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Ki MR, Kim SH, Rho S, Kim JK, Min KH, Yeo KB, Lee J, Lee G, Jun SH, Pack SP. Use of biosilica to improve loading and delivery of bone morphogenic protein 2. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127876. [PMID: 37926322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical utility of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) is limited because of the poor attraction between BMP2 and carriers, resulting in low loading efficiency and initial burst release. Here, the high binding affinity of BMP2 to the biosilica surface was utilized to overcome this limitation. Atomic force microscopy revealed that BMP2 bound nearly 8- and 2-fold more strongly to biosilica-coated hydroxyapatite than to uncoated and plain silica-coated hydroxyapatite, respectively. To achieve controlled release, collagen was introduced between the silica layers on hydroxyapatite, which was optimized by adjusting the collagen concentration and number of layers. The optimal biosilica/collagen formulation induced sustained BMP2 release without compromising loading efficiency. BMP2 combined with the mentioned formulation led to an increase in osteogenesis, as compared to the combination of BMP2 with either biosilica-coated or non-coated hydroxyapatite in vitro. In rat calvarial defect models, the biosilica/collagen-coated hydroxyapatite with 1 μg BMP2 showed 26 % more bone regeneration than the same dose of BMP2-loaded hydroxyapatite and 10.6 % more than hydroxyapatite with 2.5-fold dose of BMP2. Using BMP2 affinity carriers coated with biosilica/collagen allows for more efficacious in situ loading and delivery of BMP2, making them suitable for the clinical application of growth factors through a soaking method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ran Ki
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokbeom Rho
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ki Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ha Min
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Baek Yeo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewook Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyudo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Jun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Pil Pack
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Biomedical applications of solid-binding peptides and proteins. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100580. [PMID: 36846310 PMCID: PMC9950531 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, solid-binding peptides (SBPs) have found multiple applications in materials science. In non-covalent surface modification strategies, solid-binding peptides are a simple and versatile tool for the immobilization of biomolecules on a vast variety of solid surfaces. Especially in physiological environments, SBPs can increase the biocompatibility of hybrid materials and offer tunable properties for the display of biomolecules with minimal impact on their functionality. All these features make SBPs attractive for the manufacturing of bioinspired materials in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In particular, biomedical applications such as drug delivery, biosensing, and regenerative therapies have benefited from the introduction of SBPs. Here, we review recent literature on the use of solid-binding peptides and solid-binding proteins in biomedical applications. We focus on applications where modulating the interactions between solid materials and biomolecules is crucial. In this review, we describe solid-binding peptides and proteins, providing background on sequence design and binding mechanism. We then discuss their application on materials relevant for biomedicine (calcium phosphates, silicates, ice crystals, metals, plastics, and graphene). Although the limited characterization of SBPs still represents a challenge for their design and widespread application, our review shows that SBP-mediated bioconjugation can be easily introduced into complex designs and on nanomaterials with very different surface chemistries.
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Qiu Y, Lin Y, Zeng B, Qin P, Yi Z, Zhang G. Revealing the role of tunable amino acid residues in elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs)-mediated biomimetic silicification. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:105-112. [PMID: 36539170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are attractive materials for the green preparation of silica nanoparticles via biomimetic silicification. However, the critical factors affecting the ELP-mediated silicification remain unclear. Herein, the role of tunable amino acid residues of ELPs in silicification was studied using three ELPs (ELPs[V9F-40], ELPs[KV8F-40], and ELPs[K5V4F-40]) and their fusion proteins (ELPs[V9F-40]-SpyCatcher, ELPs[KV8F-40]-SpyCatcher, and ELPs[K5V4F-40]-SpyCatcher) with different contents of lysine residues. Bioinformatics methods were employed for the first time to reveal the key physicochemical parameters correlated with silicification. The specific activity of ELPs was increased with the promotion of lysine content with a high correlation coefficient (R = 0.899). Furthermore, exogenous acidic protein SpyCatcher would hinder the interactions between the silica precursors and ELPs, leading to the significantly decrease in specific activity. The isoelectric point (pI) of ELPs presented the highest correlation to silicification with a coefficient of 0.963. The charges of the ELPs [K5V4F-40] at different pH were calculated based on the sequence or structure. Interestingly, the excellent correlation between charges based on structure and specific activity was obtained. Collectively, the novel methods developed here may pave a new way for rational design of ELPs or other peptides for efficient and green preparation of silica nanomaterials for biomedicine, biocatalysis, and biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qiu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of Agriculture, Suzhou 215008, Jiangsu, China; Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Yuanqing Lin
- College of Environment and Public Health, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen 361024, Fujian, China.
| | - Bo Zeng
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Peiliang Qin
- Department of Science and Technology Industry Division, Suzhou Polytechnical Institute of Agriculture, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215008, China
| | - Zhiwei Yi
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China; Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guangya Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China.
