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Su Y, Xing H, Kang J, Bai L, Zhang L. Role of the hedgehog signaling pathway in rheumatic diseases: An overview. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940455. [PMID: 36105801 PMCID: PMC9466598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signal transduction pathway that plays an important regulatory role during embryonic development, cell proliferation, and differentiation of vertebrates, and it is often inhibited in adult tissues. Recent evidence has shown that Hh signaling also plays a key role in rheumatic diseases, as alterations in their number or function have been identified in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic sclerosis, and Sjogren’s Syndrome. As a result, emerging studies have focused on the blockade of this pathogenic axis as a promising therapeutic target in several autoimmune disorders; nevertheless, a greater understanding of its contribution still requires further investigation. This review aims to elucidate the most recent studies and literature data on the pathogenetic role of Hh signaling in rheumatic diseases.
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Wang ZY, Chu FH, Gu NN, Wang Y, Feng D, Zhao X, Meng XD, Zhang WT, Li CF, Chen Y, Wei SS, Ma ZQ, Lin RC, Zhao CJ, Zou DX. Integrated strategy of LC-MS and network pharmacology for predicting active constituents and pharmacological mechanisms of Ranunculus japonicus Thunb. for treating rheumatoid arthritis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 271:113818. [PMID: 33465444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ranunculus japonicus Thunb. (short for R. japonicus) is a topically applied herb with the activities of removing jaundice, nebula and edema, preventing malaria, stopping asthma, promoting diuresis and relieving pain. It was firstly recorded in Zhouhou Beiji Fang and has been used for the treatment of malaria, ulcers, carbuncle, jaundice, migraine, stomachache, toothache and arthritis for over 1800 years. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to uncover the potentially effective components of R. japonicus and the pharmacological mechanisms against rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by combing LC-MS and network pharmacology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, the chemical constituents of R. japonicus were qualitatively identified by UPLC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap MS. Then we performed target prediction by PharmMapper, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis via String, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis by DAVID and constructed the compound-target-pathway network using Cytoscape. Thirdly, crucial compounds in the network were quantitatively analyzed to achieve quality control of R. japonicus. Finally, the pharmacological activities of R. japonicus and two potentially bioactive ingredients were validated in RA-FLSs (Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes) in vitro. RESULTS Overall fifty-four ingredients of R. japonicus were identified and forty-five components were firstly discovered in R. japonicus. Among them, twenty-seven validated compounds were predicted to act on twenty-five RA-related targets and they might exhibit therapeutic effects against RA via positive regulation of cell migration, etc. Nine potentially bioactive components of R. japonicus which played important roles in the compound-target-pathway network were simultaneously quantified by an optimized UPLC-ESI-Triple Quad method. In vitro, compared to control group, R. japonicus extract, berberine and yangonin significantly inhibited the migration capacity of RA-FLSs after 24 h treatment. CONCLUSION This study clarified that R. japonicus and the bioactive ingredients berberine and yangonin might exert therapeutic actions for RA via suppressing the aggressive phenotypes of RA-FLSs through combined LC-MS technology and network pharmacology tools for the first time. The present research provided deeper understanding into the chemical profiling, pharmacological activities and quality control of R. japonicus and offered reference for further scientific research and clinical use of R. japonicus in treating RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yi Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Fu-Hao Chu
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Nian-Nian Gu
- Beijing Key Lab for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Xi' an Manareco New Materials Co. Ltd., Xi' An, 710077, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Beijing Key Lab for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xue-Dan Meng
- Beijing Key Lab for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Wen-Ting Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Chao-Feng Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Beijing Key Lab for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Wei
- Beijing Key Lab for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ma
- Beijing Key Lab for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Rui-Chao Lin
- Beijing Key Lab for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Chong-Jun Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Di-Xin Zou
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, China.
