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Li HM, Wang MM, Su Y, Fang HB, Su Z. Mitochondria-Targeting Metallodrugs for Cancer Therapy: Perspectives from Cell Death Modes. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400120. [PMID: 38696276 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria, recognized as the cellular powerhouses, are indispensable organelles responsible for crucial cellular processes, such as energy metabolism, material synthesis, and signaling transduction. Their intricate involvement in a broad spectrum of diseases, particularly cancer, has propelled the exploration of mitochondria-targeting treatment as a promising strategy for cancer therapy. Since the groundbreaking discovery of cisplatin, the trajectory of research on the development of metal complexes have been marked by continuous advancement, giving rise to a diverse array of metallodrugs characterized by variations in ligand types, metal center properties, and oxidation states. By specifically targeting mitochondria, these metallodrugs exhibit the remarkable ability to elicit various programmed cell death pathways, encompassing apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. This review primarily focuses on recent developments in transition metal-based mitochondria-targeting agents, offering a comprehensive exploration of their capacity to induce distinct cell death modes. The aim is not only to disseminate knowledge but also to stimulate an active field of research toward new clinical applications and novel anticancer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ming Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Meng Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Innovative Applications of Bioresources and Functional Molecules of Jiangsu Province, College of Life Science and Chemistry, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing, 210013, P. R. China
| | - Yan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Bao Fang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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2
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Bae SJ, Choi SH, Im DJ. 3D Cell Culture Method in Channel-Free Water-in-Oil Droplets. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301145. [PMID: 38239079 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
A new channel-free water-in-oil (WO) droplet 3D cell culture method is proposed to address the challenges while maintaining the advantages of the conventional 3D cell culture methods. The proposed WO method can fundamentally solve the constraint of spheroids size, a common challenge in conventional 3D culture, by using droplet size controllability. The 3D cell culture performance of the WO method is verified by comparing it with the conventional 3D cell culture methods. A systematic investigation of the culture conditions of the WO method confirms the working range of cell concentration and droplet size, as well as the scalability of spheroid size. Adjusting droplet size and cell concentration enables rapid spheroid formation with large and high cell concentration droplets or fast spheroid growth with small and low cell concentration droplets, providing control over the spheroid size and growth rate according to the purpose. Furthermore, long-term culture is demonstrated for 1 month with the proposed method, showing the largest spheroid culture and demonstrating the possibility that this method can be used not only for spheroid formation but also for organoid studies. Finally, if a WO-based automated 3D cell culture system is developed, it will be a useful tool for organoid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Jun Bae
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Seung Hui Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Do Jin Im
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
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Shi W, Feng Y, Tang J, Xu Y, Wang W, Zhang L, Jiang X, Ding Z, Xi K, Chen L, Gu Y. A Genetically Engineered "Reinforced Concrete" Scaffold Regulates the N2 Neutrophil Innate Immune Cascade to Repair Bone Defects. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304585. [PMID: 38411324 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The innate immune response is crucial to inflammation, but how neutrophils and macrophages act in bone repair and tissue engineering treatment strategies await clarification. In this study, it is found that N2 neutrophils release stronger "eat me" signals to induce macrophage phagocytosis and polarize into the M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. Guided by this biological mechanism, a mesoporous bioactive glass scaffold (MBG) is filled with hyaluronic acid methacryloyl (HAMA) hydrogel loaded with Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) adenovirus (Ad@H), constructing a genetically engineered composite scaffold (Ad@H/M). The scaffold not only has good hydrophilicity and biocompatibility, but also provides mechanical stress support for bone repair. Adenovirus infection quickly induces N2 neutrophils, upregulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to promote the inflammatory response and macrophage phagocytosis. Macrophages perform phagocytosis and polarize towards the M2 phenotype, mediating the inflammatory response by inhibiting the PI3K-AKT-NF-κB pathway, maintaining homeostasis of the osteogenic microenvironment. The role of the Ad@H/M scaffold in regulating early inflammation and promoting long-term bone regeneration is further validated in vivo. In brief, this study focuses on the cascade of reactions between neutrophils and macrophage subtypes, and reports a composite scaffold that coordinates the innate immune response to promote bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Jincheng Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yichang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Lichen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Xinzhao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Zhouye Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Kun Xi
