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Xu M, Feng G, Fang J. Microcapsules based on biological macromolecules for intestinal health: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133956. [PMID: 39029830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal dysfunction is becoming increasingly associated with neurological and endocrine issues, raising concerns about its impact on world health. With the introduction of several breakthrough technologies for detecting and treating intestinal illnesses, significant progress has been made in the previous few years. On the other hand, traditional intrusive diagnostic techniques are expensive and time-consuming. Furthermore, the efficacy of conventional drugs (not capsules) is reduced since they are more likely to degrade before reaching their target. In this context, microcapsules based on different types of biological macromolecules have been used to encapsulate active drugs and sensors to track intestinal ailments and address these issues. Several biomacromolecules/biomaterials (natural protein, alginate, chitosan, cellulose and RNA etc.) are widely used for make microcapsules for intestinal diseases, and can significantly improve the therapeutic effect and reduce adverse reactions. This article systematically summarizes microencapsulated based on biomacromolecules material for intestinal health control and efficacy enhancement. It also discusses the application and mechanism research of microencapsulated biomacromolecules drugs in reducing intestinal inflammation, in addition to covering the preparation techniques of microencapsulated drug delivery systems used for intestinal health. Microcapsule delivery systems' limits and potential applications for intestinal disease diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Xu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Guangfu Feng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China.
| | - Jun Fang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
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2
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Min K, Sahu A, Jeon SH, Tae G. Emerging drug delivery systems with traditional routes - A roadmap to chronic inflammatory diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115119. [PMID: 37898338 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is prevalent and inevitable in daily life but can generally be accommodated by the immune systems. However, incapable self-healing and persistent inflammation can progress to chronic inflammation, leading to prevalent or fatal chronic diseases. This review comprehensively covers the topic of emerging drug delivery systems (DDSs) for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs). First, we introduce the basic biology of the chronic inflammatory process and provide an overview of the main CIDs of the major organs. Next, up-to-date information on various DDSs and the associated strategies for ensuring targeted delivery and stimuli-responsiveness applied to CIDs are discussed extensively. The implementation of traditional routes of drug administration to maximize their therapeutic effects against CIDs is then summarized. Finally, perspectives on future DDSs against CIDs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoon Min
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Abhishek Sahu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, 844102, India
| | - Sae Hyun Jeon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Giyoong Tae
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Askari E, Shokrollahi Barough M, Rahmanian M, Mojtabavi N, Sarrami Forooshani R, Seyfoori A, Akbari M. Cancer Immunotherapy Using Bioengineered Micro/Nano Structured Hydrogels. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301174. [PMID: 37612251 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels, a class of materials with a 3D network structure, are widely used in various applications of therapeutic delivery, particularly cancer therapy. Micro and nanogels as miniaturized structures of the bioengineered hydrogels may provide extensive benefits over the common hydrogels in encapsulation and controlled release of small molecular drugs, macromolecular therapeutics, and even cells. Cancer immunotherapy is rapidly developing, and micro/nanostructured hydrogels have gained wide attention regarding their engineered payload release properties that enhance systemic anticancer immunity. Additionally, they are a great candidate due to their local administration properties with a focus on local immune cell manipulation in favor of active and passive immunotherapies. Although applied locally, such micro/nanostructured can also activate systemic antitumor immune responses by releasing nanovaccines safely and effectively inhibiting tumor metastasis and recurrence. However, such hydrogels are mostly used as locally administered carriers to stimulate the immune cells by releasing tumor lysate, drugs, or nanovaccines. In this review, the latest developments in cancer immunotherapy are summarized using micro/nanostructured hydrogels with a particular emphasis on their function depending on the administration route. Moreover, the potential for clinical translation of these hydrogel-based cancer immunotherapies is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esfandyar Askari
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Mahdieh Shokrollahi Barough
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
- ATMP Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, 1517964311, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rahmanian
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, 1517964311, Iran
| | - Nazanin Mojtabavi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Ramin Sarrami Forooshani
- ATMP Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, 1517964311, Iran
| | - Amir Seyfoori
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, 1517964311, Iran
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
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Huai M, Pei M, Pan J, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Du P, Duan Y, Xu H, Ge W. Oral colon-targeted responsive alginate/hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel propels the application of infliximab in colitis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:125952. [PMID: 37494992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Currently, commercialized infliximab (IFX) has rapidly propelled the clinical treatment of IBD, however, its inherent attributes, such as off-target effects and rapid metabolism, severely limit practical applications. Moreover, high doses injection of IFX can result in IBD treatment failure, which may induce other side effects. In this study, an colon microenvironment-responsive hydrogel (AL/HA hydrogel), consisting of acid-resistant sodium alginate and colon-degraded and targeted hyaluronic acid, was constructed by simple Ca2+/Zn2+ cross-linking. The ion-mediated hydrogel exhibited the protective effect of gastrointestinal tract to avoid early drug leakage, while the inflammation environments showed well-controlled drug release and significant biodegradable behaviors. Additionally, oral hydrogel exhibited long-standing enteritis areas compared with normal mice. Therefore, hydrogel-assisted enteritis treatment has great potential in IBD as an oral agent. After that, IFX was packaged in hydrogel to fabricate a facile oral antibody delivery system to treat IBD. IFX-embedded hydrogel showed remarkable therapeutic effect on IBD compared with free IFX. Surprisingly, oral hydrogel below 7 times IFX achieve the same amount of IFX-infused treatment that will further help alleviate the drawbacks of IFX. Our work elaborated on the efficacy of oral AL/HA@IFX in IBD, providing a guarantee for the future of promoted clinical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxiu Huai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Mingliang Pei
- Central Laboratory, Department of Stomatology, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, PR China.