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Zhang X, Bu Y, Zhu B, Zhao Q, Lv Z, Li B, Liu J. Global transcriptome analysis to identify critical genes involved in the pathology of osteoarthritis. Bone Joint Res 2018; 7:298-307. [PMID: 29922448 PMCID: PMC5987685 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.74.bjr-2017-0245.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to identify key pathological genes in osteoarthritis (OA). Methods We searched and downloaded mRNA expression data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of joint synovial tissues from OA and normal individuals. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were used to assess the function of identified DEGs. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and transcriptional factors (TFs) regulatory network were used to further explore the function of identified DEGs. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied to validate the result of bioinformatics analysis. Electronic validation was performed to verify the expression of selected DEGs. The diagnosis value of identified DEGs was accessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results A total of 1085 DEGs were identified. KEGG pathway analysis displayed that Wnt was a significantly enriched signalling pathway. Some hub genes with high interactions such as USP46, CPVL, FKBP5, FOSL2, GADD45B, PTGS1, and ZNF423 were identified in the PPI and TFs network. The results of qRT-PCR showed that GADD45B, ADAMTS1, and TFAM were down-regulated in joint synovial tissues of OA, which was consistent with the bioinformatics analysis. The expression levels of USP46, CPVL, FOSL2, and PTGS1 in electronic validation were compatible with the bio-informatics result. CPVL and TFAM had a potential diagnostic value for OA based on the ROC analysis. Conclusion The deregulated genes including USP46, CPVL, FKBP5, FOSL2, GADD45B, PTGS1, ZNF423, ADAMTS1, and TFAM might be involved in the pathology of OA. Cite this article: X. Zhang, Y. Bu, B. Zhu, Q. Zhao, Z. Lv, B. Li, J. Liu. Global transcriptome analysis to identify critical genes involved in the pathology of osteoarthritis. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:298–307. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.74.BJR-2017-0245.R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Y Bu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - B Zhu
- Department of Sports Medicine and Arthroscopic Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Q Zhao
- College of Clinical Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Z Lv
- College of Clinical Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - B Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - J Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Tanaka S, Tanaka Y, Ishiguro N, Yamanaka H, Takeuchi T. RANKL: A therapeutic target for bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2017; 28:9-16. [DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2017.1369491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakae Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamanaka
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takeuchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Dolcino M, Tinazzi E, Pelosi A, Patuzzo G, Moretta F, Lunardi C, Puccetti A. Gene Expression Analysis before and after Treatment with Adalimumab in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis Identifies Molecular Pathways Associated with Response to Therapy. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8040127. [PMID: 28441778 PMCID: PMC5406874 DOI: 10.3390/genes8040127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is still unknown and the identification of the involved molecular pathogenetic pathways is a current challenge in the study of the disease. Adalimumab (ADA), an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha agent, is used in the treatment of AS. We aimed at identifying pathogenetic pathways modified by ADA in patients with a good response to the treatment. Gene expression analysis of Peripheral Blood Cells (PBC) from six responders and four not responder patients was performed before and after treatment. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were submitted to functional enrichment analysis and network analysis, followed by modules selection. Most of the DEGs were involved in signaling pathways and in immune response. We identified three modules that were mostly impacted by ADA therapy and included genes involved in mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase, wingless related integration site (Wnt), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor, and Toll-like receptor (TCR) signaling. A separate analysis showed that a higher percentage of DEGs was modified by ADA in responders (44%) compared to non-responders (12%). Moreover, only in the responder group, TNF, Wnt, TLRs and type I interferon signaling were corrected by the treatment. We hypothesize that these pathways are strongly associated to AS pathogenesis and that they might be considered as possible targets of new drugs in the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Dolcino
- Immunology Area, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elisa Tinazzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Andrea Pelosi
- Immunology Area, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Patuzzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | | | - Claudio Lunardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Antonio Puccetti
- Immunology Area, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy.
