to principal biorefinery products, the microalgae cultivation process is designed on the biofuels production rates. Liquid and gaseous waste streams are recycled inside the biorefinery: crude glycerol is mixed with wood to enhance the quality of syngas, wastewater is fed to microalgae so as flue gas. Also, the oil extracted from microalgae contributes to produce biodiesel and the waste cells are gasified. Considering that the optimal fit for each cultivation mode varies with the shape of the reactor, we propose a modular approach to assemble them in batteries of tubular, bubble flow, and airlift reactors, and present an operating design criterion that can fulfill the mass balance of the plant by adding/transforming the number of units inside the different batteries. Methods to adjust the operating conditions and control the operating parameters are also discussed. The designed configurations were operated recycling nominal waste streams of about 30 L d-1 of wastewater and 90 Nm3 h-1 of flue gas. Results confirm that the most advantageous one, in terms of volume per recycled waste streams, is a battery of 16 airlift reactors, operating in mixotrophic mode, with growing rate of 0.427 d-1, yield of 3.06, glycerol conversion 39 %, CO2 removal 64 % of inlet 6-10 %(mol) concentration. The same nominal waste streams can also be managed by 40 tubular reactors in almost heterotrophic conditions coupled with 12 bubble columns in autotrophic conditions; working respectively at growing rates of 0.395 d-1 and 0.362 d-1 and yields of 2.94 and 2.84. The battery of tubular reactors reached a glycerol conversion of 45 % and the array of bubble columns removed about 51 % of inlet 12-20 %(mol) CO2 concentration. A complete comparison is reported also in terms of dimensionless numbers and pumping/mixing requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Paladino
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, Genoa 16145, Italy.
| | - Matteo Neviani
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, Genoa 16145, Italy
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2
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AMORIM ANDREZAPDE, SILVA GABRIELLYHDA, BRANDÃO ROMEROMP, PORTO ANALÚCIAF, BEZERRA RAQUELP. Algae as a source of peptides inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme: a systematic review. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20201636. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220201636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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3
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Biocircular platform for third generation biodiesel production: Batch/fed batch mixotrophic cultivations of microalgae using glycerol waste as a carbon source. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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The effect of the lipid extraction method used in biodiesel production on the integrated recovery of biodiesel and biogas from Nannochloropsis gaditana, Isochrysis galbana and Arthrospira platensis. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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Chaudhary R, Tong YW, Dikshit AK. Kinetic study of nutrients removal from municipal wastewater by Chlorella vulgaris in photobioreactor supplied with CO 2-enriched air. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:617-626. [PMID: 30074855 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1508250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The microalgae Chlorella vulgaris ATCC 13482 was used in the present study for municipal wastewater treatment. Batch experiments were performed in bubble column photobioreactors of 7 L working volume maintained at 25 ± 2°C and 14 h/10 h of photo and dark cycle. The treatment process was enhanced by using CO2-augmented air (5% CO2 v/v) supply into the microalgal culture in comparison to the use of normal air (0.03% CO2 v/v). For a period of 7 days, C. vulgaris effected maximum removals of 74.4% soluble fraction of chemical oxygen demand, 72% ammonia (NH4-N), 60% nitrate (NO3-N) and 81.93% orthophosphate (PO4-P) with use of normal air, whereas 84.6% sCOD, 88% NH4-N, 72% NO3-N and 92.8% PO4-P removals, respectively, with use of 5% CO2/air supply. Using kinetic study data, the specific rates of ammonia and phosphate uptake (qammonia and qphosphate) by C. vulgaris at 5% CO2/air supply were found to be 2.41 and 0.85 d-1, respectively. Using the algal remediation technology, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium recovery from sewage treatment plant of 37.5 million litres per day wastewater influent capacity was calculated to be ∼298.5, 55.4 and 83.7 kg d-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramjee Chaudhary
- Environmental Infrastructure and Clean Technology (EICT) Laboratory, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yen Wah Tong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anil Kumar Dikshit
- Environmental Infrastructure and Clean Technology (EICT) Laboratory, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- School of Business, Environment and Society, Mälardalen University, Vasteras, Sweden
- School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Thailand
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6
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Lakshmikandan M, Murugesan A, Wang S, Abomohra AEF, Jovita PA, Kiruthiga S. Sustainable biomass production under CO2 conditions and effective wet microalgae lipid extraction for biodiesel production. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2020; 247:119398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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7
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Paladino O, Neviani M. Scale-up of photo-bioreactors for microalgae cultivation by π-theorem. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Sarker NK, Salam PA. Indoor and outdoor cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris and its application in wastewater treatment in a tropical city—Bangkok, Thailand. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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9
