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Wang L, Zhu Z, Hou W, Zhang X, He Z, Yuan W, Yang Y, Zhang S, Jia R, Tai F. Serotonin Signaling Trough Prelimbic 5-HT1A Receptors Modulates CSDS-Induced Behavioral Changes in Adult Female Voles. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 22:208-220. [PMID: 30445535 PMCID: PMC6403097 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most previous studies have focused on the effects of social defeat in male juvenile individuals. Whether chronic social defeat stress in adulthood affects female emotion and the underlying mechanisms remains unclear. METHODS Using highly aggressive adult female mandarin voles (Microtus mandarinus), the present study aimed to determine the effects of chronic social defeat stress on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in adult female rodents and investigate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these effects. RESULTS Exposure of adult female voles to social defeat stress for 14 days reduced the time spent in the central area of the open field test and in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and lengthened the immobility time in the tail suspension and forced swimming tests, indicating increased anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Meanwhile, defeated voles exhibited increased neural activity in the prelimbic cortex of the medial prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, chronic social defeat stress reduced serotonin projections and levels of serotonin 1A receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex-prelimbic cortex. Intra-prelimbic cortex microinjections of the serotonin 1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT reversed the alterations in emotional behaviors, whereas injections of the serotonin 1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 into the prelimbic cortex of control voles increased the levels of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrated that chronic social defeat stress increased anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in adult female voles, and these effects were mediated by the action of serotonin on the serotonin 1A receptors in the prelimbic cortex. The serotonin system may be a promising target to treat emotional disorders induced by chronic social defeat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenxiang Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjuan Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueni Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhixiong He
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siyi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fadao Tai
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Correspondence: Fadao Tai, PhD, Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710062, China ()
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Solomon MB. Evaluating social defeat as a model for psychopathology in adult female rodents. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:763-776. [PMID: 27870445 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Social conflict is a predominant stressor in humans and is associated with increased risk for developing psychological illnesses including depression and anxiety. Overwhelmingly, more women suffer from these disorders, which may be due to increased stress sensitivity. Like humans, rodents experience a myriad of physiological and behavioral sequelae due to prolonged stress exposure. Although the motivation for social conflict may differ between humans and rodents, female rodents may provide an opportunity to explore the underlying mechanisms by which stress confers risk for psychopathology in women. Because most female rodents do not express spontaneous aggression, the majority of basic research examines the physiological and behavioral outcomes of social conflict in male rodents. However, there are instances where female rodents exhibit territorial (California mice and Syrian hamsters) and maternal aggression (rats, mice, and hamsters) creating a venue to examine sex differences in physiology and behavior in response to stress. While many studies rely upon nonsocial behavioral assays (e.g., elevated plus maze, forced swim test) to assess the impact of stress on emotionality, here we primarily focus on behavioral outcomes in social-based assays in rodents. This is critically important given that disruptions in social relationships can be a cause and consequence of neuropsychiatric diseases. Next, we briefly discuss how sex differences in the recruitment of neural circuitry and/or neurochemistry in response to stress may underlie sex differences in neuroendocrine and behavioral stress responses. Finally, the translational value of females in rodent stress models and considerations regarding behavioral interpretations of these models are discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matia B Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Huang CW, Hong TW, Wang YJ, Chen KC, Pei JC, Chuang TY, Lai WS, Tsai SH, Chu R, Chen WC, Sheen LY, Takahashi S, Ding ST, Shen TL. Ophiocordyceps formosana improves hyperglycemia and depression-like behavior in an STZ-induced diabetic mouse model. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:310. [PMID: 27553852 PMCID: PMC4995616 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background A newly defined Cordyceps species, Ophiocordyceps formosana (O. formosana) has been implicated in multitudinous bioactivities, including lowering glucose and cholesterol levels and modulating the immune system. However, few literatures demonstrate sufficient evidence to support these proposed functions. Although the use of Cordyceps spp. has been previously addressed to improve insulin insensitivity and improve the detrimental symptoms of depression; its mechanistic nature remains unsettled. Herein, we reveal the effects of O. formosana in ameliorating hyperglycemia accompanied with depression. Methods Diabetes was induced in mice by employing streptozotocin(STZ), a chemical that is toxic to insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas. These streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice showed combined symptoms of hyperglycemia and depressive behaviors. Twenty-four STZ-induced mice were randomly divided into 3 groups subjected to oral gavage with 100 μL solution of either PBS or 25 mg/mL Ophiocordyceps formosana extract (OFE) or 2 mg/mL rosiglitazone (Rosi, positive control group). Treatments were administered once per day for 28 days. An additional 6 mice without STZ induction were treated with PBS to serve as the control group. Insulin sensitivity was measured by a glucose tolerance test and levels of adiponectin in plasma and adipose tissue were also quantified. Behavioral tests were conducted and levels of monoamines in various brain regions relating to depression were evaluated. Results HPLC analysis uncovered three major constituents, adenosine, D-mannitol and cordycepin, within O. formosana similar to other prestigious medicinal Cordyceps spp.. STZ-induced diabetic mice demonstrated decreased body weight and subcutaneous adipose tissue, while these symptoms were recovered in mice receiving OFE treatment. Moreover, the OFE group displayed improved insulin sensitivity and elevated adiponectin within the plasma and adipose tissue. The anti-depressive effect of OFE was observed in various depression-related behavior tests. Concurrently, neurotransmitters, like 5-HT and dopamine in the frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus were found to be up-regulated in OFE-treated mice. Conclusions Our findings illustrated, for the first time, the medicinal merits of O. formosana on Type I diabetes and hyperglycemia-induced depression. OFE were found to promote the expression of adiponectin, which is an adipokine involved in insulin sensitivity and hold anti-depressive effects. In addition, OFE administration also displayed altered levels of neurotransmitters in certain brain regions that may have contributed to its anti-depressive effect. Collectively, this current study provided insights to the potential therapeutic effects of O. formosana extracts in regards to hyperglycemia and its depressive complications.
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Yu WC, Liu CY, Lai WS. Repeated, Intermittent Social Defeat across the Entire Juvenile Period Resulted in Behavioral, Physiological, Hormonal, Immunological, and Neurochemical Alterations in Young Adult Male Golden Hamsters. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:110. [PMID: 27375450 PMCID: PMC4901039 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing brain is vulnerable to social defeat during the juvenile period. As complements of human studies, animal models of social defeat provide a straightforward approach to investigating the functional and neurobiological consequences of social defeats. Taking advantage of agonist behavior and social defeat in male golden hamster, a set of 6 experiments was conducted to investigate the consequences at multiple levels in young adulthood resulting from repeated, intermittent social defeats or “social threats” across the entire juvenile period. Male hamsters at postnatal day 28 (P28) were randomly assigned to either the social defeat, “social threat”, or arena control group, and they correspondingly received a series of nine social interaction trials (i.e., either social defeat, “social threat”, or arena control conditions) from P33 to P66. At the behavioral level (Experiment 1), we found that repeated social defeats (but not “social threats”) significantly impacted locomotor activity in the familiar context and social interaction in the familiar/unfamiliar social contexts. At the physiological and hormonal levels (Experiments 2 and 3), repeated social defeat significantly enhanced the cortisol and norepinephrine concentrations in blood. Enlargement of the spleen was also found in the social defeat and “social threat” groups. At the immunological level (Experiment 4), the social defeat group showed lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus and hippocampus but higher concentration of IL-6 in the striatum compared to the other two groups. At the neurochemical level (Experiment 5), the socially defeated hamsters mainly displayed reductions of dopamine, dopamine metabolites, and 5-HT levels in the striatum and decreased level of 5-HT in the hippocampus. In Experiment 6, an increase in the spine density of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons was specifically observed in the “social threat” group. Collectively, our findings indicate that repeated, intermittent social defeats throughout entire adolescence in hamsters impact their adult responses at multiple levels. Our results also suggest that the “social threat” group may serve as an appropriate control. This study further suggest that the alterations of behavioral responses and neurobiological functions in the body and brain might provide potential markers to measure the negative consequences of chronic social defeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Yu
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Liu
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sung Lai
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan; Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