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Mahmoud A, Fayez D, Gabal MMA, Hamza SMH, Badr T. Insight on Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 in Ankylosing Spondylitis and its association with disease activity and radiographic damage. Electron Physician 2016; 8:2670-8. [PMID: 27648196 PMCID: PMC5014508 DOI: 10.19082/2670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fusion of joints as well as intervertebral spaces by the formation of bony spurs appearing as syndesmophytes and osteophytes are the hallmark of spondyloarthropathies which accounts for disability. The aim of this study was to assess the serum level of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-7 in ankylosing spondylitis and its relationship with disease activity and the radiographic damage. Methods This longitudinal case control study was conducted in Ain Shams University Hospitals (Egypt). A total of 55 subjects were included in two case groups and one control group. Group I included 20 patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) assessed at baseline (defined as Ia and after 18 months defined as Ib). Group II included 20 patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Group III included 15 healthy subjects as controls. Patients with other forms of seronegative spondyloarthropathies, bone forming diseases were excluded from the study. The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI) were used to assess disease activity in AS patients. RA disease activity was assessed using the disease activity score 28 (DAS28). Radiographic changes were assessed using the Bath AS Radiographic Index (BASRI) in AS and Larsen scores in RA. Laboratory investigations included: Complete blood picture (CBC), Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), quantitative CRP, serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase. Determination of serum bone morphogenetic protein-7 level (BMP-7) was done using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sample collections, clinical and radiological assessments were performed at baseline for all groups and after a mean follow-up of 18 months for Group I. Data were analyzed by SPSS 17, using t-test, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Fischer exact test, Chi square, and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. Results There were statistically significant differences between the 3 groups as regard baseline BMP-7 levels; the mean BMP-7 level of AS patients was significantly higher than that of RA patients and controls and significantly higher in the RA group than that of controls. BMP-7 levels were not associated with any of the clinical or drug related variables either in AS or RA. In AS BMP-7 levels showed significant increase after follow up and significant positive correlation with serum alkaline phosphatase (both at baseline and after follow up) and BASDAI score (after follow up) respectively. Despite the parallel increase of BMP7 and BASRI score during the follow-up period no statistically significant correlation was detected. There were no significant correlations between BMP7 level and patient’s age or any disease related characteristics in the RA group. Conclusion A significant progressive increase in serum BMP-7 was noted in AS patients that correlated with serum markers of bone formation. Such a biomarker measurement may not only act as a surrogate marker for the disease but has the potential to contribute to the pathogenesis of AS that may provide a complementary or alternative therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Mahmoud
- Internal Medicine & Rheumatology Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia Fayez
- Internal Medicine & Rheumatology Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Takwa Badr
- Physical Medicine, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Rousseau JC, Sornay-Rendu E, Bertholon C, Garnero P, Chapurlat R. Serum periostin is associated with prevalent knee osteoarthritis and disease incidence/progression in women: the OFELY study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1736-42. [PMID: 26072384 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate the relationships between serum periostin (POSTN) and both prevalence and incidence/progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA) in women. METHODS We investigated 594 women (62.7 ± 11.2 yr) from the OFELY cohort. Knee radiographs were scored according to the Kellgren & Lawrence (KL) grading system at baseline and 4 years later. Spine, hip and hand OA were assessed at baseline. Prevalent knee OA was defined by a KL score higher or equal in 2. Progression of KL was defined as an increase of the KL score ≥1 during the 4 years follow-up. Serum POSTN was measured at baseline by ELISA. RESULTS By non-parametric tests, POSTN was significantly lower in 83 women with a KL score ≥2 at baseline, compared to those with a KL score <2 (n = 511; 1101 ± 300 vs 1181 ± 294 ng/ml, P = 0.002) after adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), treatments and diseases, prevalent hand OA and prevalent lumbar spine OA. By logistic regression analyses, the odds-ratio of knee OA incidence/progression was significantly reduced by 21% (P = 0.043) for each quartile increase in serum POSTN at baseline, after adjustment for age, BMI, prevalent knee OA, prevalent hand OA and prevalent lumbar spine OA. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that serum POSTN is associated with prevalence and the risk of development/progression of knee OA in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rousseau
- INSERM Research Unit 1033, Université de Lyon, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France.
| | - E Sornay-Rendu
- INSERM Research Unit 1033, Université de Lyon, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France; Service de rhumatologie et pathologie osseuse, Hôpital E.-Herriot, Université de Lyon, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France.
| | - C Bertholon
- INSERM Research Unit 1033, Université de Lyon, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France.
| | - P Garnero
- INSERM Research Unit 1033, Université de Lyon, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France; Cisbio Bioassays, Codolet, France; Service de rhumatologie et pathologie osseuse, Hôpital E.-Herriot, Université de Lyon, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France.
| | - R Chapurlat
- INSERM Research Unit 1033, Université de Lyon, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France; Service de rhumatologie et pathologie osseuse, Hôpital E.-Herriot, Université de Lyon, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France.