| | - Jiaxing Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Yingwen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Peng Du
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yanming Duan
- Department of Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Huixiong Xu
- Central Laboratory, Department of Stomatology, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, PR China.
| | - Wensong Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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Zhu Q, Yao S, Wu Z, Li D, Ding T, Liu D, Xu E. Hierarchical structural modification of starch via non-thermal plasma: A state-of-the-art review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 311:120747. [PMID: 37028874 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The hierarchical architecture of natural and processed starches with different surface and internal structures determines their final physicochemical properties. However, the oriented control of starch structure presents a significant challenge, and non-thermal plasma (cold plasma, CP) has gradually been used to design and tailor starch macromolecules, though without clear illustration. In this review, the multi-scale structure (i.e., chain-length distribution, crystal structure, lamellar structure, and particle surface) of starch is summarized by CP treatment. The plasma type, mode, medium gas and mechanism are also illustrated, as well as their sustainable food applications, such as in food taste, safety, and packaging. The effects of CP on the chain-length distribution, lamellar structure, amorphous zone, and particle surface/core of starch includes irregularity due to the complex of CP types, action modes, and reactive conditions. CP-induced chain breaks lead to short-chain distributions in starch, but this rule is no longer useful when CP is combined with other physical treatments. The degree but not type of starch crystals is indirectly influenced by CP through attacking the amorphous region. Furthermore, the CP-induced surface corrosion and channel disintegration of starch cause changes in functional properties for starch-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314103, China
| | - Siyu Yao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314103, China
| | - Zhengzong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Dandan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tian Ding
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314103, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314103, China
| | - Enbo Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314103, China.
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Ye J, Liu L, Lan W, Xiong J. Targeted release of soybean peptide from CMC/PVA hydrogels in simulated intestinal fluid and their pharmacokinetics. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 310:120713. [PMID: 36925260 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels loaded with soybean peptide (SPE) were fabricated via a freeze-thaw method. These hydrogels conquer barriers in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), and then release SPE in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). The results of in vitro SPE release from these hydrogels showed that in SGF only a little of the SPE released, but in SIF the SPE was completely released. The released SPE had scavenging rates for DPPH and ABTS free radicals of 41.68 and 31.43 %. The pharmacokinetic model of SPE release from the hydrogels in SIF was studied. When the hydrogels are moved from SGF to SIF, the sorption of the shrinkage hydrogel network is entirely controlled by stress-induced relaxations. There are swollen and shrunken regions during SPE release. For SPE release into the SIF, SPE has to be freed from the weak bonds in the swollen regions by changes in the conformation of CMC and PVA. The release rate of SPE was found to be governed by the diffusion and swelling rate of the shrinkage hydrogel network. The Korsmeyer-Peppas equation diffusion exponents (n) for SPE release from the hydrogels are >2.063, indicating a super case II transport. These data demonstrate CMC/PVA hydrogels have potential applications in oral peptide delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Luying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian Xiong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Yang Y, Zhou R, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yu J, Gu Z. Recent Advances in Oral and Transdermal Protein Delivery Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214795. [PMID: 36478123 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein and peptide drugs are predominantly administered by injection to achieve high bioavailability, but this greatly compromises patient compliance. Oral and transdermal drug delivery with minimal invasiveness and high adherence represent attractive alternatives to injection administration. However, oral and transdermal administration of bioactive proteins must overcome biological barriers, namely the gastrointestinal and skin barriers, respectively. The rapid development of new materials and technologies promises to address these physiological obstacles. This review provides an overview of the latest advances in oral and transdermal protein delivery, including chemical strategies, synthetic nanoparticles, medical microdevices, and biomimetic systems for oral administration, as well as chemical enhancers, physical approaches, and microneedles in transdermal delivery. We also discuss challenges and future perspectives of the field with a focus on innovation and translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxian Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ruyi Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Department of Burns and Wound Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jicheng Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China.,Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321299, China.,Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China.,Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321299, China.,Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Zhang Y, Zhu J, Zhang Z, He D, Zhu J, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Remodeling of tumor microenvironment for enhanced tumor chemodynamic/photothermal/chemo-therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:388. [PMID: 36028817 PMCID: PMC9419403 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticancer treatment is largely affected by the microenvironment of the tumors, which not only resists the tumors to the thermo/chemo-therapy, but also promotes their growth and invasion. In this work, the angiogenesis factor is balanced by combining with the breathing hyperoxygen, for regulating the tumor microenvironment and also for relieving hypoxia and high tissue interstitial pressure, which promote drug delivery to tumor tissues by increasing the in vivo perfusion and reversing the immunosuppressive tumor. In addition, the designed multifunctional nanoparticles have a great potential for applications to the tumor dual-mode imaging including magnetic resonance (MR) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging. This work proposes a promising strategy to enhance the thermo/chemo-therapy efficacy by remodeling the tumor microenvironment, which would provide an alternative to prolong the lifetime of tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyao Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Dannong He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China. .,National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunsheng Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Burns Institute, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197, Rui Jin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
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