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Giang NN, Kim HJ, Chien PN, Kwon HJ, Ham JR, Lee WK, Gu YJ, Zhou SY, Zhang XR, Nam SY, Heo CY. An evaluation of the effectiveness of 'ULTRACOL 200' in enhancing nasolabial fold wrinkles through cutaneous repair. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13679. [PMID: 38616503 PMCID: PMC11016812 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injectable filler, a nonsurgical beauty method, has gained popularity in rejuvenating sagging skin. In this study, polydioxanone (PDO) was utilized as the main component of the ULTRACOL200 filler that helps stimulate collagenesis and provide skin radiant effects. The study aimed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of ULTRACOL200 with other commercialized products in visually improving dermatological problems. METHODS Herein, 31 participants aged between 20 and 59 years were enrolled in the study. 1 mL of the testing product, as well as the quantity for the compared groups was injected into each participants face side individually. Subsequently, skin texture and sunken volume of skin were measured using ANTERA 3D CS imaging technology at three periods: before the application, 4 weeks after the initial application, and 4 weeks after the 2nd application of ULTRACOL200. RESULTS The final results of skin texture and wrinkle volume evaluation consistently demonstrated significant enhancement. Consequently, subjective questionnaires were provided to the participants to evaluate the efficacy of the testing product, illustrating satisfactory responses after the twice applications. CONCLUSION The investigation has contributed substantially to the comprehension of a PDO-based filler (ULTRACOL200) for skin enhancement and provided profound insight for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Ngan Giang
- Department of Medical Device DevelopmentCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamSouth Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Kim
- Korea Institute of Nonclinical StudyH&Bio. co. Ltd.SeongnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Pham Ngoc Chien
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamSouth Korea
- Korea Institute of Nonclinical StudyH&Bio. co. Ltd.SeongnamRepublic of Korea
| | | | | | - Won Ku Lee
- UltraV Co., Ltd. R&D CenterSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Gu
- UltraV Co., Ltd. R&D CenterSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Shou Yi Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamSouth Korea
- Department of MedicineCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Xin Rui Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamSouth Korea
- Department of MedicineCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Nam
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamSouth Korea
| | - Chan Yeong Heo
- Department of Medical Device DevelopmentCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamSouth Korea
- Korea Institute of Nonclinical StudyH&Bio. co. Ltd.SeongnamRepublic of Korea
- Department of MedicineCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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Fan T, Qin J, Li J, Liu J, Wang Y, Liu Q, Fan T, Liu F. Fabrication and evaluation of 3D printed poly(l-lactide) copolymer scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125525. [PMID: 37356690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The application of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) in tissue engineering is limited due to its brittleness and uncontrollable degradation rate. In this study, the flexible p-dioxanone (PDO) and highly reactive glycolide (GA) units were introduced into PLLA segments by chemical modification to prepare poly(l-lactide-ran-p-dioxanone-ran-glycolide) (PLPG) copolymers. The copolymers were then processed into the PLPG scaffold by a 3D printing technology. The physicochemical properties of the PLPG copolymers were studied by NMR, DSC, XRD, GPC, and SEM. Furthermore, the mechanical properties, degradation properties, and biocompatibility of the PLPG scaffolds were also studied. The results showed that introducing PDO and GA units disrupted the regularity of PLLA, decreasing the crystallinity of the PLPG copolymers. However, introducing PDO and GA units could effectively improve the mechanical and degradation properties of the PLLA scaffolds. In vitro cell culture experiments indicated that the PLPG scaffolds supported proliferation, growth, and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The PLPG scaffolds reported herein, with controllable degradation rates and mechanical performance, may find applications in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantang Fan
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, PR China.
| | - Jingwen Qin
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jiafeng Li
- China Coal Research Institute, Beijing 100013, PR China
| | - Jifa Liu
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, PR China
| | - Qing Liu
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Tianyun Fan
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523000, PR China.
| | - Fengzhen Liu
- Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng 252000, PR China.