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
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Xuan L, Hou Y, Liang L, Wu J, Fan K, Lian L, Qiu J, Miao Y, Ravanbakhsh H, Xu M, Tang G. Microgels for Cell Delivery in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:218. [PMID: 38884868 PMCID: PMC11183039 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Microgels prepared from natural or synthetic hydrogel materials have aroused extensive attention as multifunctional cells or drug carriers, that are promising for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Microgels can also be aggregated into microporous scaffolds, promoting cell infiltration and proliferation for tissue repair. This review gives an overview of recent developments in the fabrication techniques and applications of microgels. A series of conventional and novel strategies including emulsification, microfluidic, lithography, electrospray, centrifugation, gas-shearing, three-dimensional bioprinting, etc. are discussed in depth. The characteristics and applications of microgels and microgel-based scaffolds for cell culture and delivery are elaborated with an emphasis on the advantages of these carriers in cell therapy. Additionally, we expound on the ongoing and foreseeable applications and current limitations of microgels and their aggregate in the field of biomedical engineering. Through stimulating innovative ideas, the present review paves new avenues for expanding the application of microgels in cell delivery techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyan Xuan
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Hou
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Liang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialin Wu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Fan
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Lian
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jianhua Qiu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingling Miao
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Hossein Ravanbakhsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
| | - Mingen Xu
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guosheng Tang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Xu T, Wang L, Fan L, Ren H, Zhang Q, Wang J. Composite Microparticles from Microfluidics for Chemo-/Photothermal Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38594624 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogel microcarrier-based drug delivery systems are of great value in the combination therapy of tumors. Current research directions concentrate on the development of more economic, convenient, and effective combined therapeutic platforms. Herein, we developed novel adhesive composite microparticles (MPPMD) with combined chemo- and photothermal therapy ability via microfluidic electrospray technology for local hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. These composite microparticles consisted of doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded and polydopamine-wrapped mesoporous silicon and alginate. Benefiting from such a strategy of hierarchical structure drug loading, DOX could be gradually released from the system, effectively avoiding the direct toxicity of chemotherapeutics to the body. Additionally, the designed microparticles could not only effectively treat tumors by releasing the chemotherapy drug DOX but also show excellent photothermal properties under the irradiation of near-infrared light, achieving combined chemo- and photothermal treatment effects. Based on these advantages, the MPPMD could remarkably eliminate tumor cells in vitro and enormously restrict tumor development in vivo. These results illustrate that such composite microparticles are ideal combination treatment platforms, possessing promising expectations for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Li Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Lu Fan
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Haozhen Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qingfei Zhang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
- The Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
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Mitusova KA, Akhmetova DR, Rogova A, Karpov TE, Tishchenko YA, Dadadzhanov DR, Matyushevskaya AO, Gavrilova NV, Priakhin EE, Timin AS. Multifunctional Inorganic-Organic Composite Carriers for Synergistic Dual Therapy of Melanoma. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2324-2336. [PMID: 38520335 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Many methods for cancer treatment have been developed. Among them photothermal therapy (PTT) has drawn the most significant attention due to its noninvasiveness, remote control activation, and low side effects. However, a limited depth of light penetration of PTT is the main drawback. To improve the therapeutic efficiency, the development of combined PTT with other therapeutic agents is highly desirable. In this work, we have designed multifunctional composite carriers based on polylactic acid (PLA) particles decorated with gold nanorods (Au NRs) as nanoheaters and selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in order to perform a combined PTT against B16-F10 melanoma. To do this, we have optimized the synthesis of PLA particles modified with Se NPs and Au NRs (PLA-Se:Au), studied the cellular interactions of PLA particles with B16-F10 cells, and analyzed in vivo biodistribution and tumor inhibition efficiency. The results of in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated the synergistic effect from ROS induced by Se NPs and the heating from Au NRs. In melanoma tumor-bearing mice, intratumoral injection of PLA-Se:Au followed by laser irradiation leads to almost complete elimination of tumor tissues. Thus, the optimal photothermal properties and ROS-generating capacity allow us to recommend PLA-Se:Au as a promising candidate for the development of the combined PTT against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya A Mitusova