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Genetic polymorphism in extracellular regulators of Wnt signaling pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:847529. [PMID: 25945348 PMCID: PMC4402192 DOI: 10.1155/2015/847529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is mediated by a family of secreted glycoproteins through canonical and noncanonical mechanism. The signaling pathways are regulated by various modulators, which are classified into two classes on the basis of their interaction with either Wnt or its receptors. Secreted frizzled-related proteins (sFRPs) are the member of class that binds to Wnt protein and antagonizes Wnt signaling pathway. The other class consists of Dickkopf (DKK) proteins family that binds to Wnt receptor complex. The present review discusses the disease related association of various polymorphisms in Wnt signaling modulators. Furthermore, this review also highlights that some of the sFRPs and DKKs are unable to act as an antagonist for Wnt signaling pathway and thus their function needs to be explored more extensively.
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Boroń D, Agnieszka SM, Daniel K, Anna B, Adam K. Polymorphism of interleukin-17 and its relation to mineral density of bones in perimenopausal women. Eur J Med Res 2014; 19:69. [PMID: 25510225 PMCID: PMC4311426 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-014-0069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recognition of different genetic variants underlying osteoporosis would make it possible to introduce individual, symptomatic treatment as well as early prophylaxis of osteoporosis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of the rs2275913 (−197G > A) polymorphism of the IL-17 gene and assess the relation of this polymorphism with the clinical parameters of the osseous turnover and degree of the postmenopausal osteoporosis. Methods The study included 800 women of postmenopausal (505) and reproductive (295) ages throughout the Wielkopolska region in Poland. The postmenopausal group included women with osteoporosis and osteopenia, and those who were healthy. Women at reproductive age were healthy. The frequency of the tested gene polymorphism was evaluated in the group where bone mineral density (BMD) was marked and in the control group. Results The results obtained showed that the T-score in the female population with osteopenia was remarkably lower in women showing the GG genotype of -197G > A polymorphism of IL-17 gene compared to patients with heterozygous GA genotype. It has been shown that the BMD value for L2–L4 YA in the evaluated female population with osteoporosis is significantly higher in women with the GA genotype of -197G > A polymorphism of IL-17 gene compared to women with the GG genotype (76.32% versus 59.93%, P <0.05). It has also been noted that the BMD value for L2 to L4 AM in patients with the GG genotype was lower than in women with the AA genotype (69.73% versus 80.88%, P <0.05). Conclusions It is suggested that the -197G > A polymorphism of the IL-17 gene may be considered as a genetic factor of postmenopausal osteoporosis. This polymorphism can influence the bone mineral density and T-score value in young women and postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Boroń
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19, 41-808, Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Seremak-Mrozikiewicz Agnieszka
- Division of Perinatology and Women's Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 33 Polna Street, 60-535, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Kotrych Daniel
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej 1 Street, 71-252, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Bogacz Anna
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, 27 Libelta Street, 61-707, Poznan, Poland. .,Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, University of Medical Sciences, 14 Marii Magdaleny Street, 61-861, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Kamiński Adam
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, 27 Libelta Street, 61-707, Poznan, Poland.
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Tuylu T, Sari I, Solmaz D, Kozaci DL, Akar S, Gunay N, Onen F, Akkoc N. Fetuin-A is related to syndesmophytes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a case control study. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2014; 69:688-93. [PMID: 25518021 PMCID: PMC4221327 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2014(10)07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES New bone formation is one of the hallmark characteristics of ankylosing spondylitis, which is thereby associated with syndesmophytes. Fetuin-A is a molecule that is abundantly found in calcified tissues and it shows high affinity for calcium phosphate minerals and related compounds. Considering the role of fetuin-A in the regulation of calcified matrix metabolism, we compared the fetuin-A levels in ankylosing spondylitis patients with syndesmophytes with those in patients without syndesmophytes and in healthy controls. We also studied other biomarkers that are thought to be related to syndesmophytes. METHODS Ninety-four patients (49 patients without syndesmophytes, 67.3% male, 40.7±8.7 years; 45 patients with syndesmophytes, 71.1% M, 43.9±9.9 years) and 68 healthy controls (44.2±10.6 years and 70.6% male) were included in this study. Syndesmophytes were assessed on the lateral radiographs of the cervical and lumbar spine. The serum levels of fetuin-A, dickkopf-1, sclerostin, IL-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and bone morphogenetic protein-7 were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Patients with syndesmophytes had significantly higher levels of fetuin-A compared with patients without syndesmophytes and controls (1.16±0.13, 1.05±0.09 and 1.08±0.13 mg/ml, respectively). However, fetuin-A was not different between the patients without syndesmophytes and controls. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 was significantly lower; dickkopf-1 was significantly higher in patients with ankylosing spondylitis compared with controls. The sclerostin concentrations were not different between the groups. In regression analysis, fetuin-A was an independent, significant predictor of syndesmophytes. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that fetuin-A may a role in the pathogenesis of bony proliferation in ankylosing spondylitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Tuylu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ismail Sari
