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Chen TY, Cheng KC, Yang PS, Shrestha LK, Ariga K, Hsu SH. Interaction of vascular endothelial cells with hydrophilic fullerene nanoarchitectured structures in 2D and 3D environments. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2024; 25:2315014. [PMID: 38419801 PMCID: PMC10901190 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2024.2315014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The interaction between diverse nanoarchitectured fullerenes and cells is crucial for biomedical applications. Here, we detailed the preparation of hydrophilic self-assembled fullerenes by the liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation (LLIP) method and hydrophilic coating of the materials as a possible vascularization strategy. The interactions of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) with hydrophilic fullerene nanotubes (FNT-P) and hydrophilic fullerene nanowhiskers (FNW-P) were investigated. The average length and diameter of FNT-P were 16 ± 2 μm and 3.4 ± 0.4 μm (i.e. aspect ratios of 4.6), respectively. The average length and diameter of FNW-P were 65 ± 8 μm and 1.2 ± 0.2 μm (i.e. aspect ratios of 53.9), respectively. For two-dimensional (2D) culture after 7 days, the ECs remained viable and proliferated up to ~ 420% and ~ 400% with FNT-P and FNW-P of 50 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, an optimized chitosan-based self-healing hydrogel with a modulus of ~400 Pa was developed and used to incorporate self-assembled fullerenes as in vitro three-dimensional (3D) platforms to investigate the impact of FNT-P and FNW-P on ECs within a 3D environment. The addition of FNW-P or FNT-P (50 μg/mL) in the hydrogel system led to proliferation rates of ECs up to ~323% and ~280%, respectively, after 7 days of culture. The ECs in FNW-P hydrogel displayed an elongated shape with aligned morphology, while those in FNT-P hydrogel exhibited a rounded and clustered distribution. Vascular-related gene expressions of ECs were significantly upregulated through interactions with these fullerenes. Thus, the combined use of different nanoarchitectured self-assembled fullerenes and self-healing hydrogels may offer environmental cues influencing EC development in a 3D biomimetic microenvironment, holding promise for advancing vascularization strategy in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Yu Chen
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kun-Chih Cheng
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pei-Syuan Yang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Lok Kumar Shrestha
- Supermolecules Group, Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- Supermolecules Group, Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shan-hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Nie M, Huang D, Chen G, Zhao Y, Sun L. Bioadhesive Microcarriers Encapsulated with IL-27 High Expressive MSC Extracellular Vesicles for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303349. [PMID: 37759399 PMCID: PMC10646269 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is a promising candidate for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment, while overcoming the limitations of naive seeding cells function and realizing efficient intestinal targeting remains a challenge. Here, a bioadhesive microparticle carrying interleukin-27 (IL-27) MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSCIL-27 EVs) is developed to treat IBD. The MSCIL-27 EVs prepared through lentivirus-mediated gene transfection technology show ideal anti-inflammatory and damage repair function. By encapsulating MSCIL-27 EVs into dopamine methacrylamide-modified hydrogel, a bioadhesive EVs microcarrier via microfluidic technology is fabricated. The resultant microcarriers exhibit ideal MSCIL-27 EVs sustained release effect and effective wet adhesion property. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of MSCIL-27 EVs-loaded microcarriers in treating IBD is demonstrated. Through giving IBD rats a rectal administration, it is found that the microcarriers can firmly anchor to the surface of colon, reduce the inflammatory response, and repair the damaged barrier. Therefore, the bioadhesive MSCIL-27 EVs-loaded microcarriers provide a promising strategy for the biomedical application of MSC-derived EVs, and broaden the clinical potential of MSC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Nie
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210002China
| | - Danqing Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210002China
| | - Guopu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210002China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210002China
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Lingyun Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210002China
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei230000China
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Luan X, Zhang X, Nie M, Zhao Y. Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Responsive Microneedles for Systemic Sclerosis Treatment. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0141. [PMID: 37228639 PMCID: PMC10204745 DOI: 10.34133/research.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine, such as Tripterygium wilfordii and Paeonia lactiflora, has potential values in treating systemic sclerosis (SSc) and other autoimmune diseases, while their toxic side effect elimination and precise tropical drug delivery are still challenges. Here, we present multiple traditional Chinese medicine integrated photoresponsive black phosphorus (BP) microneedles (MNs) with the desired features for the SSc treatment. By employing a template-assisted layer-by-layer curing method, such MNs with triptolide (TP)/paeoniflorin (Pae) needle tips and BP-hydrogel needle bottoms could be well generated. The combined administration of TP and Pae can not only provide anti-inflammatory, detoxification, and immunomodulatory effects to treat skin lesions in the early stage of SSc but also remarkably reduce the toxicity of single drug delivery. Besides, the additive BPs possess good biocompatibility and near-infrared (NIR) responsiveness, imparting the MN photothermal-controlled drug release capability. Based on these features, we have demonstrated that the traditional Chinese medicine integrated responsive MNs could effectively improve skin fibrosis and telangiectasia, reduce collagen deposition, and reduce epidermal thickness in the SSc mouse