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Nucci L, Miraglia F, Alù F, Pappalettera C, Judica E, Manenti R, Rossini PM, Vecchio F. Reaction time and cognitive strategies: The role of education in task performance. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2023.101884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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Wang J, Sun X, Becker B, Lei Y. Common and separable behavioral and neural mechanisms underlie the generalization of fear and disgust. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 116:110519. [PMID: 35101603 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Generalization represents the transfer of a conditioned responses to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus (CS). Previous studies on generalization of defensive avoidance responses have primarily focused on fear and have neglected disgust generalization, which represents a key pathological mechanism in some anxiety disorders. In the present study we examined common and distinct mechanisms of fear and disgust generalization by means of a fear or disgust multi-CS conditioning and generalization paradigm with concomitant event-related potential (ERPs) acquisition in n = 62 subjects. We demonstrate that compared to fear, disgust-relevant generalized stimuli (GS) elicited larger expectancy ratings and longer reaction times (RTs) reflecting stronger ratings of 'risk'. On the electrophysiological level, increased P2 amplitudes were found in response to conditioned CS+ versus CS- across both domains, possibly reflecting higher motivational and attentional salience of aversive conditioned stimuli per se. Contingent negative variation (CNV) amplitude was significantly larger for disgust-CS+ than disgust-CS-, reflecting a stronger preparation of the disgust US. Additionally, we found that the contingent negative variation (CNV) fear generalization gradient, and CNV amplitude were increased with similarity to CS+. In contrast the CNV to disgust-GS did not differ and did not reflect disgust generalization. Together this may indicate that the CNV represents a highly fear-specific index for generalization learning. This study provides the first neurobiological evidence for common and distinct generalization learning in fear versus disgust suggesting that dysregulations in separable defensive avoidance mechanisms may underly different anxiety disorder subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Wang
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China; Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- Ningxia College of Construction, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yi Lei
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China.
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Metts A, Arnaudova I, Staples-Bradley L, Sun M, Zinbarg R, Nusslock R, Wassum KM, Craske MG. Disruption in Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer as a Function of Depression and Anxiety. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-021-09941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
In contrast to the large body of work demonstrating second-order conditioning (SOC) in non-human animals, the evidence for SOC in humans is scant. In this review, I examine the existing literature and suggest theoretical and procedural explanations for why SOC has been so elusive in humans. In particular, I discuss potential interactions with conditioned inhibition, whether SOC is rational, and propose critical parameters needed to obtain the effect. I conclude that SOC is a real but difficult phenomenon to obtain in humans, and suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Lee
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Influence of Perceptual and Conceptual Information on Fear Generalization: A Behavioral and Event-Related Potential Study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 21:1054-1065. [PMID: 34021495 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00912-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Learned fear can be generalized through both perceptual and conceptual information. This study investigated how perceptual and conceptual similarities influence this generalization process. Twenty-three healthy volunteers completed a fear-generalization test as brain activity was recorded in the form of event-related potentials (ERPs). Participants were exposed to a de novo fear acquisition paradigm with four categories of conditioned stimuli (CS): two conceptual cues (animals and furniture); and two perceptual cues (blue and purple shapes). Animals (C+) and purple shapes (P+) were paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US), whereas furniture (C-) and blue shapes (P-) never were. The generalized stimuli were thus blue animals (C+P+, determined danger), blue furniture (C-P+, perceptual danger), purple animals (C+P-, conceptual danger), and purple furniture (C-P-, determined safe). We found that perceptual cues elicited larger fear responses and shorter reaction times than did conceptual cues during fear acquisition. This suggests that a perceptually related pathway might evoke greater fear than a conceptually based route. During generalization, participants were more afraid of C+ exemplars than of C- exemplars. Furthermore, C+ trials elicited greater N400 amplitudes. Thus, participants appear able to use conceptually based cues to infer the value of the current stimuli. Additionally, compared with C+ exemplars, we found an enhanced late positive potential effect in response to C- exemplars, which seems to reflect a late inhibitory process and might index safety learning. These findings may offer new insights into the pathological mechanism of anxiety disorders.