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dilek Solmaz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Didem Leyla Kozaci
- Department of Biochemistry, Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Servet Akar
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Necati Gunay
- Bilim ve Teknoloji Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi (ADU-BILTEM), Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Fatos Onen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nurullah Akkoc
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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Abstract
Biological therapy is a thriving area of research and development, and is well established for chronic forms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). However, there is no clinically validated biological therapy for osteoarthritis (OA). Chronic forms of OA are increasingly viewed as an inflammatory disease. OA was largely regarded as a “wear and tear disease”. However, the disease is now believed to involve “low grade” inflammation and the growth of blood vessels and nerves from the subchondral bone into articular cartilage. This realization has focused research effort on the development and evaluation of biological therapy that targets proinflammatory mediators, angiogenic factors and cytokines in articular cartilage, subchondral bone and synovium in chronic forms of OA. This review article provides an overview of emerging biological therapy for OA, and discusses recent molecular targets implicated in angiogenesis and neurogenesis and progress with antibody-based therapy, calcitonin, and kartogenin, the small molecule stimulator of chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mobasheri
- D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review new data on pharmacologic treatment of osteoarthritis for the years 2011-2012. RECENT FINDINGS Duloxetine was approved for the treatment of chronic knee pain due to osteoarthritis and has been conditionally recommended by the American College of Rheumatology. Strontium ranelate was found to significantly decrease the rate of decline in joint space width as well as improve pain scores compared with placebo in a large multicenter study in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Nerve growth factor (NGF) monoclonal antibody therapy has shown much promise with regard to improvement in pain; however, clinical development studies were stopped out of concern for adverse events in 2010. After a review by the Food and Drug Administration, this hold may be lifted and further studies may resume in 2013. The biologic agents interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and antitumor necrosis factor antibodies have not been shown to be efficacious nor to alter the course of osteoarthritis. Much research surrounding intra-articular injections of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has not produced clear evidence that this therapy is efficacious in osteoarthritis. There are presently studies using mesenchymal stem cell therapy for osteoarthritis. SUMMARY Duloxetine, strontium ranelate, and NGF antibodies are promising therapies for symptomatic osteoarthritis. At this time, MSCs and PRP require more investigation.
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Song L, Huang Z, Chen Y, Li H, Jiang C, Li X. High-efficiency production of bioactive recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 18 in Escherichia coli and its effects on hair follicle growth. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:695-704. [PMID: 23624709 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4929-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using fusion tags, expression of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 18 (rhFGF18) in mammalian cells and Escherichia coli has been extensively used for fundamental research and clinical applications, including chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, hair growth, and neuroprotection. However, high-level rhFGF18 expression is difficult and the products are often not homogeneous. Furthermore, fusion-tagged protein has higher immunogenicity and lower bioactivity, and the removal of the fused tag is expensive. To overcome the limitations of fusion-tagged expression of protein and to prepare soluble highly bioactive rhFGF18, we have developed a rapid and efficient expression strategy. Optimized hFGF18 gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and cloned into pET22b and pET3c vectors, then transformed into E. coli strains Origima (DE3) and BL21 (DE3)PlysS. The best combination of plasmid and host strain was selected, and only Origima (DE3)/pET3c-rhFGF18 was screened for high-level expressed rhFGF18. Under optimal conditions in a 30-L fermentor, the average bacterial yield and expression level of rhFGF18 of three batches were more than 652 g and 30 % respectively, after treatment with 1 mM isopropyl-thio-β-galactopyranoside for 10 h at 25 °C. The target protein was purified by CM Sepharose FF and heparin affinity chromatography. The purity of rhFGF18 was shown by HPLC to be higher than 95 %, and the yield was 155 mg/L. In vitro MTT assays demonstrated that the purified rhFGF18 could stimulate significant proliferation of NIH3T3 cells, and animal experiments showed that rhFGF18 could effectively regulate hair growth. In conclusion, this may be a better method of producing rhFGF18 to meet the increasing demand in its pharmacological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintao Song
