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Wang W, Xiang Y, Yin G, Hu S, Cheng J, Chen J, Du G, Kang Z, Wang Y. Construction of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Microbial Cell Factories through Identification of Novel Synthases and Metabolic Pathway Screens and Transporters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8006-8017. [PMID: 38554273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) plays a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of heme and chlorophyll and has garnered great attention for its agricultural applications. This study explores the multifaceted construction of 5-ALA microbial cell factories. Evolutionary analysis-guided screening identified a novel 5-ALA synthase from Sphingobium amiense as the best synthase. An sRNA library facilitated global gene screening that demonstrated that trpC and ilvA repression enhanced 5-ALA production by 74.3% and 102%, respectively. Subsequently, efflux of 5-ALA by the transporter Gdx increased 5-ALA biosynthesis by 25.7%. To mitigate oxidative toxicity, DNA-binding proteins from starved cells were employed, enhancing cell density and 5-ALA titer by 21.1 and 4.1%, respectively. Combining these strategies resulted in an Escherichia coli strain that produced 5-ALA to 1.51 g·L-1 in shake flask experiments and 6.19 g·L-1 through fed-batch fermentation. This study broadens the repertoire of available 5-ALA synthases and transporters and provides a new platform for optimizing 5-ALA bioproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiu Wang
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiaxing Institute of Future Food, Jiaxing 314050, China
| | - Yulong Xiang
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guobin Yin
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shan Hu
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiaxing Institute of Future Food, Jiaxing 314050, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhen Kang
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Bhattacharya S, Prajapati BG, Singh S, Anjum MM. Nanoparticles drug delivery for 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for multiple cancer treatment: a critical review on biosynthesis, detection, and therapeutic applications. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:17607-17634. [PMID: 37776358 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment that kills cancer cells selectively by stimulating reactive oxygen species generation with photosensitizers exposed to specific light wavelengths. 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a widely used photosensitizer. However, its limited tumour penetration and targeting reduce its therapeutic efficacy. Scholars have investigated nano-delivery techniques to improve 5-ALA administration and efficacy in PDT. This review summarises recent advances in biological host biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms for 5-ALA production. The review also highlights the potential therapeutic efficacy of various 5-ALA nano-delivery modalities, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, and gels, in treating various cancers. Although promising, 5-ALA nano-delivery methods face challenges that could impair targeting and efficacy. To determine their safety and biocompatibility, extensive preclinical and clinical studies are required. This study highlights the potential of 5-ALA-NDSs to improve PDT for cancer treatment, as well as the need for additional research to overcome barriers and improve medical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India.
| | - Bhuphendra G Prajapati
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Gujarat, Kherva, 384012, India.
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Md Meraj Anjum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, India
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Kanwal S, De-Eknamkul W. A Non-functional γ-Aminobutyric Acid Shunt Pathway in Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Enhances δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Accumulation under Modified Nutrient Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021213. [PMID: 36674729 PMCID: PMC9864891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To redirect carbon flux from the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt to the δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) biosynthetic pathway, we disrupted the GABA shunt route of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 by inactivating Gdc, the gene-encoding glutamate decarboxylase. The generated ΔGdc strain exhibited lower intracellular GABA and higher ALA levels than the wild-type (WT) one. The ΔGdc strain’s ALA levels were ~2.8 times higher than those of the WT one when grown with levulinic acid (LA), a competitive inhibitor of porphobilinogen synthase. Abiotic stress conditions including salinity induced by 10 mM NaCl and cold at 4 °C increased the ALA levels in ΔGdc up to ~2.5 and 5 ng g−1 cell DW, respectively. The highest ALA production in the ΔGdc cyanobacteria grown in BG11 medium was triggered by glucose induction, followed by glutamate supplementation with 60 mM of LA, thereby resulting in ~360 ng g−1 cell DW of ALA, that is >300-fold higher ALA accumulation than that observed in ΔGdc cyanobacteria grown in normal medium. Increased levels of the gdhA (involved in the interconversion of α-ketoglutarate to glutamate) and the hemA (a major regulatory target of the ALA biosynthetic pathway) transcripts occurred in ΔGdc cyanobacteria grown under modified growth conditions. Our study provides critical insight into the facilitation of ALA production in cyanobacteria.
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Jiang M, Hong K, Mao Y, Ma H, Chen T, Wang Z. Natural 5-Aminolevulinic Acid: Sources, Biosynthesis, Detection and Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:841443. [PMID: 35284403 PMCID: PMC8913508 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.841443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is the key precursor for the biosynthesis of tetrapyrrole compounds, with wide applications in medicine, agriculture and other burgeoning fields. Because of its potential applications and disadvantages of chemical synthesis, alternative biotechnological methods have drawn increasing attention. In this review, the recent progress in biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of 5-ALA synthesis in biological hosts are summarized. The research progress on 5-ALA biosynthesis via the C4/C5 pathway in microbial cells is emphasized, and the corresponding biotechnological design strategies are highlighted and discussed in detail. In addition, the detection methods and applications of 5-ALA are also reviewed. Finally, perspectives on potential strategies for improving the biosynthesis of 5-ALA and understanding the related mechanisms to further promote its industrial application are conceived and proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiru Jiang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kunqiang Hong
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yufeng Mao
- Key Laboratory of System Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwu Ma
- Key Laboratory of System Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiwen Wang,
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