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Muething C, Ritchey CM, Call NA, Hardee AM, Mauzy CR, Argueta T, McMahon MXH, Podlesnik CA. A retrospective analysis of the relation between resurgence and renewal of behavior targeted for reduction. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:455-462. [PMID: 38438320 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Functional communication training (FCT) is an evidence-based treatment for behavior targeted for reduction that often combines extinction for target responses and arranges functionally equivalent reinforcement for alternative behavior. Long-term effectiveness of FCT can become compromised when transitioning from clinic to nonclinic contexts or thinning reinforcement schedules for appropriate behavior. Such increases in targeted behavior have been conceptualized as renewal and resurgence, respectively. The relation between resurgence and renewal has yet to be reported. Therefore, the present report retrospectively analyzed the relation between renewal and resurgence in data collected when implementing FCT with children diagnosed with developmental disabilities. We found no relation when evaluating all 34 individuals assessed for resurgence and renewal or a subset of individuals exhibiting both resurgence and renewal. These findings suggest that one form of relapse may not be predictive of another form of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Muething
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Nathan A Call
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexandra M Hardee
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Courtney R Mauzy
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tracy Argueta
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Meara X H McMahon
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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2
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Falligant JM, Kranak MP, Piersma DE, Benson R, Schmidt JD, Frank-Crawford MA. Further evidence of renewal in automatically maintained behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:490-501. [PMID: 38239100 PMCID: PMC10984774 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Renewal is a relapse phenomenon that refers to the recurrence of a previously reduced behavior following a change in stimulus conditions. Muething et al. (2022) examined the phenomenology of renewal among individuals with automatically maintained challenging behavior treated at an outpatient clinic. We replicated their findings by retrospectively examining renewal across various topographies of automatically maintained behavior treated at an inpatient hospital, and we extended their work by also examining differences across subtypes of automatically maintained self-injurious behavior. The prevalence of renewal was comparable to that observed by Muething et al., supporting the notion that automatically maintained challenging behavior is susceptible to relapse phenomena. Furthermore, renewal was twice as likely to occur for individuals with Subtype 2 versus Subtype 1 self-injurious behavior, providing additional evidence of behavioral differentiation between subtypes. Our findings suggest that even after apparent stability in treatment, practitioners should remain vigilant for the recurrence of automatically maintained behavior during generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Michael Falligant
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael P. Kranak
- Department of Human Development and Child Studies, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
- Center for Autism, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Drew E. Piersma
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Benson
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Schmidt
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle A. Frank-Crawford
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Madrigal KD, Hernández CM, Flores CJ. The role of stimulus combinations in the repeated assessment of resurgence. Behav Processes 2024; 216:105010. [PMID: 38423230 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The current study examined the role of stimulus combinations on the repeated assessment of resurgence. Using a within-session resurgence procedure, rats were exposed to different conditions, each with distinct stimulus combinations (AAA, ABA, ABB, ABC and AAB). Two arrangements of stimulus changes were compared: Experiment 1 involved changes in stimulus combinations every five sessions, while Experiment 2 implemented changes every session. Resurgence was observed in both experiments; however, Experiment 2 demonstrated more consistent and repeated resurgence when stimulus combinations changed every session. Notably, the ABA, ABB and ABC conditions showed the highest percentage of sessions in which resurgence was observed. Lastly, the current study extends the application of the within-session resurgence procedure to rats and auditory stimuli, providing a reliable method for assessing resurgence in single subjects under different variable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Madrigal
- Universidad de Sonora - Laboratorio de Análisis Experimental de la Conducta, México.
| | - Cinthia M Hernández
- Universidad de Sonora - Laboratorio de Análisis Experimental de la Conducta, México; Universidad de Guadalajara - Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones en Comportamiento (CEIC), México
| | - Carlos J Flores
- Universidad de Guadalajara - Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones en Comportamiento (CEIC), México
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4
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Klapes B, Falligant JM, Hagopian LP. Modeling and quantifying resurgence in the Evolutionary Theory of Behavior Dynamics. Behav Processes 2023; 208:104860. [PMID: 36967093 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2023.104860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
McDowell's Evolutionary Theory of Behavior Dynamics (ETBD) has been shown to model a wide range of live organism behavior with excellent descriptive accuracy. Recently, artificial organisms (AOs) animated by the ETBD were shown to replicate the resurgence of a target response following downshifts in the density of reinforcement for an alternative response and across repeated iterations of the traditional three-phase resurgence paradigm in a manner commensurate with nonhuman subjects. In the current investigation, we successfully replicated an additional study that used this traditional three-phase resurgence paradigm with human participants. We fitted two models based on the Resurgence as Choice (RaC) theory to the data generated by the AOs. Because the models had varying numbers of free parameters, we used an information-theoretic approach to compare the models against one another. We found that a version of the Resurgence as Choice in Context model that incorporates aspects of Davison and colleague's Contingency Discriminability Model provided the best description of the resurgence data emitted by the AOs when accounting for the models' complexity. Last, we discuss considerations when developing and testing new quantitative models of resurgence that account for the ever-growing literature of resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Klapes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine - Georgia Campus, USA.