- Engineering Research Center of Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
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Baker-Lepain JC, Lynch JA, Parimi N, McCulloch CE, Nevitt MC, Corr M, Lane NE. Variant alleles of the Wnt antagonist FRZB are determinants of hip shape and modify the relationship between hip shape and osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1457-65. [PMID: 22544526 DOI: 10.1002/art.34526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the FRZB gene are associated with hip shape, and to determine whether FRZB variant alleles affect the relationship between hip shape and radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip. METHODS A nested case-control study of Caucasian women, age ≥65 years, from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures cohort was performed. Cases (n = 451) were defined as subjects with radiographic evidence of incident hip OA during followup, while controls (n = 601) were subjects in whom no radiographic hip OA was identified at baseline or followup. Statistical shape modeling (SSM) of the digitized hip radiographs was performed to assess the shape of the proximal femur, using 10 independent modes of shape variation generated by principal components analysis. In addition, center-edge angle and acetabular depth were assessed as geometric measurements of acetabular shape. The association of the rs288326 and rs7775 FRZB variant alleles with hip shape was analyzed using linear regression. The effect of these alleles on the relationship between hip shape and radiographic hip OA was analyzed using a logistic regression model with or without inclusion of interaction terms. RESULTS The rs288326 and rs7775 alleles were associated with the shape of the proximal femur (SSM mode 2). There was a significant interaction between the rs288326 SNP and proximal femur shape (SSM mode 2) in predicting radiographic hip OA (P for interaction = 0.022). Among subjects with the rs288326 variant allele, there was an increased likelihood of radiographic hip OA in association with increasing quartiles of proximal femur shape mode 2 (for the fourth quartile of mode 2, odds ratio 2.5, 95% confidence interval 1.15, 5.25; P for linear trend = 0.02). CONCLUSION The rs288326 and rs7775 FRZB SNPs are associated with the shape of the proximal femur. The presence of the rs288326 SNP alters the relationship between proximal femur shape and incident radiographic hip OA. These findings suggest that FRZB may serve an important role in determining hip shape and may modify the relationship between hip shape and OA.
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Hayami T, Zhuo Y, Wesolowski GA, Pickarski M, Duong LT. Inhibition of cathepsin K reduces cartilage degeneration in the anterior cruciate ligament transection rabbit and murine models of osteoarthritis. Bone 2012; 50:1250-9. [PMID: 22484689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the disease modifying effects of cathepsin K (CatK) inhibitor L-006235 compared to alendronate (ALN) in two preclinical models of osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Skeletally mature rabbits underwent sham or anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)-surgery and were treated with L-006235 (L-235, 10 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg, p.o., daily) or ALN (0.6 mg/kg, s.c., weekly) for 8-weeks. ACLT joint instability was also induced in CatK(-/-) versus wild type (wt) mice and treated for 16-weeks. Changes in cartilage degeneration, subchondral bone volume and osteophyte area were determined by histology and μ-CT. Collagen type I helical peptide (HP-I), a bone resorption marker and collagen type II C-telopeptide (CTX-II), a cartilage degradation marker were measured. RESULTS L-235 (50 mg/kg) and ALN treatment resulted in significant chondroprotective effects, reducing CTX-II by 60% and the histological Mankin score for cartilage damage by 46% in the ACLT-rabbits. Both doses of L-235 were more potent than ALN in protecting against focal subchondral bone loss, and reducing HP-I by 70% compared to vehicle. L-235 (50 mg/kg) and ALN significantly reduced osteophyte formation in histomorphometric analysis by 55%. The Mankin score in ACLT-CatK(-/-) mice was ~2.5-fold lower than the ACLT-wt mice and was not different from sham-CatK(-/-). Osteophyte development was not different among the groups. CONCLUSION Inhibition of CatK provides significant benefits in ACLT-model of OA, including: 1) protection of subchondral bone integrity, 2) protection against cartilage degradation and 3) reduced osteophytosis. Preclinical evidence supports the role of CatK as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Hayami