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Zoicas I, Menon R, Neumann ID. Neuropeptide S reduces fear and avoidance of con-specifics induced by social fear conditioning and social defeat, respectively. Neuropharmacology 2016; 108:284-91. [PMID: 27044664 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide S (NPS) has anxiolytic effects and facilitates extinction of cued fear in rodents. Here, we investigated whether NPS reverses social fear and social avoidance induced by social fear conditioning (SFC) and acute social defeat (SD), respectively, in male CD1 mice. Our results revealed that intracerebroventricular NPS (icv; 10 and 50 nmol/2 μl) reversed fear of unknown con-specifics induced by SFC and dose-dependently reduced avoidance of known aggressive con-specifics induced by SD. While 50 nmol of NPS completely reversed social avoidance and reinstated social preference, 10 nmol of NPS reduced social avoidance, but did not completely reinstate social preference in socially-defeated mice. Further, a lower dose (1 nmol/2 μl) of NPS facilitated the within-session extinction of cued fear, while a higher dose (10 nmol/2 μl) reduced the expression of cued fear. We could also confirm the anxiolytic effects of NPS (1, 10 and 50 nmol/2 μl) on the elevated plus-maze (EPM), which were not accompanied by alterations in locomotor activity either on the EPM or in the home cage. Finally, we could show that icv infusion of the NPS receptor 1 antagonist D-Cys((t)Bu)(5)-NPS (10 nmol/2 μl) did not alter SFC-induced social fear, general anxiety and locomotor activity. Taken together, our study extends the potent anxiolytic profile of NPS to a social context by demonstrating the reduction of social fear and social avoidance, thus providing the framework for studies investigating the involvement of the NPS system in the regulation of different types of social behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Zoicas
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Rohit Menon
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Inga D Neumann
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Defeat stress in rodents: From behavior to molecules. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 59:111-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bullmann T, Seeger G, Stieler J, Hanics J, Reimann K, Kretzschmann TP, Hilbrich I, Holzer M, Alpár A, Arendt T. Tau phosphorylation-associated spine regression does not impair hippocampal-dependent memory in hibernating golden hamsters. Hippocampus 2015; 26:301-18. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bullmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration; Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Frey Initiative Research Unit, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center; Japan
| | - Gudrun Seeger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration; Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Jens Stieler
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration; Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - János Hanics
- MTA-SE NAP B Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest Hungary
- Department of Anatomy; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Katja Reimann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration; Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Tanja Petra Kretzschmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration; Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Isabel Hilbrich
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration; Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Max Holzer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration; Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Alán Alpár
- MTA-SE NAP B Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest Hungary
- Department of Anatomy; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Thomas Arendt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration; Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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Activation of 5-HT2a receptors in the basolateral amygdala promotes defeat-induced anxiety and the acquisition of conditioned defeat in Syrian hamsters. Neuropharmacology 2014; 90:102-12. [PMID: 25458113 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Conditioned defeat is a model in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) in which normal territorial aggression is replaced by increased submissive and defensive behavior following acute social defeat. The conditioned defeat response involves both a fear-related memory for a specific opponent as well as anxiety-like behavior indicated by avoidance of novel conspecifics. We have previously shown that systemic injection of a 5-HT2a receptor antagonist reduces the acquisition of conditioned defeat. Because neural activity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is critical for the acquisition of conditioned defeat and BLA 5-HT2a receptors can modulate anxiety but have a limited effect on emotional memories, we investigated whether 5-HT2a receptor modulation alters defeat-induced anxiety but not defeat-related memories. We injected the 5-HT2a receptor antagonist MDL 11,939 (0 mM, 1.7 mM or 17 mM) or the 5-HT2a receptor agonist TCB-2 (0 mM, 8 mM or 80 mM) into the BLA prior to social defeat. We found that injection of MDL 11,939 into the BLA impaired acquisition of the conditioned defeat response and blocked defeat-induced anxiety in the open field, but did not significantly impair avoidance of former opponents in the Y-maze. Furthermore, we found that injection of TCB-2 into the BLA increased the acquisition of conditioned defeat and increased anxiety-like behavior in the open field, but did not alter avoidance of former opponents. Our data suggest that 5-HT2a receptor signaling in the BLA is both necessary and sufficient for the development of conditioned defeat, likely via modulation of defeat-induced anxiety.