| | - John M Falligant
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Louis P Hagopian
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
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Ritchey CM, Kuroda T, Podlesnik CA. A quantitative analysis of resurgence following downshifts in alternative-reinforcer magnitude. J Exp Anal Behav 2023; 119:501-512. [PMID: 36919587 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Resurgence is the increase in a previously reinforced and then extinguished target response due to changes in reinforcement conditions for an alternative response, including reductions in the rate or magnitude of reinforcement for the alternative response. Research with nonhumans suggests that reductions in both alternative-reinforcer rate and magnitude produce resurgence, but the present study was the first to examine effects of downshifts in alternative-reinforcer magnitude on humans' resurgence. Moreover, it was the first to evaluate whether the quantitative framework, resurgence as choice in context (RaC2 ), could account for those effects. Consistent with predictions of RaC2 , resurgence of a target button press occurred with reductions in point gain for an alternative response, with greater reductions producing higher levels of resurgence. However, the model consistently underpredicted and then overpredicted resurgence during tests with low-magnitude reinforcement and extinction. Systematic deviations in model predictions of alternative responding were also evident and consistent with previous fits of RaC2 to nonhuman data. Overall, our findings suggest that RaC2 could be a useful quantitative theoretical framework for understanding processes contributing to resurgence in humans, but further theoretical development is needed to account for the apparent divergent effects of extinction versus downshifts in reinforcer magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Ritchey
- Auburn University Ringgold standard institution-Psychological Sciences, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Toshikazu Kuroda
- Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International Ringgold standard institution, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, Japan
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Podlesnik CA, Ritchey CM, Waits J, Gilroy SP. A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Procedures and Analyses Used in Basic and Preclinical Studies of Resurgence, 1970-2020. Perspect Behav Sci 2023; 46:137-184. [PMID: 37006602 PMCID: PMC10050505 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-022-00361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resurgence is the return of a previously reinforced response as conditions worsen for an alternative response, such as the introduction of extinction, reductions in reinforcement, or punishment. As a procedure, resurgence has been used to model behavioral treatments and understand behavioral processes contributing both to relapse of problem behavior and flexibility during problem-solving. Identifying existing procedural and analytic methods arranged in basic/preclinical research could be used by basic and preclinical researchers to develop novel approaches to study resurgence, whereas translational and clinical researchers could identify potential approaches to combating relapse during behavioral interventions. Despite the study of resurgence for over half a century, there have been no systematic reviews of the basic/preclinical research on resurgence. To characterize the procedural and analytic methods used in basic/preclinical research on resurgence, we performed a systematic review consistent with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). We identified 120 articles consisting of 200 experiments that presented novel empirical research, examined operant behavior, and included standard elements of a resurgence procedure. We reported prevalence and trends in over 60 categories, including participant characteristics (e.g., species, sample size, disability), designs (e.g., single subject, group), procedural characteristics (e.g., responses, reinforcer types, control conditions), criteria defining resurgence (e.g., single test, multiple tests, relative to control), and analytic strategies (e.g., inferential statistics, quantitative analysis, visual inspection). We make some recommendations for future basic, preclinical, and clinical research based on our findings of this expanding literature. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40614-022-00361-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Podlesnik
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 114 Psychology Building, 945 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611-2250 USA
| | | | - Jo Waits
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
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Assessing human performance during contingency changes and extinction tests in reversal-learning tasks. Learn Behav 2022; 50:494-508. [PMID: 35112316 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-022-00513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Serial reversal-learning procedures are simple preparations that allow for a better understanding of how animals learn about environmental changes, including flexibly shifting responding to adapt to changing reinforcement contingencies. The present study examined serial reversal learning with humans by arranging both midsession and variable contingency reversals across two experiments. We also examined the effects of extinction by adding nonreinforced trials at the end of later sessions and provided the first evaluation of effects of win-stay/lose-shift versus counting strategies on accuracy and response latency of humans' reversal-learning performance. In each experiment, responding tracked contingency reversals, primarily with participants using either win-stay/lose-shift or counting strategies. Introducing variable reversal points in the second experiment resulted in near-exclusive win-stay/lose-shift responding among participants and eliminated counting of trials. Each experiment also revealed an immediate shift from S2 to S1 after experiencing extinction during the initial test trial, indicating resurgence of the initial response through a win-stay/lose-shift response pattern. Therefore, the present study replicates and extends prior findings of a win-stay/lose shift response pattern in situations of greater uncertainty. These findings suggest that differences in environmental certainty induce qualitatively different decision-making strategies.