- Bone Biology Group, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Madry H, Luyten FP, Facchini A. Biological aspects of early osteoarthritis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012; 20:407-22. [PMID: 22009557 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-011-1705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Early OA primarily affects articular cartilage and involves the entire joint, including the subchondral bone, synovial membrane, menisci and periarticular structures. The aim of this review is to highlight the molecular basis and histopathological features of early OA. METHODS Selective review of literature. RESULTS Risk factors for developing early OA include, but are not limited to, a genetic predisposition, mechanical factors such as axial malalignment, and aging. In early OA, the articular cartilage surface is progressively becoming discontinuous, showing fibrillation and vertical fissures that extend not deeper than into the mid-zone of the articular cartilage, reflective of OARSI grades 1.0-3.0. Early changes in the subchondral bone comprise a progressive increase in subchondral plate and subarticular spongiosa thickness. Early OA affects not only the articular cartilage and the subchondral bone but also other structures of the joint, such as the menisci, the synovial membrane, the joint capsule, ligaments, muscles and the infrapatellar fat pad. Genetic markers or marker combinations may become useful in the future to identify early OA and patients at risk. CONCLUSION The high socioeconomic impact of OA suggests that a better insight into the mechanisms of early OA may be a key to develop more targeted reconstructive therapies at this first stage of the disease. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Systematic review, Level II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Madry
- Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstrasse, Building 37, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
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Adatia A, Rainsford KD, Kean WF. Osteoarthritis of the knee and hip. Part I: aetiology and pathogenesis as a basis for pharmacotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:617-25. [PMID: 22471357 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee and hip is among the most frequent and debilitating arthritic conditions. Aside from surgical intervention in severe cases, conventional treatment involves relieving painful symptoms with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), narcotic and non-narcotic (weak) analgesics and physical therapy. To obtain insight into the extent of pathological changes in hip and knee OA we reviewed current literature on the pathogenesis of this state as a basis for current pharmacotherapy options. KEY FINDINGS Key features of the pathological joint changes in OA include: cartilage destruction by pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases and prostaglandins, which promote a catabolic environment; subchondral bone remodelling and resorption; hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes; neovascularisation of synovial tissue; and focal calcification of joint cartilage. Despite the central involvement of hyaline cartilage in OA pathogenesis, the source of pain likely stems from the richly innervated synovium, subchondral bone and periosteum components of the joint. Tissue damage during joint degeneration generates nociceptive stimuli. The presence of inflammatory mediators, including bradykinin, prostaglandins and leukotrienes, lowers the threshold of the Aδ and C pain fibres, resulting in a heightened response to painful stimuli. SUMMARY It is our opinion that it is important to base and centre the management of OA patients on the severity of patient-important outcomes, rather than purely an assessment of damage to the joint. The joint damage, as interpreted from radiographs, is not necessarily representative of the symptoms experienced. The management of OA primarily comprises pharmacological therapy, surgical interventions and various non-pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Adatia
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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18
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Intra-articular drug delivery for arthritis diseases: the value of extended release and targeting strategies. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(12)50067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Madry H, Grün UW, Knutsen G. Cartilage repair and joint preservation: medical and surgical treatment options. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 108:669-77. [PMID: 22114626 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2011.0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Articular cartilage defects are most often caused by trauma and osteoarthritis and less commonly by metabolic disorders of the subchondral bone, such as osteonecrosis and osteochondritis dissecans. Such defects do not heal spontaneously in adults and can lead to secondary osteoarthritis. Medications are indicated for symptomatic relief. Slow-acting drugs in osteoarthritis (SADOA), such as glucosamine and chondroitin, are thought to prevent cartilage degeneration. Reconstructive surgical treatment strategies aim to form a repair tissue or to unload compartments of the joint with articular cartilage damage. METHODS In this article, we selectively review the pertinent literature, focusing on original publications of the past 5 years and older standard texts. Particular attention is paid to guidelines and clinical studies with a high level of evidence, along with review articles, clinical trials, and book chapters. RESULTS There have been only a few randomized trials of medical versus surgical treatments. Pharmacological therapies are now available that are intended to treat the cartilage defect per se, rather than the associated symptoms, yet none of them has yet been shown to slow or reverse the progression of cartilage destruction. Surgical débridement of cartilage does not prevent the progression of osteoarthritis and is thus not recommended as the sole treatment. Marrow-stimulating procedures and osteochondral grafts are indicated for small focal articular cartilage defects, while autologous chondrocyte implantationis mainly indicated for larger cartilage defects. These surgical reconstructive techniques play a lesser role in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Osteotomy near the knee joint is indicated for axial realignment when unilateral osteoarthritis of the knee causes axis deviation. CONCLUSION Surgical reconstructive techniques can improve joint function and thereby postpone the need for replacement of the articular surface with an artificial joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Madry
