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Rudzka A, Zdun B, Antos N, Montero LM, Reiter T, Kroutil W, Borowiecki P. Biocatalytic characterization of an alcohol dehydrogenase variant deduced from Lactobacillus kefir in asymmetric hydrogen transfer. Commun Chem 2023; 6:217. [PMID: 37828252 PMCID: PMC10570314 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen transfer biocatalysts to prepare optically pure alcohols are in need, especially when it comes to sterically demanding ketones, whereof the bioreduced products are either essential precursors of pharmaceutically relevant compounds or constitute APIs themselves. In this study, we report on the biocatalytic potential of an anti-Prelog (R)-specific Lactobacillus kefir ADH variant (Lk-ADH-E145F-F147L-Y190C, named Lk-ADH Prince) employed as E. coli/ADH whole-cell biocatalyst and its characterization for stereoselective reduction of prochiral carbonyl substrates. Key enzymatic reaction parameters, including the reaction medium, evaluation of cofactor-dependency, organic co-solvent tolerance, and substrate loading, were determined employing the drug pentoxifylline as a model prochiral ketone. Furthermore, to tap the substrate scope of Lk-ADH Prince in hydrogen transfer reactions, a broad range of 34 carbonylic derivatives was screened. Our data demonstrate that E. coli/Lk-ADH Prince exhibits activity toward a variety of structurally different ketones, furnishing optically active alcohol products at the high conversion of 65-99.9% and in moderate-to-high isolated yields (38-91%) with excellent anti-Prelog (R)-stereoselectivity (up to >99% ee) at substrate concentrations up to 100 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rudzka
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, Department of Drugs Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Zdun
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, Department of Drugs Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Antos
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, Department of Drugs Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lia Martínez Montero
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Field of Excellence BioHealth, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Tamara Reiter
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Field of Excellence BioHealth, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Field of Excellence BioHealth, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Paweł Borowiecki
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, Department of Drugs Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Varga V, Štefuca V, Mihálová L, Levarski Z, Struhárňanská E, Blaško J, Kubinec R, Farkaš P, Sitkey V, Turňa J, Rosenberg M, Stuchlík S. Recombinant Enzymatic Redox Systems for Preparation of Aroma Compounds by Biotransformation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:684640. [PMID: 34248905 PMCID: PMC8264508 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.684640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop immobilized enzyme systems that reduce carbonyl compounds to their corresponding alcohols. The demand for natural aromas and food additives has been constantly growing in recent years. However, it can no longer be met by extraction and isolation from natural materials. One way to increase the availability of natural aromas is to prepare them by the enzymatic transformation of suitable precursors. Recombinant enzymes are currently being used for this purpose. We investigated trans-2-hexenal bioreduction by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase (ScADH1) with simultaneous NADH regeneration by recombinant Candida boidinii formate dehydrogenase (FDH). In a laboratory bioreactor with two immobilized enzymes, 88% of the trans-2-hexenal was transformed to trans-2-hexenol. The initial substrate concentration was 3.7 mM. The aldehyde destabilized ScADH1 by eluting Zn2+ ions from the enzyme. A fed-batch operation was used and the trans-2-hexenal concentration was maintained at a low level to limit the negative effect of Zn2+ ion elution from the immobilized ScADH1. Another immobilized two-enzyme system was used to reduce acetophenone to (S)-1-phenylethanol. To this end, the recombinant alcohol dehydrogenase (RrADH) from Rhodococcus ruber was used. This biocatalytic system converted 61% of the acetophenone to (S)-1-phenylethanol. The initial substrate concentration was 8.3 mM. All enzymes were immobilized by poly-His tag to Ni2+, which formed strong but reversible bonds that enabled carrier reuse after the loss of enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Varga
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Štefuca
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food and Chemical Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Mihálová
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food and Chemical Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zdenko Levarski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Science Park of Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Struhárňanská
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Blaško
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Robert Kubinec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | - Ján Turňa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Science Park of Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Rosenberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food and Chemical Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Stuchlík
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Science Park of Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Whole Cell Biotransformation of 1-dodecanol by Escherichia coli by Soluble Expression of ADH Enzyme from Yarrowia lipolytica. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Lu Y, Dai H, Shi H, Tang L, Sun X, Ou Z. Synthesis of ethyl (R)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate by immobilized cells using amino acid-modified magnetic nanoparticles. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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5