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Ly QV, Lee MH, Hur J. Using fluorescence surrogates to track algogenic dissolved organic matter (AOM) during growth and coagulation/flocculation processes of green algae. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 79:311-320. [PMID: 30784454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tracking the variation of the algogenic organic matter (AOM) released during the proliferation of green algae and subsequent treatment processes is crucial for constructing and optimizing control strategies. In this study, the potential of the spectroscopic tool was fully explored as a surrogate of AOM upon the cultivation of green algae and subsequent coagulation/flocculation (C/F) treatment processes using ZrCl4 and Al2(SO4)3. Fluorescence excitation emission matrix coupled with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) identified the presence of three independent fluorescent components in AOM, including protein-like (C1), fulvic-like (C2) and humic-like components (C3). Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) revealed that C1 in AOM was composed of large-sized proteins and aromatic amino acids. The individual components exhibited their unique characteristics with respect to the dynamic changes. C1 showed the highest correlation with AOM concentrations (R2 = 0.843) upon the C/F processes. C1 could also be suggested as an optical predictor for the formation of trihalomethanes upon the C/F processes. This study sheds a light for the potential application of the protein-like component (C1) as a practical surrogate to track the evolution of AOM in water treatment or wastewater reclamation systems involving Chlorella vulgaris green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Viet Ly
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Mi-Hee Lee
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea.
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Devasya R, Bassi A. Investigation of phyco-remediation of road salt run-off with marine microalgae Nannochloropsis gaditana. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:553-563. [PMID: 29072117 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1397768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phyco-remediation is an environmental-friendly method, which involves the application of beneficial microalgae to treat wastewater-containing pollutants for a diverse range of conditions. Several industrial processes generate hyper saline wastewater, which is a significant challenge for conventional wastewater treatment, and the disposal of saline waters also has a negative impact on the environment. Road salt run-off is one such saline wastewater stream not currently treated and one that contributes significantly to negatively impacting receiving bodies of water. In this study, Nannochloropsis microalgae were able to assimilate >95% of the nitrates within 8 days in road salt concentrations ranging from 2.6% to 4.4% under phototrophic cultivation mode. Biomass yields of 1-2 g/l of culture were obtained with the maximum lipid of 22% (g/g) biomass in the road salt media. The crude road salt media provided all the essential micronutrients needed for algal cultivation. The fatty acid composition analysis of the obtained lipid composed of C16 and C18 over 45% of FAME are suitable for biofuel. This study has established that the use of road salt containing nitrate and phosphate nutrients will support the growth of marine micro algae for remediation of a waste water system that are the concern at winter-prevalent regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Devasya
- a Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , Western University , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Amarjeet Bassi
- a Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , Western University , London , Ontario , Canada
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Hossain SMZ, Hossain MM, Razzak SA. Optimization of CO2
Biofixation by Chlorella vulgaris
Using a Tubular Photobioreactor. Chem Eng Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201700210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Mohammad Z. Hossain
- University of Bahrain; Department of Chemical Engineering; Bahrain International Circuit, P.O. Box 32038 Zallaq Bahrain
| | - Mohammad M. Hossain
- King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals; Department of Chemical Engineering; Academic Belt Road 31261 Dhahran Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaikh A. Razzak
- King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals; Department of Chemical Engineering; Academic Belt Road 31261 Dhahran Saudi Arabia
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12
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Wu J, Alam MA, Pan Y, Huang D, Wang Z, Wang T. Enhanced extraction of lipids from microalgae with eco-friendly mixture of methanol and ethyl acetate for biodiesel production. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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13
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Lipids rich in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from microalgae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8667-84. [PMID: 27649964 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite microalgae recently receiving enormous attention as a potential source of biodiesel, their use is still not feasible as an alternative to fossil fuels. Recently, interest in microalgae has focused on the production of bioactive compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which provide microalgae a high added value. Several considerations need to be assessed for optimizing PUFA production from microalgae. Firstly, a microalgae species that produces high PUFA concentrations should be selected, such as Nannochloropsis gaditana, Isochrysis galbana, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Crypthecodinium cohnii, with marine species gaining more attention than do freshwater species. Closed cultivation processes, e.g., photobioreactors, are the most appropriate since temperature, pH, and nutrients can be controlled. An airlift column with LEDs or optical fibers to distribute photons into the culture media can be used at small scale to produce inoculum, while tubular and flat panels are used at commercial scale. Depending on the microalgae, a temperature range from 15 to 28 °C and a pH from 7 to 8 can be employed. Relevant conditions for PUFA production are medium light irradiances (50-300 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1)), air enriched with (0-1 % (v/v) CO2, as well as nitrogen and phosphorous limitation. For research purposes, the most appropriate medium for PUFA production is Bold's Basal, whereas mixotrophic cultivation using sucrose or glucose as the carbon source has been reported for industrial processes. For cell harvesting, the use of tangential flow membrane filtration or disk stack centrifugation is advisable at commercial scale. Current researches on PUFA extraction have focused on the use of organic solvents assisted with ultrasound or microwaves, supercritical fluids, and electroporation or are enzyme assisted. Commercial-scale extraction involves mainly physical methods such as bead mills and expeller presses. All these factors should be taken into account when choosing a PUFA production system, as discussed in this review.
