Biodiesel production using magnetic whole-cell biocatalysts by immobilization of Pseudomonas mendocina on Fe3O4-chitosan microspheres

How the Chemical Properties of Polysaccharides Make It Possible to Design Various Types of Organic-Inorganic Composites for Catalytic Applications

Recently, the use of plant-origin materials has become especially important due to the aggravation of environmental problems and the shortage and high cost of synthetic materials. One of the potential candidates among natural organic compounds is polysaccharides, characterized by a number of advantages over synthetic polymers. In recent years, natural polysaccharides have been used to design composite catalysts for various organic syntheses. This review is devoted to the current state of application of polysaccharides (chitosan, starch, pectin, cellulose, and hydroxyethylcellulose) and composites based on their catalysis. The article is divided into four main sections based on the type of polysaccharide: (1) chitosan-based nanocomposites; (2) pectin-based nanocomposites; (3) cellulose (hydroxyethylcellulose)-based nanocomposites; and (4) starch-based nanocomposites. Each section describes and summarizes recent studies on the preparation and application of polysaccharide-containing composites in various chemical transformations. It is shown that by modifying polysaccharides, polymers with special properties can be obtained, thus expanding the range of biocomposites for catalytic applications.

A scientometric analysis and recent advances of emerging chitosan-based biomaterials as potential catalyst for biodiesel production: A review

Chitosan is a widely available polymer with a reasonably high abundance, as well as a sustainable, biodegradable, and biocompatible material with different functional groups that are used in a wide range of operations. Chitosan is frequently employed in widespread applications such as environmental remediation, adsorption, catalysts, and drug formulation. The goal of this review is to discuss the potential applications of chitosan and its chemically modified solids as a catalyst in biodiesel production. The existing manuscripts are integrated based on the nature of materials used as chitosan and its modifications. A short overview of chitosan's structural characteristics, properties, and some ideal methods to be considered in catalysis activities are addressed. This article includes an analysis of a chitosan-based scientometric conducted between 1975 and 2023 using VOS viewer 1.6.19. To identify developments and technological advances in chitosan research, the significant scientometric features of yearly publication results, documents country network, co-authorship network, documents funding sponsor, documents institution network, and documents category in domain analysis were examined. This review covers a variety of organic transformations and their effects, including chitosan reactions against acids, bases, metals, metal oxides, organic compounds, lipases, and Knoevenagel condensation. The catalytic capabilities of chitosan and its modified structures for producing biodiesel through transesterification reactions are explored in depth.

Modelling and optimization of biodiesel production from waste fish oil using nano immobilized rPichiapastoris whole cell biocatalyst with response surface methodology and hybrid artificial neural network based approach

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nano particle immobilized recombinant whole cell biocatalyst (rWCB) was used for bioconversion of waste fish oil in to biodiesel in a lab scale packed bed reactor (PBR). Central composite design and hybrid artificial neural network (ANN) models were explored to optimize the production of biodiesel. Developed rWCB exhibited maximum lipase activity at 15 % (v/v) of glutaraldehyde concentration and 6 % (w/v) of ZnO nanoparticles at pH of 7. Maximum biodiesel yield reached about 91.54 ± 1.86 % after 43 h in PBR using hybrid ANN model predicted process conditions of 13.2 % (w/v) of nano immobilized rWCB concentration and 4.7:1 of methanol to oil ratio at 33 °C. Importantly, developed nano immobilized rWCB was adequately stable for commercialization. Thus, production of biodiesel from waste fish oil using ZnO nano immobilized rWCB could become potential candidate for commercialization.