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Dhoke GV, Ensari Y, Hacibaloglu DY, Gärtner A, Ruff AJ, Bocola M, Davari MD. Reversal of Regioselectivity in Zinc-Dependent Medium-Chain Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus erythropolis toward Octanone Derivatives. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2957-2965. [PMID: 32415803 PMCID: PMC7689849 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The zinc-dependent medium-chain alcohol dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus erythropolis (ReADH) is one of the most versatile biocatalysts for the stereoselective reduction of ketones to chiral alcohols. Despite its known broad substrate scope, ReADH only accepts carbonyl substrates with either a methyl or an ethyl group adjacent to the carbonyl moiety; this limits its use in the synthesis of the chiral alcohols that serve as a building blocks for pharmaceuticals. Protein engineering to expand the substrate scope of ReADH toward bulky substitutions next to carbonyl group (ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate) opens up new routes in the synthesis of ethyl-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoate, an important intermediate for anti-hypertension drugs like enalaprilat and lisinopril. We have performed computer-aided engineering of ReADH toward ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate and octanone derivatives. W296, which is located in the small binding pocket of ReADH, sterically restricts the access of ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate, octan-3-one or octan-4-one toward the catalytic zinc ion and thereby limits ReADH activity. Computational analysis was used to identify position W296 and site-saturation mutagenesis (SSM) yielded an improved variant W296A with a 3.6-fold improved activity toward ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate when compared to WT ReADH (ReADH W296A: 17.10 U/mg and ReADH WT: 4.7 U/mg). In addition, the regioselectivity of ReADH W296A is shifted toward octanone substrates. ReADH W296A has a more than 16-fold increased activity toward octan-4-one (ReADH W296A: 0.97 U/mg and ReADH WT: 0.06 U/mg) and a more than 30-fold decreased activity toward octan-2-one (ReADH W296A: 0.23 U/mg and ReADH WT: 7.69 U/mg). Computational and experimental results revealed the role of position W296 in controlling the substrate scope and regiopreference of ReADH for a variety of carbonyl substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurao V Dhoke
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yunus Ensari
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Kafkas University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Bioengineering, full address?, Kars, Turkey
| | - Dinc Yasat Hacibaloglu
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Gärtner
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Joëlle Ruff
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marco Bocola
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Theron CW, Labuschagné M, Albertyn J, Smit MS. Heterologous coexpression of the benzoate-para-hydroxylase CYP53B1 with different cytochrome P450 reductases in various yeasts. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:1126-1138. [PMID: 30341814 PMCID: PMC6801163 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) are enzymes with high potential as biocatalysts for industrial applications. Their large-scale applications are, however, limited by instability and requirement for coproteins and/or expensive cofactors. These problems are largely overcome when whole cells are used as biocatalysts. We previously screened various yeast species heterologously expressing self-sufficient P450s for their potential as whole-cell biocatalysts. Most P450s are, however, not self-sufficient and consist of two or three protein component systems. Therefore, in the present study, we screened different yeast species for coexpression of P450 and P450-reductase (CPR) partners, using CYP53B1 from Rhodotorula minuta as an exemplary P450. The abilities of three different coexpressed CPR partners to support P450 activity were investigated, two from basidiomycetous origin and one from an ascomycete. The various P450-CPR combinations were cloned into strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Hansenula polymorpha, Yarrowia lipolytica and Arxula adeninivorans, using a broad-range yeast expression vector. The results obtained supported the previous finding that recombinant A. adeninivorans strains perform excellently as whole-cell biocatalysts. This study also demonstrated for the first time the P450 reductase activity of the CPRs from R. minuta and U. maydis. A very interesting observation was the variation in the supportive activity provided by the different reductase partners tested and demonstrated better P450 activity enhancement by a heterologous CPR compared to its natural partner CPR. This study highlights reductase selection as a critical variable for consideration in the pursuit of optimal P450-based catalytic systems. The usefulness of A. adeninivorans as both a host for recombinant P450s and whole-cell biocatalyst was emphasized, supporting earlier findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrispian W. Theron
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food BiotechnologyUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
- South African DST‐NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*changeUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Michel Labuschagné
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food BiotechnologyUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| | - Jacobus Albertyn
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food BiotechnologyUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| | - Martha S. Smit
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food BiotechnologyUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
- South African DST‐NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*changeUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
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Bischoff F, Giersberg M, Matthes F, Schwalenberg T, Worch S, Kunze G. Selection of the Optimal Yeast Host for the Synthesis of Recombinant Enzymes. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1923:113-132. [PMID: 30737737 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9024-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Yeasts, like Arxula adeninivorans, Hansenula polymorpha, Pichia pastoris, Debaryomyces hansenii, Debaryomyces polymorphus, Schwanniomyces occidentalis, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are frequently used producers of recombinant enzymes, particularly when posttranslational modifications are mandatory to obtain full functionality. The wide-range transformation/expression platform presented in this chapter can be used to select the optimal yeast host for high-level synthesis of the desired enzyme with favorable biochemical properties. This platform is composed of a selection marker and up to four expression modules in a linearized cassette. Here we describe the protocols for the assembly as well as the transformation of yeast strains with the respective cassettes, screening of transformants, the isolation and biochemical characterization of the enzymes, and finally a simple fermentation strategy to achieve maximal yields of the chosen recombinant enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bischoff
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Martin Giersberg
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Falko Matthes
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Tobias Schwalenberg
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Sebastian Worch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Gotthard Kunze
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany.
