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Peng Z, Yang Z. Optical blood glucose non-invasive detection and its research progress. Analyst 2024. [PMID: 39246261 DOI: 10.1039/d4an01048e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Blood glucose concentration is an important index for the diagnosis of diabetes, its self-monitoring technology is the method for scientific diabetes management. Currently, the typical household blood glucose meters have achieved great success in diabetes management, but they are discrete detection methods, and involve invasive blood sampling procedures. Optical detection technologies, which use the physical properties of light to detect the glucose concentration in body fluids non-invasively, have shown great potential in non-invasive blood glucose detection. This article summarized and analyzed the basic principles, research status, existing problems, and application prospects of different optical glucose detection technologies. In addition, this article also discusses the problems of optical detection technology in wearable sensors and perspectives on the future of non-invasive blood glucose detection technology to improve blood glucose monitoring in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Peng
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 330073, P.R. China.
| | - Zhuanqing Yang
- Big Data and Internet of Things School, Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering, Chongqing 402260, China
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Khan R, Qureshi A, Azhar M, Hassan ZU, Gul S, Ahmad S. Recent Progress of Fluorescent Carbon Dots and Graphene Quantum Dots for Biosensors: Synthesis of Solution Methods and their Medical Applications. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03809-3. [PMID: 38869710 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
In the fields of health and biology, fluorescent nanomaterials have emerged as highly potential and very useful candidates for use in biosensor applications. These typical highly powerful nanomaterials are carbon dots (CDs) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) among many other metallic nanomaterials. In the context of medical biosensors, this review article investigates the techniques of synthesis, and many uses of these nanomaterials, the obstacles that they face, and the potential for their future. We cover the significance of fluorescent nanomaterials, their use in the medical field, as well as the several techniques of synthesis for CDs and GQDs, including ultrasonication, hydrothermal, electrochemical method, surface modification, and solvothermal. In addition, we also discuss their biomedical applications, which include biomolecule detection, disease diagnosis and examine the obstacles and prospective possibilities for development of ultra-bright, ultra-sensitive, and selective biosensors for use in in-vivo research.Fluorescent carbon dots and graphene quantum dots is synthesized by using several types of raw material and methods. These Carbon dots and graphene quantum dots are used in the medical field includes detection of biomaterials, detection of cancer, virus and mutation in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaqat Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Government Postgraduate College, Manshera, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Amina Qureshi
- Department of Chemistry, Government Postgraduate College, Manshera, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Azhar
- Department of Chemistry, Government Postgraduate College, Manshera, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ul Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Government Postgraduate College, Manshera, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Sagheer Gul
- Department of Chemistry, Government Postgraduate College, Manshera, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Physics, Government Postgraduate College, Manshera, 21300, Pakistan.
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Zhang Y, Yan P, Tang H, Zhang J. Rapid detection of tear lactoferrin for diagnosis of dry eyes by using fluorescence polarization-based aptasensor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15179. [PMID: 37704755 PMCID: PMC10499909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiating dry eye disease (DED) from allergic or viral conjunctivitis rapidly and accurately is important to ensure prompt diagnosis and treatment. Tear lactoferrin (LF), a multi-functional glycoprotein found in tears, decreases significantly in patients with DED, and has been considered as a DED diagnostic biomarker. Measuring tear LF level, however, takes time and requires the use of bulky instruments. Herein, a homogeneous carbon nanostructure-based aptasensor with high sensitivity and selectivity has been developed by applying fluorescence polarization (FP) technology. The FP of carbon dots (CDs) bioconjugated with LF aptamers (CDs-aptamer) is 21.2% higher than that of CDs, which can be further amplified (1.81 times) once interacting with graphene oxide nanosheets (GONS). In the presence of LF, GONS separates from CDs-aptamer because of the stronger binding affinity between CDs-aptamer to LF, resulting in the decrease of FP value. A linear relationship is observed between FP value and LF concentration in spiked tear samples from 0.66 to 3.32 mg/mL. The selectivity of the aptasensor has been investigated by measuring other proteins. The results indicate that the FP-based aptasensor is a cost-effective method with high sensitivity and selectivity in detection of tear LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Peng Yan
- Kensington Eye Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Kensington Eye Institute, 600-340 College St, Toronto, ON, M5T 3A9, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 3A9, Canada
| | - Howyn Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada.