A comprehensive review on nanocatalysts and nanobiocatalysts for biodiesel production in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil and USA

Biodiesel is an alternative to fossil-derived diesel with similar properties and several environmental benefits. Biodiesel production using conventional catalysts such as homogeneous, heterogeneous, or enzymatic catalysts faces a problem regarding catalysts deactivation after repeated reaction cycles. Heterogeneous nanocatalysts and nanobiocatalysts (enzymes) have shown better advantages due to higher activity, recyclability, larger surface area, and improved active sites. Despite a large number of studies on this subject, there are still challenges regarding its stability, recyclability, and scale-up processes for biodiesel production. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review current modifications and role of nanocatalysts and nanobiocatalysts and also to observe effect of various parameters on biodiesel production. Nanocatalysts and nanobiocatalysts demonstrate long-term stability due to strong Brønsted-Lewis acidity, larger active spots and better accessibility leading to enhancethe biodiesel production. Incorporation of metal supporting positively contributes to shorten the reaction time and enhance the longer reusability. Furthermore, proper operating parameters play a vital role to optimize the biodiesel productivity in the commercial scale process due to higher conversion, yield and selectivity with the lower process cost. This article also analyses the relationship between different types of feedstocks towards the quality and quantity of biodiesel production. Crude palm oil is convinced as the most prospective and promising feedstock due to massive production, low cost, and easily available. It also evaluates key factors and technologies for biodiesel production in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil, and the USA as the biggest biodiesel production supply.

Biocatalysts Synthesized with Lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia on Glycol-Modified ZIF-8: Characterization and Utilization in the Synthesis of Green Biodiesel

This research presents results on the production of biodiesel from the transesterification of acylglycerides present in palm oil, using the biocatalysts ZIF-8-PCL and Gly@ZIF-8-PCL synthesized by immobilization of Pseudomonas Cepacia Lipase as catalytic materials and using pure ZIF-8 and Gly@ZIF-8 (modified ZIF-8) as supports. The Gly@ZIF-8 carbonaceous material was prepared by wet impregnation of ZIF-8 with ethylene glycol as the carbon source, and then thermally modified. The calcination conditions were 900 °C for two hours with a heating rate of 7 °C/min in an inert atmosphere. A textural characterization was performed, and results showed superficial changes of materials at the microporous and mesoporous levels for the Gly@ZIF-8 material. Both the starting materials and biocatalysts were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. During the transesterification, using the two biocatalysts (ZIF-8-PCL and Gly@ZIF-8-PCL), two supernatant liquids were generated which were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results show that the two routes of synthesis of supports from ZIF-8 will be configured as effective methods for the generation of effective biocatalysts for biodiesel production.

Biodiesel production in a magnetically fluidized bed reactor using whole-cell biocatalysts immobilized within ferroferric oxide-polyvinyl alcohol composite beads

Magnetic whole-cell biocatalysts (MWCBs) constructed by immobilizing Bacillus subtiliscells within ferroferric oxide-polyvinyl alcohol composite beads were developed and employed to transesterify waste frying oil to biodiesel in a magnetically fluidized bed reactor (MFBR). Effective variables including biocatalysts concentration, reactant flow rate, magnetic field intensity and temperature were evaluated to enhance the transesterification. By coupling MFBR with MWCBs, continuous biodiesel production was achieved. Response surface methodology and Box-Behnken design were employed to predict the optimal conditions and the maximum biodiesel yield reached 89.0 ± 0.6% after 48 h under the optimized conditions. Furthermore, MWCBs displayed satisfactory stability and reusability in MFBR and still maintained a biodiesel yield of more than 82.5% after 10 cycles. Lastly, the fuel properties of the obtained biodiesel met the ASTM and EN standards. The present study revealed that the route of producing biodiesel over MWCBs in the MFBR system showed great potential for industrialization.

Magnetic solid sulfonic acid-enabled direct catalytic production of biomass-derived N-substituted pyrroles

Five-membered nitrogen heterocyclic pyrroles have extremely high physiological activity and are widely used in medicine, agriculture, material chemistry, industry, and supramolecular chemistry. Developing a mild and eco-friendly way to synthesize...