models. These results indicated that the proposed Chinese medicine integrated responsive MNs had enormous potential in clinical therapy of SSc and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Luan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Min Nie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Zhu H, Wu X, Liu R, Zhao Y, Sun L. ECM-Inspired Hydrogels with ADSCs Encapsulation for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206253. [PMID: 36683217 PMCID: PMC10037981 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are explored as a promising alternative in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To address the poor survival and function loss of directly injected stem cells, efforts in this area are focus on the generation of efficient cell delivery vehicles. Herein, a novel extracellular matrix (ECM)-inspired injectable hydrogel for ADSCs encapsulation and RA treatment is proposed. The hydrogel with dendritic polylysine and polysaccharide components is formed through the reversible Schiff base crosslinking. It possesses self-healing capability, superior mechanical properties, minimal toxicity, and immunomodulatory ability. When encapsulated with ADSCs, the hydrogel could recover chronic inflammation by directly reversing the dominant macrophage phenotype from M1 to M2 and inhibiting the migration of fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Through a collagen-induced arthritis rat model, the tremendous therapeutic outcomes of this ADSCs-laden hydrogel, including inflammation attenuation, cartilage protection, and bone mineral density promotion are demonstrated. These results make the ECM-inspired hydrogel laden with ADSCs an ideal candidate for treating RA and other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofang Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyInstitute of Translational MedicineThe Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School321 Zhongshan RoadNanjing210008P. R. China
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University218 Jixi RoadHefei230022P. R. China
| | - Xiangyi Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyInstitute of Translational MedicineThe Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School321 Zhongshan RoadNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyInstitute of Translational MedicineThe Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School321 Zhongshan RoadNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyInstitute of Translational MedicineThe Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School321 Zhongshan RoadNanjing210008P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast University2 SipailouNanjing210096P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyInstitute of Translational MedicineThe Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School321 Zhongshan RoadNanjing210008P. R. China
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University218 Jixi RoadHefei230022P. R. China
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Sun X, Ding T, Wang B, Chang Z, Fei H, Geng L, Wang Y. Identification of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks in circulating exosomes as potential biomarkers for systemic sclerosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1111812. [PMID: 36873898 PMCID: PMC9977830 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1111812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to analyze potential biomarkers for systemic sclerosis (SSc) by constructing lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks in circulating exosomes (cirexos). Materials and methods Differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) in SSc cirexos were screened using high-throughput sequencing and detected with real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed using the DisGeNET, GeneCards, GSEA4.2.3, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, correlation analyses, and a double-luciferase reporter gene detection assay were used to analyze competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks and clinical data. Results In this study, 286 DEmRNAs and 192 DElncRNAs were screened, of which 18 DEGs were the same as the SSc-related genes. The main SSc-related pathways included extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction, local adhesion, platelet activation, and IgA production by the intestinal immune network. A hub gene, COL1A1, was obtained by a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Four ceRNA networks were predicted through Cytoscape. The relative expression levels of COL1A1, ENST0000313807, and NON-HSAT194388.1 were significantly higher in SSc, while the relative expression levels of hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-29b-3p, and hsa-miR-29c-3p were significantly lower in SSc (P < 0.05). The ROC curve showed that the ENST00000313807-hsa-miR-29a-3p-COL1A1 network as a combined biomarker of SSc is more valuable than independent diagnosis, and that it is correlated with high-resolution CT (HRCT), Scl-70, C-reactive protein (CRP), Ro-52, IL-10, IgM, lymphocyte percentage, neutrophil percentage, albumin divided by globulin, urea, and RDW-SD (P < 0.05). Double-luciferase reporter gene detection showed that ENST00000313807 interacts with hsa-miR-29a-3p, which interacts with COL1A1. Conclusion The ENST00000313807-hsa-miR-29a-3p-COL1A1 network in plasma cirexos represents a potential combined biomarker for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Tiantian Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Baoyue Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhifang Chang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Hongchang Fei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lixia Geng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yongfu Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
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Zhang K, Mikos AG, Reis RL, Zhang X. Translation of biomaterials from bench to clinic. Bioact Mater 2022; 18:337-338. [PMID: 35415295 PMCID: PMC8965774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific research originates from curiosity and interests. Translational research of biomaterials should always focus on addressing specific needs of the targeted clinical applications. The guest editors of this special issue hope that the included articles have provided cutting-edge biomaterials research as well as insights of the translation of biomaterials from bench to clinic.