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Chen L, Yang S, Dotzert M, Melling CWJ, Zhang J. Hybrid reduced graphene oxide nanosheets with negative magnetoresistance for the diagnosis of hypoglycemia. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:998-1007. [PMID: 36621800 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01927b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Few glucometers are available to easily and quickly measure low blood glucose levels (≤4 mmol L-1) from a small amount of blood samples. Here, a hybrid reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based magnetoresistance (MR) sensor has been developed to monitor blood glucose levels to quickly detect hypoglycemia. Hybrid rGO nanosheets, incorporating Fe50Co50 nanoparticles onto rGO nanosheets, with an unusual large negative MR (-5.7%) at room temperature under a small magnetic field (9.5 kOe) have been successfully fabricated through a one-pot reaction. To quickly detect the low concentration of glucose in a small amount of blood (1 μL), a two-step process has been further developed by using the "sandwich" structural MR sensor. The results show that the higher the negative MR value of the sensor, the lower the concentration of glucose that can be detected. A linear relationship between the MR and the concentration of the spiked plasma glucose taken from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats can be found when the concentration of glucose is in the range of 0-6 mmol L-1. The limit of detection (LOD) of this MR glucose sensor is 0.867 mmol L-1. The accuracy of the rGO-based MR sensor is improved in measuring low concentration of plasma glucose as compared to that of a commercialized glucometer. Furthermore, the selectivity of the rGO-based MR sensor has been studied. The results demonstrate that the rGO-based MR sensor is a flexible and sensitive detection platform and specifically suitable for monitoring low concentrations of plasma glucose to prevent from hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Songlin Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Michelle Dotzert
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - C W James Melling
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
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Zhang Y, Zhang J. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Aptasensor Made of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Detecting Lactoferrin at Low Concentrations. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37964-37970. [PMID: 36312380 PMCID: PMC9609055 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin in the saliva is recently considered a biomarker for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. In this paper, a solution-based, user-friendly biosensing system has been developed to quickly measure lactoferrin at low concentrations. This aptasensor is applied to the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) quenching mechanism, in which carbon quantum dots (CDs) act as the FRET donor; the FRET quenching element is made of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets which show good quenching capability. CDs bioconjugated with a chosen aptamer (CDs-aptamer) have the strongest emission (λem) at 447 nm when excitation (λex) is 365 nm. Due to the interaction of the aptamer and GO through the π-π* interaction, GO can approach CDs, resulting in FRET quenching. In the presence of lactoferrin, the fluorescence intensity of CDs-aptamer is restored as the binding affinity between lactoferrin and the aptamer is stronger than the π-π* interaction between the aptamer and GO. A linear relationship between the restored fluorescence intensity and the concentration of lactoferrin in artificial saliva with a range from 4 to 16 μg/mL is observed. The limit of detection of the solution-based aptasensor is estimated at 2.48 μg/mL. In addition, the sensing performance of the aptasensor made of carbon nanomaterials has been evaluated to test different proteins including major salivary proteins. The results show that this aptasensor has a high selectivity to detect LF with a low concentration, <16 μg/mL.
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Zhang Y, Song J, Yang S, Ouyang J, Zhang J. Carbon Nanostructure-Based DNA Sensor Used for Quickly Detecting Breast Cancer-Associated Genes. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 17:93. [PMID: 36125561 PMCID: PMC9489825 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-022-03730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The early diagnosis of breast cancer highly relies on the detection of mutant DNA at low concentrations. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) quenching may offer a solution to quickly detect a small amount of single-strand DNA (ssDNA) through the combination of nanomaterials with special luminescence and unique structures of DNA double helix structure. Here, carbon quantum dots (CDs) modified with Capture ssDNA act as the FRET donor which interact with the two-dimensional fluorescence quencher, i.e., graphene oxide nanosheets (GO), to detect breast cancer-associated Target ssDNA at a low concentration. CDs bioconjugated with the designed Capture ssDNA (named CDs-Capture ssDNA) have the maximum fluorescence intensity (Imax) at the emission (λem) = 510 nm. The fluorescence of CDs-Capture ssDNA is quenched, while they interact with GO due to the π-π* interaction between ssDNA and GO. In the presence of Target ssDNA, the Imax is restored because of the stronger interaction between Target ssDNA and CDs-Capture ssDNA through the hydrogen bond. The restored fluorescence intensity of CDs has a linear relationship with the concentration of Target ssDNA from 0.25 to 2.5 μM with a detection limit around 0.24 μM. The selectivity of the sensing system has been further evaluated by testing the 3-base mismatched and non-base matched in which efficient restoration of photoluminescence of the sensing system cannot be observed. This carbon nanostructure-based DNA sensing system offers a user-friendly and quick detection of single-strand DNA at lower concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Zhang
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Jisu Song
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Songlin Yang
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Jianying Ouyang
- National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jin Zhang
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada.
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Fluorescent carbon dots for sensing metal ions and small molecules. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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A newly synthesized boronic acid-functionalized sulfur-doped carbon dot chemosensor as a molecular probe for glucose sensing. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.105919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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