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Chen E, Xiong Z, Cai X, Liu S, Qin X, Sun J, Jin X, Sun K. Bioresorbable PPDO sliding-lock stents with optimized FDM parameters for congenital heart disease treatment. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 138:105609. [PMID: 36525876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stent implantation has been a promising therapy for congenital heart disease (CHD) due to better efficacy. Compared to permanent metal stents, bioresorbable polymer stents have shown a great advantage in accommodating the vascular growth of pediatric patients, but the application is still limited due to inferior radial strength. Here, bioresorbable poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO) sliding-lock stents for CHD treatment were fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM). The effects of FDM processing parameters, including nozzle temperature, bed temperature, layer thickness, and printing speed, on the mechanical properties of PPDO parts were investigated to optimize the processing condition to enhance the radial strength of stents. Finite element analysis (FEA) was also used to evaluate the mechanical properties of stents. PPDO sliding-lock stents fabricated under optimized FDM parameters showed radial strength of 3.315 ± 0.590 N/mm, superior to benchmark commercial metal stents. Radial strength curve and compression behavior of PPDO sliding-lock stents were investigated. Results of FEA exhibited that strut width, shape of the mesh cell and surface coverage ratio had an impact on the compression force of PPDO sliding-lock stents. PPDO sliding-lock stents fabricated with optimized FDM parameters show favorable mechanical performance and meet the requirement of CHD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrong Chen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihui Xiong
- Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaorong Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shilong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiji Qin
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xuejun Jin
- Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Lucchetti A, Emonts C, Idrissi A, Gries T, Vaughan TJ. An experimental investigation of the mechanical performance of PLLA wire-braided stents. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 138:105568. [PMID: 36459705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Much of our current understanding of the performance of self-expanding wire-braided stents is based on mechanical testing of Nitinol-based or polymeric non-bioresorbable (e.g. PET, PP etc.) devices. The small amount of data present for bioresorbable devices characterizes stents with big nominal diameters (D>6mm), with a distinct lack of data describing the mechanical performance of small-diameter wire-braided bioresorbable devices (D≤5mm). This study presents a systematic investigation of the mechanical performance of wire-braided bioresorbable Poly-L-Lactic Acid (PLLA) stents having different braiding angles (α=45° , α=30°, and α=20°), wire diameters (d=100μm, and d=150μm), wire count (n=24 and n=48), braiding patterns (1:1-1, 2:2-1 and 1:1-2) and stent diameters (D=5mm, D=4mm, and D=2.5mm). Mechanical characterisation was carried out by evaluating the radial, longitudinal and bending response of the devices. Our results showed that smaller braid angles, larger wire diameters, higher number of wires and smaller stent diameter led to an increase in the stent mechanical properties across each of the three mechanical tests performed. It was found that geometrical features of a polymeric braided stent could be adapted to achieve a similar performance to the one of a metallic device. In particular, substantial increases in stent mechanical properties were found for a low braiding angle and when the braiding pattern followed a one-over-one-under configuration with two wires in parallel (1:1-2). Finally, it was shown that a mathematical model proposed in literature for metal braided stents can provide reasonable predictions also of polymeric stent performance but just in circumstances where wire friction does not have a dominant role. This study presents a wide range of experimental data that can provide an important reference for further development of wire-braided bioresorbable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Emonts
- Institut für Textiltechnik of RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Akram Idrissi
- Institut für Textiltechnik of RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Thomas Gries
- Institut für Textiltechnik of RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Ted J Vaughan
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Ireland.
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5
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Zhang K. Translation of biomaterials from bench to clinic. Bioact Mater 2022; 18:337-338. [PMID: 35415295 PMCID: PMC8965774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific research originates from curiosity and interests. Translational research of biomaterials should always focus on addressing specific needs of the targeted clinical applications. The guest editors of this special issue hope that the included articles have provided cutting-edge biomaterials research as well as insights of the translation of biomaterials from bench to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, National Engineering Center for Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, China
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Development of Biodegradable Polymeric Stents for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091245. [PMID: 36139086 PMCID: PMC9496387 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease has become the leading cause of death. A vascular stent is an effective means for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, biodegradable polymeric vascular stents have been widely investigated by researchers because of its degradability and clinical application potential for cardiovascular disease treatment. Compared to non-biodegradable stents, these stents are designed to degrade after vascular healing, leaving regenerated healthy arteries. This article reviews and summarizes the recent advanced methods for fabricating biodegradable polymeric stents, including injection molding, weaving, 3D printing, and laser cutting. Besides, the functional modification of biodegradable polymeric stents is also introduced, including visualization, anti-thrombus, endothelialization, and anti-inflammation. In the end, the challenges and future perspectives of biodegradable polymeric stents were discussed.
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Xu C, Ma Y, Huang H, Ruan Z, Li Y. A Review of Woven Tracheal Stents: Materials, Structures, and Application. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13030096. [PMID: 35893464 PMCID: PMC9326637 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13030096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair and reconstruction of tracheal defects is a challenging clinical problem. Due to the wide choice of materials and structures, weaving technology has shown unique advantages in simulating the multilayer structure of the trachea and providing reliable performance. Currently, most woven stent-based stents focus only on the effect of materials on stent performance while ignoring the direct effect of woven process parameters on stent performance, and the advantages of weaving technology in tissue regeneration have not been fully exploited. Therefore, this review will introduce the effects of stent materials and fabric construction on the performance of tracheal stents, focusing on the effects of weaving process parameters on stent performance. We will summarize the problems faced by woven stents and possible directions of development in the hope of broadening the technical field of artificial trachea preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (C.X.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yanxue Ma
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (C.X.); (Y.M.)
| | - Haihua Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, China;
| | - Zheng Ruan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.R.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuling Li
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (C.X.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (Z.R.); (Y.L.)