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Examining Resurgence and Repetition with the Evolutionary Theory of Behavior Dynamics. Behav Processes 2022; 203:104776. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Podlesnik CA, Ritchey CM, Kuroda T, Cowie S. A Quantitative Analysis of the Effects of Alternative Reinforcement Rate and Magnitude on Resurgence. Behav Processes 2022; 198:104641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Resurgence Increases with Repetition. Behav Processes 2022; 197:104620. [PMID: 35301067 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resurgence refers to a behavioral process in which a recent response is extinguished (or reinforcement conditions worsen) and a previously extinguished response recurs. In previous research, resurgence has been reliably produced when the resurgence procedure is repeated. Changes in the degree of increase of the resurging response across iterations of the procedure have been inconsistent, however, with some studies showing increases and some showing no changes or decreases in resurgence magnitude. The present study examined the nature of resurgence across repeated iterations of the conventional resurgence procedure by exposing four pigeons to the resurgence procedure six times in succession. In the first condition of the resurgence procedure, pecks on one key (e.g., the left) were reinforced under a variable-interval (VI) 30-s schedule. In the second condition pecks on that key were extinguished, and pecks on another key (e.g., the right) were reinforced under the same schedule. In the final condition there were no programmed consequences for either response. Resurgence was observed in 21 of 24 opportunities (87.5%). Iteration-over-iteration increases in resurgence were observed in 15 of 20 opportunities (75.0%), and this increase was found to be statistically significant. These findings demonstrate that, under certain conditions, resurgence generally increases in magnitude with repeated exposure to the procedures that generate it.
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Martinez-Perez CN, Ritchey CM, Kuroda T, Podlesnik CA. Blackouts can serve as a contextual feature and enhance resurgence. Behav Processes 2022; 195:104587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Ritchey CM, Kuroda T, Podlesnik CA. Evaluating effects of context changes on resurgence in humans. Behav Processes 2021; 194:104563. [PMID: 34871750 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory models of relapse provide methods for evaluating challenges to behavioral treatments with differential reinforcement of an alternative response (DRA). Resurgence occurs with the worsening of conditions of reinforcement for appropriate behavior and renewal occurs when transitioning out of a treatment context. Across five experiments, participants recruited via online crowdsourcing pressed onscreen buttons to earn points exchangeable for money and contexts sometimes changed through changes in the background image. Returning to the training context (ABA, Experiment 1) and transitioning to a novel context (ABC, Experiment 2) produced greater resurgence when removing alternative reinforcement in comparison with remaining in the treatment context (ABB). In contrast, we observed little difference in resurgence among AAA, ABB, and AAC context manipulations (Experiment 3) and ABA, ABC, and AAC context manipulations (Experiment 4). In Experiment 5, we evaluated relative contributions of the presence versus absence of context changes (ABA vs. ABB) in combination with or without the removal of alternative reinforcement. Both changing context and removing alternative reinforcement increased responding in isolation and the combination produced greater-than-additive effects. Overall, the present findings demonstrate a consistent effect of removing alternative reinforcement on relapse that, under certain conditions, can be enhanced by context change.
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Ritchey CM, Mizutani Y, Kuroda T, Gilroy S, Podlesnik CA. Examining effects of training duration on humans' resurgence and variability using a novel touchscreen procedure. J Exp Anal Behav 2021; 116:344-358. [PMID: 34554575 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Resurgence occurs when a previously reinforced and then extinguished target response increases due to reducing/eliminating an alternative source of reinforcement or punishing an alternative response. We evaluated whether duration of reinforcement history for a target response (1) affects the degree to which resurgence is observed in humans and (2) produces different gradients of response generalization around target responding during extinction testing. We arranged a novel touchscreen interface in which university students could swipe a 3D soccer ball to spin any direction. In Phase 1, the first direction swiped became the target and produced points exchangeable for money for 3 or 1 min across 2 groups. The first swipe was recorded but had no programmed consequence in a third group. In Phase 2, swipes 180-degrees from the target resulted in points for 3 min in all groups. Point deliveries ceased for 2 min to test for resurgence in Phase 3. Target responses resurged during testing to a relatively greater extent with longer Phase-1 training but gradients of response generalization did not differ among groups. These findings extend prior research on the role of training duration on resurgence. We discuss methodological and conceptual issues surrounding the assessment of response generalization in resurgence.
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Evaluating Extinction, Renewal, and Resurgence of Operant Behavior in Humans with Amazon Mechanical Turk. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2021; 74. [PMID: 34149066 DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2021.101728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is a crowdsourcing marketplace providing researchers with the opportunity to collect behavioral data from remote participants at a low cost. Recent research demonstrated reliable extinction effects, as well as renewal and resurgence of button pressing with MTurk participants. To further examine the generality of these findings, we replicated and extended these methods across six experiments arranging reinforcement and extinction of a target button press. In contrast to previous findings, we did not observe as reliable of decreases in button pressing during extinction (1) after training with VR or VI schedules of reinforcement, (2) in the presence or absence of context changes, or (3) with an added response cost for button pressing. However, we found that that a 1-point response cost for all button presses facilitated extinction to a greater extent than the absence of response cost. Nevertheless, we observed ABA renewal of button pressing when changing background contexts across phases and resurgence when extinguishing presses on an alternative button. Our findings suggest that MTurk could be a viable platform from which to ask and address questions about extinction and relapse processes, but further procedural refinements will be necessary to improve the replicability of control by experimental contingencies.
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Craig AR, Sullivan WE, Derrenbacker K, Rimal A, DeRosa NM, Roane HS. An evaluation of resurgence in mice. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2020.101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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