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da Silva MF, Casazza AA, Ferrari PF, Perego P, Bezerra RP, Converti A, Porto ALF. A new bioenergetic and thermodynamic approach to batch photoautotrophic growth of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis in different photobioreactors and under different light conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 207:220-228. [PMID: 26890797 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Photobioreactor configuration, mode of operation and light intensity are known to strongly impact on cyanobacteria growth. To shed light on these issues, kinetic, bioenergetic and thermodynamic parameters of batch Arthrospira platensis cultures were estimated along the time at photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 70μmolm(-2)s(-1) in different photobioreactors with different surface/volume ratio (S/V), namely open pond (0.25cm(-1)), shaken flask (0.48cm(-1)), horizontal photobioreactor (HoP) (1.94cm(-1)) and helicoidal photobioreactor (HeP) (3.88cm(-1)). Maximum biomass concentration and productivity remarkably increased with S/V up to 1.94cm(-1). HoP was shown to be the best-performing system throughout the whole runs, while HeP behaved better only at the start. Runs carried out in HoP increasing PPFD from 40 to 100μmolm(-2)s(-1) revealed a progressive enhancement of bioenergetics and thermodynamics likely because of favorable light distribution. HoP appeared to be a promising configuration to perform high-yield indoor cyanobacterial cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Fernandes da Silva
- Biological Science Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil; Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Alberto Casazza
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Pier Francesco Ferrari
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Perego
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Raquel Pedrosa Bezerra
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Attilio Converti
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Ana Lucia Figueiredo Porto
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
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15
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Evaluation of Cell Disruption of Chlorella Vulgaris by Pressure-Assisted Ozonation and Ultrasonication. ENERGIES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/en9030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Frumento D, Aliakbarian B, Casazza AA, Converti A, Al Arni S, da Silva MF. Chlorella vulgarisas a lipid source: Cultivation on air and seawater-simulating medium in a helicoidal photobioreactor. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:279-84. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Frumento
- Dept. of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA); University of Genoa; Genoa 16145 Italy
| | - Bahar Aliakbarian
- Dept. of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA); University of Genoa; Genoa 16145 Italy
| | | | - Attilio Converti
- Dept. of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA); University of Genoa; Genoa 16145 Italy
| | - Saleh Al Arni
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; King Saud University; Riyadh 11421 Saudi Arabia
| | - Milena Fernandes da Silva
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Biological Science Center, Cidade Universitária; Recife PE 50670-901 Brazil
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Satpati GG, Chandra Gorain P, Paul I, Pal R. An integrated salinity-driven workflow for rapid lipid enhancement in green microalgae for biodiesel application. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23933a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A laboratory based integrated approach was undertaken for improvement of lipid accumulation in green microalgae under sodium chloride (NaCl) stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gour Gopal Satpati
- Phycology Laboratory
- Department of Botany
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700019
- India
| | | | - Ishita Paul
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Ruma Pal
- Phycology Laboratory
- Department of Botany
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700019
- India
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18
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Carrero A, Vicente G, Rodríguez R, Peso GLD, Santos C. Synthesis of fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) from Nannochloropsis gaditana microalga using heterogeneous acid catalysts. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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