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Schmidt S, Langner S, Hennigs N, Wiedmann KP, Karampournioti E, Lischka G. The green brand: Explicit and implicit framing effects of ecolabelling on brand knowledge. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2017.1329191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Schmidt
- Institute of Marketing and Management, Leibniz University of Hannover, Koenigsworther Platz 1, 30167 Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sascha Langner
- Institute of Marketing and Management, Leibniz University of Hannover, Koenigsworther Platz 1, 30167 Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Nadine Hennigs
- Institute of Marketing and Management, Leibniz University of Hannover, Koenigsworther Platz 1, 30167 Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Wiedmann
- Institute of Marketing and Management, Leibniz University of Hannover, Koenigsworther Platz 1, 30167 Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Evmorfia Karampournioti
- Institute of Marketing and Management, Leibniz University of Hannover, Koenigsworther Platz 1, 30167 Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Gesa Lischka
- Kochstrasse™ – Agentur für Marken GmbH, Plaza de Rosalia 3, 30449 Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Boddez Y, Bennett MP, van Esch S, Beckers T. Bending rules: the shape of the perceptual generalisation gradient is sensitive to inference rules. Cogn Emot 2016; 31:1444-1452. [PMID: 27678020 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1230541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Generalising what is learned about one stimulus to other but perceptually related stimuli is a basic behavioural phenomenon. We evaluated whether a rule learning mechanism may serve to explain such generalisation. To this end, we assessed whether inference rules communicated through verbal instructions affect generalisation. Expectancy ratings, but not valence ratings, proved sensitive to this manipulation. In addition to revealing a role for inference rules in generalisation, our study has clinical implications as well. More specifically, we argue that targeting inference rules might prove to be an effective strategy to affect the excessive generalisation that is often observed in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Boddez
- a Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Marc Patrick Bennett
- a Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,c Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Silke van Esch
- a Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Tom Beckers
- a Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,b Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center and Department of Clinical Psychology , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Oe M, Schumacher S, Schnyder U, Mueller-Pfeiffer C, Wilhelm FH, Kuelen E, Martin-Soelch C. Discriminative evaluative conditioning in the long-term after severe accidental injury. Psychiatry Res 2016; 240:144-150. [PMID: 27107667 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in classical fear conditioning and deficits in discriminative learning are observed in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, it is unknown whether similar impairments can be found with types of discriminative learning other than classical conditioning, such as evaluative conditioning (EC), in which the valence of a stimulus can be transferred to other stimuli. In this study, we investigated whether EC is also influenced by traumatic experiences independently of presence of PTSD. We tested 14 accident survivors with remitted PTSD, 14 survivors without PTSD, and 16 non-trauma controls. We used behavioral measures, psychophysiological indicators, and subjective ratings for tasks. General effects of learning were observed across groups and conditioning/extinction. Trauma controls had slower reaction times (RTs) to the aversive conditioned stimulus compared to appetitive conditioned and neutral stimuli, as well as slower RTs and increased accuracy during conditioning than during extinction. Remitted PTSD participants showed opposite results, demonstrating decreased accuracy and slower RTs during conditioning as compared to during extinction. No discriminative effect was found in the non-trauma controls and the remitted PTSD participants. These results suggest that a traumatic experience influences EC, and that this influence differs between individuals who have and have not developed PTSD after traumatic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misari Oe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 67, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
| | - Sonja Schumacher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Schnyder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Mueller-Pfeiffer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank H Wilhelm
- Department of Psychology, Division Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eveline Kuelen
- Cantonal Hospital of Tessin, Department of Internal Medicine, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Martin-Soelch
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical and Health Psychology, University Fribourg, Switzerland
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Craddock P, Renaux C, Lefèvre F, Nelson JB, Molet M. Integration of multiple memories in sensory preconditioning. Behav Processes 2014; 108:94-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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