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8
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Fan T, Qin J, Dong F, Meng X, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu Q, Wang G. Effects on the crystallization behavior and biocompatibility of poly(LLA-ran-PDO-ran-GA) with poly(d-lactide) as nucleating agents. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10711-10724. [PMID: 35424991 PMCID: PMC8985167 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00525e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The blends of poly(l-lactide acid-p-dioxanone-glycolide) (PLPG) with poly(d-lactide) (PDLA) (PLPG/PDLA) were prepared by a solution-casting method. The effects of PDLA on the properties of the PLPG were studied. DSC and WAXD results confirmed that PLA stereocomplex (sc-PLA) crystals were formed by blending PLLA segments in PLPG with PDLA, and the melting endotherm for both PLLA and sc-PLA relied on PDLA content. The non-isothermal crystallization results indicated that the crystallization process was remarkably accelerated by the addition of PDLA. Meanwhile, the results of isothermal crystallization indicated that the half-time of crystallization decreased with the increase of PDLA content. Besides, the enzymatic degradation behavior of the samples showed that with the increase of PDLA content, the mass loss gradually decreased. Furthermore, TGA and DTG results indicated that the thermal degradation of the samples was a complex process. Moreover, the biocompatibility of the samples was tested by cell culture and using CCK-8 and live/dead staining. Results showed that the samples possessed lower cytotoxicity. Therefore, the PLPG/PDLA blends are promising candidate materials in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantang Fan
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University Jining 272067 P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Qin
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai 200092 P. R. China
| | - Fen Dong
- Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University Wuhan City 430015 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Meng
- Nanjing Recongene Biomedical Technologies, Ltd Inc. Nanjing 210032 P. R. China
| | - Yanqi Li
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University Jining 272067 P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University Jining 272067 P. R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai 200092 P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Medical Technologies, Ltd Inc. Beijing 100085 People's Republic of China
| | - Guannan Wang
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University Jining 272067 P. R. China
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Zhao G, Liu Q, Tian Y, Liu J, Cheng J, Ni Z. Evaluation of mechanical properties of poly(
L
‐lactic acid) braided stents with axial stiffeners. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gutian Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro‐Nano Biomedical Instruments Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Qingwei Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro‐Nano Biomedical Instruments Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Yuan Tian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro‐Nano Biomedical Instruments Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro‐Nano Biomedical Instruments Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Jie Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro‐Nano Biomedical Instruments Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro‐Nano Biomedical Instruments Southeast University Nanjing China
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Biodegradable Iron-Based Materials-What Was Done and What More Can Be Done? MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14123381. [PMID: 34207249 PMCID: PMC8233976 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron, while attracting less attention than magnesium and zinc, is still one of the best candidates for biodegradable metal stents thanks its biocompatibility, great elastic moduli and high strength. Due to the low corrosion rate, and thus slow biodegradation, iron stents have still not been put into use. While these problems have still not been fully resolved, many studies have been published that propose different approaches to the issues. This brief overview report summarises the latest developments in the field of biodegradable iron-based stents and presents some techniques that can accelerate their biocorrosion rate. Basic data related to iron metabolism and its biocompatibility, the mechanism of the corrosion process, as well as a critical look at the rate of degradation of iron-based systems obtained by several different methods are included. All this illustrates as the title says, what was done within the topic of biodegradable iron-based materials and what more can be done.
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Scafa Udriște A, Niculescu AG, Grumezescu AM, Bădilă E. Cardiovascular Stents: A Review of Past, Current, and Emerging Devices. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2498. [PMID: 34065986 PMCID: PMC8151529 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide is coronary artery disease, a condition characterized by the narrowing of the artery due to plaque deposits. The standard of care for treating this disease is the introduction of a stent at the lesion site. This life-saving tubular device ensures vessel support, keeping the blood-flow path open so that the cardiac muscle receives its vital nutrients and oxygen supply. Several generations of stents have been iteratively developed towards improving patient outcomes and diminishing adverse side effects following the implanting procedure. Moving from bare-metal stents to drug-eluting stents, and recently reaching bioresorbable stents, this research field is under continuous development. To keep up with how stent technology has advanced in the past few decades, this paper reviews the evolution of these devices, focusing on how they can be further optimized towards creating an ideal vascular scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Scafa Udriște
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.S.U.); (E.B.)
- Cardiology Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital Bucharest, 014461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elisabeta Bădilă
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.S.U.); (E.B.)
- Internal Medicine Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital Bucharest, 014461 Bucharest, Romania
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