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Orthopädie und Arthroseforschung, Universität des Saarlandes, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
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Bellido M, Lugo L, Roman-Blas JA, Castañeda S, Calvo E, Largo R, Herrero-Beaumont G. Improving subchondral bone integrity reduces progression of cartilage damage in experimental osteoarthritis preceded by osteoporosis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011; 19:1228-36. [PMID: 21820069 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Impairment of subchondral bone density and quality aggravates cartilage damage in osteoarthritis (OA). Accordingly, we assessed whether improving microstructure and quality at subchondral bone by the bone-forming agent parathyroid hormone (PTH) [1-34] prevent cartilage damage progression in a rabbit model of OA preceded by osteoporosis (OP). METHODS OP was induced in 20 female rabbits. At week 7, these rabbits underwent knee surgery to induce OA and, at week 12, they started either saline vehicle (n=10) or PTH (n=10) for 10 weeks. Ten healthy animals were used as controls. At week 22, microstructure was assessed by micro-computed tomography and bone remodelling by protein expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) at subchondral bone. Cartilage damage was evaluated using Mankin score. RESULTS PTH reversed the decrease of bone area/tissue area, trabecular thickness, plate thickness, polar moment of inertia, ALP expression and OPG/RANKL ratio, as well as counteracted the increase of fractal dimension and MMP9 expression at subchondral bone of osteoarthritis preceded by osteoporosis (OPOA) rabbits compared to vehicle administration (P<0.05). Likewise, PTH decreased cartilage damage severity in OPOA rabbits. Good correlations were observed between subchondral bone structure or remodelling parameters, and cartilage Mankin score. CONCLUSIONS Improvement of microstructural and remodelling parameters at subchondral bone by PTH [1-34] contributed to prevent cartilage damage progression in rabbits with early OPOA. These findings support the role of subchondral bone in OA. Further studies are warranted to establish the place of bone-forming agents as potential treatment in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bellido
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Service of Rheumatology, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.
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Chan BY, Fuller ES, Russell AK, Smith SM, Smith MM, Jackson MT, Cake MA, Read RA, Bateman JF, Sambrook PN, Little CB. Increased chondrocyte sclerostin may protect against cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011; 19:874-85. [PMID: 21619935 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the regulation of sclerostin (SOST) in osteoarthritis (OA) and its potential effects on articular cartilage degradation. METHODS SOST and other Wnt-β-catenin components were immuno-localised in osteochondral sections of surgically-induced OA in knees of sheep and mice, and human OA samples obtained at arthroplasty. Regulation of SOST mRNA and protein expression by ovine chondrocytes in response to interleukin-1α (IL-1α) or tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) was examined in explant cultures. The effect of 25 or 250 ng/ml recombinant SOST alone or in combination with IL-1α, on ovine articular cartilage explant aggrecan degradation, and chondrocyte gene expression of Wnt-β-catenin pathway proteins, metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, and cartilage matrix proteins was quantified. RESULTS Contrary to being an osteocyte-specific protein, SOST was expressed by articular chondrocytes, and mRNA levels were upregulated in vitro by IL-1α but not TNFα. Chondrocyte SOST staining was significantly increased only in the focal area of cartilage damage in surgically-induced OA in sheep and mice, as well as end-stage human OA. In contrast, osteocyte SOST was focally decreased in the subchondral bone in sheep OA in association with bone sclerosis. SOST was biologically active in chondrocytes, inhibiting Wnt-β-catenin signalling and catabolic metalloproteinase [matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and distintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospndin repeats (ADAMTS)] expression, but also decreasing mRNA levels of aggrecan, collagen II and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinaes (TIMPs). Despite this mixed effect, SOST dose-dependently inhibited IL-1α-stimulated cartilage aggrecanolysis in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These results implicate SOST in regulating the OA disease processes, but suggest opposing effects by promoting disease-associated subchondral bone sclerosis while inhibiting degradation of cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Chan
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Labs, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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