Efficient Synthesis of Biodiesel Catalyzed by Chitosan-Based Catalysts

Catalysts play an important role in the preparation of biodiesel. It is of great significance to study catalysts with high efficiency, low cost, and easy preparation. Compared with the homogeneous catalyst system, the heterogeneous catalyst is easy to separate and has a better catalytic effect. In heterogeneous catalysts, supports and preparation methods have important effects on the dispersion of active centers and the overall performance of catalysts. However, the supports of existing solid catalysts have defects in porosity, structural uniformity, stability, and specific surface area, and the preparation methods cannot stabilize covalent bonds or ionic bonds to bind catalytic sites. Considering the activity, preparation method, and cost of the catalyst, biomass-based catalyst is the best choice, but the specific surface area of the biomass-based catalyst is relatively low, the distribution of active centers is uneven, and it is easy to lose. Therefore, the hybrid carrier of biomass-based catalyst and other materials can not only improve the specific surface area but also make the distribution of active centers uniform and the catalytic activity better. Based on this, we summarized the application of chitosan hybrid material catalysts in biodiesel. The preparation, advantages and disadvantages, reaction conditions, and so on of chitosan-based catalysts were mainly concerned. At the same time, exploring the effects of different types of chitosan-based catalysts on the preparation of biodiesel and exploring the process technology with high efficiency and low consumption is the focus of this paper.

A comprehensive review on the applications of functionalized chitosan in petroleum industry

The biomaterials have gained the attention for utilization as sustainable alternatives for petroleum-derived products due to the rapid depletion of petroleum resources and environmental issues. Chitosan is an economical, renewable and abundant polysaccharide having unique molecular characteristics. Chitosan is derived by deacetylation of chitin, a natural polysaccharide existing in insects' exoskeleton, outer shells of crustaceans, and some fungi cell walls. Chitosan is widely used in numerous domains like agriculture, food, water treatment, medicine, cosmetics, fisheries, packaging, and chemical industry. This review aims to account for all the efforts made towards chitosan and its derivatives for utilization in the petroleum industry and related processes including exploration, extraction, refining, transporting oil spillages, and wastewater treatment. This review includes a compilation of various chemical modifications of chitosan to enhance the petroleum field's performance and applicability.

Magnetic micro-macro biocatalysts applied to industrial bioprocesses

The use of magnetic biocatalysts is highly beneficial in bioprocesses technology, as it allows their easy recovering and enhances biocatalyst lifetime. Thus, it simplifies operational processing and increases efficiency, leading to more cost-effective processes. The use of small-size matrices as carriers for enzyme immobilization enables to maximize surface area and catalysts loading, also reducing diffusion limitations. As highly expensive nanoparticles (nm size) usually aggregate, their application at large scale is not recommended. In contrast, the use of magnetic micro-macro (µm-mm size) matrices leads to more homogeneous biocatalysts with null or very low aggregation, which facilitates an easy handling and recovery. The present review aims to highlight recent trends in the application of medium-to-high size magnetic biocatalysts in different areas (biodiesel production, food and pharma industries, protein purification or removal of environmental contaminants). The advantages and disadvantages of these above-mentioned magnetic biocatalysts in bioprocess technology will be also discussed.

Pristine and modified chitosan as solid catalysts for catalysis and biodiesel production: A minireview

Chitosan is one of the readily available polymers with relatively high abundance, biodegradable and sustainable materials with divergent functional groups that are employed in broad range of applications. Chitosan is widely used in many fields like adsorption, drug carrier for therapeutic activity, environmental remediation, drug formulation and among others. One of the unique features of chitosan is that it can be transformed to other forms like beads, films, flakes, sponges and fibres depending upon the applications. This review is aimed at showing the potential applications of chitosan and its modified solids in organic transformations. The number of existing articles is organized based on the nature of materials and subsequently with the types of reactions. After a brief description on the structural features of chitosan, properties, characterization methods including various analytical/microscopic techniques and some of the best practices to be followed in catalysis are also discussed. The next section of this review describes the catalytic activity of native chitosan without any modifications while the subsequent sections provide the catalytic activity of chitosan derivatives, chitosan covalently modified with metal complexes/salts through linkers and chitosan as support for metal nanoparticles (NPs). These sections discuss number of organic reactions that include Knoevenagel condensation, oxidation, reduction, heterocycles synthesis, cross-coupling reactions and pollutant degradation among others. A separate section provides the catalytic applications of chitosan and its modified forms for the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) through esterification/transesterification reactions. The final section summarizes our views on the future directions of this field in the coming years.