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Ying X, Zhang J, Wang C, Huang M, Ji Y, Cheng F, Yu M, Wang Z, Ying M. Characterization of a Carbonyl Reductase from Rhodococcus erythropolis WZ010 and Its Variant Y54F for Asymmetric Synthesis of ( S)- N-Boc-3-Hydroxypiperidine. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123117. [PMID: 30487432 PMCID: PMC6321125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recombinant carbonyl reductase from Rhodococcus erythropolis WZ010 (ReCR) demonstrated strict (S)-stereoselectivity and catalyzed the irreversible reduction of N-Boc-3-piperidone (NBPO) to (S)-N-Boc-3-hydroxypiperidine [(S)-NBHP], a key chiral intermediate in the synthesis of ibrutinib. The NAD(H)-specific enzyme was active within broad ranges of pH and temperature and had remarkable activity in the presence of higher concentration of organic solvents. The amino acid residue at position 54 was critical for the activity and the substitution of Tyr54 to Phe significantly enhanced the catalytic efficiency of ReCR. The kcat/Km values of ReCR Y54F for NBPO, (R/S)-2-octanol, and 2-propanol were 49.17 s−1 mM−1, 56.56 s−1 mM−1, and 20.69 s−1 mM−1, respectively. In addition, the (S)-NBHP yield was as high as 95.92% when whole cells of E. coli overexpressing ReCR variant Y54F catalyzed the asymmetric reduction of 1.5 M NBPO for 12 h in the aqueous/(R/S)-2-octanol biphasic system, demonstrating the great potential of ReCR variant Y54F for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxian Ying
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Can Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Meijuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yuting Ji
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Feng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Meilan Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech Univeristy, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Meirong Ying
- Grain and Oil Products Quality Inspection Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China.
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Zhang X, Yang J, Yang C, Chen X, Bao B, Li D, Shi R, Wang J, Pu S, Zhang X. Purification and Characterization of a Novel (R)-1-Phenylethanol Dehydrogenase from Lysinibacillus sp. NUST506. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683818020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Gupta P, Mahajan N. Biocatalytic approaches towards the stereoselective synthesis of vicinal amino alcohols. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The global need for clean manufacturing technologies and the management of hazardous chemicals and waste present new research challenges to both chemistry and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- Govt. Degree College Kathua
- University of Jammu
- Higher Education Department
- India
| | - Neha Mahajan
- Department of Biotechnology
- Govt. Degree College Kathua
- University of Jammu
- Higher Education Department
- India
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Celik Kazici H, Bayraktar E, Mehmetoglu Ü. Production of precursors for anti-Alzheimer drugs: Asymmetric bioreduction in a packed-bed bioreactor using immobilized D. carota cells. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:67-73. [PMID: 27092587 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2016.1168840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
(S)-1-Phenylethanol derivatives, which are the precursors of many pharmacological products, have also been used as anti-Alzheimer drugs. Bioreduction experiments were performed in a batch and packed-bed bioreactor. Then, the kinetics constants were determined by examining the reaction kinetics in the batch system with free and immobilized carrot cells. Also, the effective diffusion coefficient (De) of acetophenone in calcium alginate-immobilized carrot cells was investigated. Kinetics constants for free cells, which are intrinsic values, are reaction rate Vmax = 0.052 mmol L-1 min-1, and constants of the Michaelis-Menten KM = 2.31 mmol L-1. Kinetics constants for immobilized cells, which are considered apparent values, are Vmax, app = 0.0407 mmol L-1 min-1, KM, app = 3.0472 mmol L-1 for 2 mm bead diameter, and Vmax, app = 0.0453 mmol L-1 min-1, KM, app = 4.9383 mmol L-1 for 3 mm bead diameter. Average value of effective diffusion coefficient of acetophenone in immobilized beads was determined as 1.97 × 10-6 cm2 s-1. Using immobilized carrot cells in an up-flow packed-bed reactor, continuous production of (S)-1-phenylethanol through asymmetric bioreduction of acetophenone was performed. The effects of the residence time and concentrations of substrate were investigated at pH 7.6 and 33°C. Enantiomerically pure (S)-1-phenylethanol (ee > 99%) was produced with 75% conversion at 4-hr residence time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Celik Kazici
- a Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Yuzuncu Yil University , Van , Turkey
| | - Emine Bayraktar
- b Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ülkü Mehmetoglu
- b Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
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