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Wang J, Huang D, Yu H, Ren H, Shang L. Biohybrid Response Microparticles Decorated with Trained-MSCs for Acute Liver Failure Recovery. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2201085. [PMID: 36028466 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Microcarrier-based mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) delivery have attracted increasing attention in acute liver failure (ALF) therapy, while there is still room for improvement in terms of improving cell loading efficiency, enhancing anti-inflammatory features, and controlling cell release. Here, novel lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-composited magnetic-thermal responsive inverse opal particles (MIOPs) are presented for the delivery of MSCs. The MIOPs are composed of a chitosan inverse opal skeleton filled with a hydrogel containing LPS, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), and Fe3 O4 nanoparticles. Benefitting from the biocompatible chitosan component and the huge specific surface area, the resultant MIOPs can capture MSCs in a nondestructive way. Furthermore, LPS can be released from the MIOPs under the stimulation of an alternating magnetic field, by which the MSCs are activated to gain the feature of "trained immunity." Moreover, this process can be monitored in real-time by the structural color change of the MIOPs. With that, the MSCs-laden MIOPs are employed in rats with ALF, and they exhibit obvious anti-inflammatory and therapeutic efficacy superior to untrained MSCs. These performances make the MIOPs a distinctive cell delivery platform for clinical tissue recovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Hepatobiliary Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Danqing Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Hepatobiliary Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Hang Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Hepatobiliary Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Haozhen Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Hepatobiliary Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Luoran Shang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Tian J, Chen W, Xiong Y, Li Q, Kong S, Li M, Pang C, Qiu Y, Xu Z, Gong Q, Wei X. Small extracellular vesicles derived from hypoxic preconditioned dental pulp stem cells ameliorate inflammatory osteolysis by modulating macrophage polarization and osteoclastogenesis. Bioact Mater 2022; 22:326-342. [PMID: 36311048 PMCID: PMC9587346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive macrophage inflammatory responses and osteoclast formation are predominant during inflammatory or infective osteolysis. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEV) have been shown to exert therapeutic effects on bone defects. However, cultured MSCs are typically exposed to normoxia (21% O2) in vitro, which differs largely from the oxygen concentration in vivo under hypoxic conditions. It is largely unknown whether sEV derived from dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) cultured under hypoxic conditions (Hypo-sEV) exert better therapeutic effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory osteolysis than those cultured under normoxic conditions (Nor-sEV) by simultaneously inhibiting the macrophage inflammatory response and osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we show that hypoxia significantly induces the release of sEV from DPSCs. Moreover, Hypo-sEV exhibit significantly improved efficacy in promoting M2 macrophage polarization and suppressing osteoclast formation to alleviate LPS-induced inflammatory calvarial bone loss compared with Nor-sEV. Mechanistically, hypoxia preconditioning markedly alters the miRNA profiles of DPSC-sEV. MiR-210-3p is enriched in Hypo-sEV, and can simultaneously induce M2 macrophage generation and inhibit osteoclastogenesis by targeting NF-κB1 p105, which attenuates osteolysis. Our study suggests a promising potential for hypoxia-induced DPSC-sEV to treat inflammatory or infective osteolysis and identifies a novel role of miR-210-3p in concurrently hindering osteoclastogenesis and macrophage inflammatory response by inhibiting NF-kB1 expression. Hypoxia promotes the release of sEV from DPSCs. Hypoxia-induced DPSC-sEV (Hypo-sEV) show increased potential to inhibit inflammatory osteolysis. The miR-210-3p enriched in Hypo-sEV contributes to therapeutic effects of Hypo-sEV. MiR-210-3p concurrently induces M2 macrophage generation and inhibits osteoclastogenesis by targeting NF-κB1. Hypoxia-induced DPSC-sEV represent a promising therapy for inflammatory osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tian
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China
| | - Weiyang Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China
| | - Yuhua Xiong
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China
| | - Qianer Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China
| | - Siyi Kong
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China
| | - Mengjie Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China
| | - Chunfeng Pang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China
| | - Zhezhen Xu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China
| | - Qimei Gong
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China,Corresponding author. Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510055, China.
| | - Xi Wei
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, PR China,Corresponding author. Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510055, China.
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