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Bader LR, Carboni JD, Burleson CA, Cooper MA. 5-HT1A receptor activation reduces fear-related behavior following social defeat in Syrian hamsters. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 122:182-90. [PMID: 24726709 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Social defeat leads to selective avoidance of familiar opponents as well as general avoidance of novel, non-threatening intruders. Avoidance of familiar opponents represents a fear-related memory whereas generalized social avoidance indicates anxiety-like behavior. We have previously shown that serotonin signaling alters responses to social defeat in Syrian hamsters, although it is unclear whether serotonin modulates defeat-induced fear, anxiety, or both. In this study we focus on 5-HT1A receptors, in part, because their activation had been linked to the acquisition of conditioned fear. We hypothesized that pharmacological activation of 5-HT1A receptors prior to social defeat would reduce avoidance of familiar opponents and impair Arc expression in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), but not alter anxiety-like behavior. We administered 8-OH-DPAT, a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, prior to 3, 5-minute social defeats and 24h later exposed hamsters to a social interaction test to measure the conditioned defeat response immediately followed by either a Y-maze test or an open field test. In a separate experiment, we administered 8-OH-DPAT prior to 3, 5-minute social defeats and later removed the brains for Arc immunohistochemistry. Social defeat increased the number of Arc immunopositive cells in the central amygdala (CeA), prelimbic cortex (PL), and BLA, and 8-OH-DPAT treatment reduced Arc immunoreactivity in the PL. These results suggest that 5-HT1A receptor activation impairs the fear memory associated with social defeat, but does not alter defeat-induced anxiety. Overall, 5-HT1A receptor activation may impair Arc expression in select brain regions such as the PL and thereby disrupt the development of a fear memory essential for the conditioned defeat response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Bader
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Joseph D Carboni
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Cody A Burleson
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Lai WS, Yu WC, Liu CY, Kuo MT, Huang CH. A new method for studying social eavesdropping using male golden hamsters. Physiol Behav 2014; 128:202-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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A low-cost automated apparatus for investigating the effects of social defeat in Syrian hamsters. Behav Res Methods 2014; 46:1013-22. [PMID: 24519494 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-013-0427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We describe an automated apparatus that can be used to investigate the effects of defeat in hamsters. It consists of a covered alleyway that leads to a box, or arena, where hamsters can be kept separate or allowed to fight. The alleyway is divided into seven equal-sized chambers. Low-power lasers and laser detectors are used to keep track of a hamster's position in the alleyway. A CFL flood lamp placed over the chamber farthest from the arena generates a light gradient in the alleyway that engenders in the subjects a preference for the darker chambers near the arena. A computer automatically records the interruption of the laser beams and yields three measures: average position, the frequency of visits to each chamber, and the frequency of changes in direction of travel in each chamber. The results of a pilot study indicated that when a dominant hamster was placed behind a screened gate in the arena and a subordinate hamster was placed in the alleyway, the subordinate maintained a significantly greater distance from the dominant than did a nondefeated hamster. The subordinate hamster also changed its direction of travel more frequently than did the nondefeated hamster. The results suggest that conditioned fear was elicited in the defeated hamster by proximity to the dominant hamster, an effect that is consistent with published results in which the data were recorded manually or by using commercially available event-tracking software.
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Toth I, Neumann ID. Animal models of social avoidance and social fear. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:107-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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