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Kim SH, Ki MR, Park KS, Yeo KB, Pack SP. Chimeric protein-mediated dual mineral formation on biopolymer: Non-segregated and well-distributed deposition of CaCO 3 and silica particles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 219:112808. [PMID: 36108365 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of biogenic or biocompatible synthetic polymers with inorganic mineral components have been suggested for the preparation of more bioactive materials. However, when two different inorganic minerals such as Ca- and Si-based minerals are introduced onto organic polymers, each mineral is deposited in a segregated form. Here, we presented a biomolecule-mediated preparation method for dual mineral-deposited polymer, in which two inorganic minerals were well-deposited on organic polymer with the aid of biological molecules. A chimeric bio-macromolecules, a fusion protein (CA-SFP) of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and silica-forming peptide (SFP), was designed and used. Surface-immobilized CA-SFP enabled the deposition of CaCO3 and silica nanoparticles on biopolymer without any segregated aggregation. SEM, EDS, FTIR, and swelling ratio analysis indicated that in the developed dual mineral-deposited polymer, each mineral was well-distributed across the polymer surfaces. Investigation by MTS assays, fluorescent imaging, and RT-qPCR revealed that the dual mineral-deposited polymer, when used as bone scaffolds, led to better cell proliferation and differentiation without any significant cytotoxicity compared to the counterparts. These results show that our mineral-deposition method mediated by biomolecules not only overcomes mineral-segregation involving multi-mineral formations, but also facilitates the preparation of highly-bioactive composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-Ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ran Ki
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-Ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-Ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Park
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-Ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Baek Yeo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-Ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Pil Pack
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-Ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Ki MR, Kim SH, Nguyen TKM, Son RG, Jun SH, Pack SP. BMP2-Mediated Silica Deposition: An Effective Strategy for Bone Mineralization. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 9:1823-1833. [PMID: 35090106 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The combined use of an osteogenic factor, such as bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), with a bone scaffold was quite functional for the reconstruction of bone defects. Although many studies using BMP2 have been done, there is still a need to develop an efficient way to apply BMP2 in the bone scaffold. Here, we reported an interesting fact that BMP2 has a silica deposition ability in the presence of silicic acid and proposed that such an ability of BMP2 can effectively immobilize and transport itself by a kind of coprecipitation of BMP2 with a silica matrix. The presence of BMP2 in the resulting silica was proved by SEM and EDS and was visualized by FITC-labeled BMP2. The delivery efficacy of BMP2 of silica-entrapped BMP2 on osteoblast differentiation and mineralization using MC3T3 E1 preosteoblast cells was evaluated in vitro. The coprecipitated BMP2 with silica exhibited osteogenesis at a low concentration that was insufficient to give an osteoinductive signal as the free form. Expectedly, the silica-entrapped BMP2 exhibited thermal stability over free BMP2. When applied to bone graft substitution, e.g., hydroxyapatite granules (HA), silica-entrapped BMP 2 laden HA (BMP2@Si/HA) showed sustained BMP2 release, whereas free BMP2 adsorbed HA by a simple dipping method (BMP2/HA) displayed a burst release of BMP2 at an initial time. In the rat critical-size calvarial defect model, BMP2@Si/HA showed better bone regeneration than BMP2/HA by about 10%. The BMP2/silica hybrid deposited on a carrier surface via BMP2-mediated silica precipitation demonstrated an increase in the loading efficiency, a decrease in the burst release of BMP2, and an increase in bone regeneration. Taken together, the coprecipitated BMP2 with a silica matrix has the advantages of not only being able to immobilize BMP2 efficiently without compromising its function but also serving as a stable carrier for BMP2 delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ran Ki
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea.,Institution of Industrial Technology, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Sung Ho Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Thi Khoa My Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Ryeo Gang Son
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Jun
- Departmtnt of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Seung Pil Pack
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea
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Min KH, Shin JW, Ki MR, Kim SH, Kim KH, Pack SP. Bio-inspired formation of silica particles using the silica-forming peptides found by silica-binding motif sequence, RRSSGGRR. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abdelhamid MAA, Pack SP. Biomimetic and bioinspired silicifications: Recent advances for biomaterial design and applications. Acta Biomater 2021; 120:38-56. [PMID: 32447061 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rational design and controllable synthesis of functional silica-based materials have gained increased interest in a variety of biomedical and biotechnological applications due to their unique properties. The current review shows that marine organisms, such as siliceous sponges and diatoms, could be the inspiration for the fabrication of advanced biohybrid materials. Several biomolecules were involved in the molecular mechanism of biosilicification in vivo. Mimicking their behavior, functional silica-based biomaterials have been generated via biomimetic and bioinspired silicification in vitro. Additionally, several advanced technologies were developed for in vitro and in vivo immobilization of biomolecules with potential applications in biocatalysis, biosensors, bioimaging, and immunoassays. A thin silica layer could coat a single living cell or virus as a protective shell offering new opportunities in biotechnology and nanomedicine fields. Promising nanotechnologies have been developed for drug encapsulation and delivery in a targeted and controlled manner, in particular for poorly soluble hydrophobic drugs. Moreover, biomimetic silica, as a morphogenetically active biocompatible material, has been utilized in the field of bone regeneration and in the development of biomedical implantable devices. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In nature, silica-based biomaterials, such as diatom frustules and sponge spicules, with high mechanical and physical properties were created under biocompatible conditions. The fundamental knowledge underlying the molecular mechanisms of biosilica formation could inspire engineers and chemists to design novel hybrid biomaterials using molecular biomimetic strategies. The production of such biohybrid materials brings the biosilicification field closer to practical applications. This review starts with the biosilicification process of sponges and diatoms with recently updated researches. Then, this article covers recent advances in the design of silica-based biomaterials and their potential applications in the fields of biotechnology and nanomedicine, highlighting several promising technologies for encapsulation of functional proteins and living cells, drug delivery and the preparation of scaffolds for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A A Abdelhamid
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong-Ro 2511, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Seung Pil Pack
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong-Ro 2511, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Nguyen TKM, Ki MR, Son RG, Kim KH, Hong J, Pack SP. A dual-functional peptide, Kpt from Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3 for protein purification and silica precipitation. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Production of TiO2-deposited Diatoms and Their Applications for Photo-catalytic Degradation of Aqueous Pollutants. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Compartment-restricted and rate-controlled dual drug delivery system using a biosilica-enveloped ferritin cage. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Kim JK, Abdelhamid MA, Pack SP. Direct immobilization and recovery of recombinant proteins from cell lysates by using EctP1-peptide as a short fusion tag for silica and titania supports. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:969-977. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nguyen TKM, Ki MR, Lee CS, Pack SP. Nanosized and tunable design of biosilica particles using novel silica-forming peptide-modified chimeric ferritin templates. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Liu S, Haller E, Horak J, Brandstetter M, Heuser T, Lämmerhofer M. Protein A- and Protein G-gold nanoparticle bioconjugates as nano-immunoaffinity platform for human IgG depletion in plasma and antibody extraction from cell culture supernatant. Talanta 2019; 194:664-672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Deng K, Zhang Y, Tong XD. A novel potentiometric immunoassay for carcinoma antigen 15-3 by coupling enzymatic biocatalytic precipitation with a nanogold labelling strategy. Analyst 2018; 143:1454-1461. [PMID: 29469158 DOI: 10.1039/c7an02091k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methods based on potentiometric measurement have been developed for immunoassays, but most exhibit low sensitivities and are unsuitable for early diagnosis of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory
- the Third Affiliated Hospital
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 401120
- P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory
- the Third Affiliated Hospital
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 401120
- P.R. China
| | - Xue-Dong Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory
- the Third Affiliated Hospital
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 401120
- P.R. China
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Song IW, Park H, Park JH, Kim H, Kim SH, Yi S, Jaworski J, Sang BI. Silica formation with nanofiber morphology via helical display of the silaffin R5 peptide on a filamentous bacteriophage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16212. [PMID: 29176625 PMCID: PMC5701198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological systems often generate unique and useful structures, which can have industrial relevance either as direct components or as an inspiration for biomimetic materials. For fabrication of nanoscale silica structures, we explored the use of the silaffin R5 peptide from Cylindrotheca fusiformis expressed on the surface of the fd bacteriophage. By utilizing the biomineralizing peptide component displayed on the bacteriophage surface, we found that low concentrations (0.09 mg/mL of the R5 bacteriophage, below the concentration range used in other studies) could be used to create silica nanofibers. An additional benefit of this approach is the ability of our R5-displaying phage to form silica materials without the need for supplementary components, such as aminopropyl triethoxysilane, that are typically used in such processes. Because this method for silica formation can occur under mild conditions when implementing our R5 displaying phage system, we may provide a relatively simple, economical, and environmentally friendly process for creating silica nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Wong Song
- Department of Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangshimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojung Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangshimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Han Park
- Science&Technology Policy Coordination Division, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, 47 Gwanmun-ro, Gwacheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13809, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunook Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, The University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hun Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangshimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yi
- Department of Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangshimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangshimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Justyn Jaworski
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 UTA Blvd., Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
| | - Byoung-In Sang
- Department of Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangshimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangshimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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