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russian Federation
| | - Darya R Akhmetova
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russian Federation
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, St. Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Rogova
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russian Federation
- Saint-Petersburg State Chemical-Pharmaceutical University, Professora Popova Street 14, St. Petersburg 19702, Russian Federation
| | - Timofey E Karpov
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia A Tishchenko
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russian Federation
- Alferov Federal State Budgetary Institution of Higher Education and Science Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Khlopina 8, St. Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - Daler R Dadadzhanov
- International Research and Education Center for Physics of Nanostructures, ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Pr., St. Petersburg 197101, Russian Federation
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Anna O Matyushevskaya
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russian Federation
- Alferov Federal State Budgetary Institution of Higher Education and Science Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Khlopina 8, St. Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - Nina V Gavrilova
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russian Federation
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Prof. Popov Str. 15/17, St. Petersburg 197376, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny E Priakhin
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russian Federation
- Alferov Federal State Budgetary Institution of Higher Education and Science Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Khlopina 8, St. Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Timin
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russian Federation
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Ma Y, Zhao X, Tian P, Xu K, Luo J, Li H, Yuan M, Liu X, Zhong Y, Wei P, Song J, Wen L, Lu C. Laser-Ignited Lipid Peroxidation Nanoamplifiers for Strengthening Tumor Photodynamic Therapy Through Aggravating Ferroptotic Propagation and Sustainable High Immunogenicity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306402. [PMID: 37992239 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is extensively investigated for tumor therapy in the clinic. However, the efficacy of PDT is severely limited by the tissue penetrability of light, short effective half-life and radius of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the weak immunostimulatory effect. In this study, a glutathione (GSH)-activatable nano-photosensitizer is developed to load with arachidonic acid (AA) and camouflage by erythrocyte membrane, which serves as a laser-ignited lipid peroxidation nanoamplifier (MAR). The photosensitive effect of MAR is recovered accompanied by the degradation in the tumor microenvironment and triggers the peroxidation of AA upon laser excitation. Interestingly, it aggravates the propagation of ferroptosis among cancer cells by driving the continuous lipid peroxidation chain reactions with the participation of the degradation products, ferrous ions (Fe2+), and AA. Consequently, even the deep-seated tumor cells without illumination also undergo ferroptosis owing to the propagation of ferroptotic signal. Moreover, the residual tumor cells undergoing ferroptosis still maintain high immunogenicity after PDT, thus continuously triggering sufficient tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) release to remarkably promote the anti-tumor immune response. Therefore, this study will provide a novel "all-in-one" nano-photosensitizer that not only amplifies the damaging effect and expands the effective range of PDT but also improves the immunostimulatory effect after PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunong Ma
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Peilin Tian
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Kexin Xu
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jiayang Luo
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Honghui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Mingqing Yuan
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yanping Zhong
- Medical Scientific Research Center, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Pingzhen Wei
- Medical Scientific Research Center, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jiaxing Song
- Medical Scientific Research Center, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Liewei Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Cuixia Lu
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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Li J, Zhu T, Jiang Y, Zhang Q, Zu Y, Shen X. Microfluidic printed 3D bioactive scaffolds for postoperative treatment of gastric cancer. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100911. [PMID: 38188649 PMCID: PMC10770549 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor recurrence and tissue regeneration are two major challenges in the postoperative treatment of cancer. Current research hotspots are focusing on developing novel scaffold materials that can simultaneously suppress tumor recurrence and promote tissue repair. Here, we propose a microfluidic 3D-printed methacrylate fish gelatin (F-GelMA@BBR) scaffold loaded with berberine (BBR) for the postoperative treatment of gastric cancer. The F-GelMA@BBR scaffold displayed a significant killing effect on gastric cancer MKN-45 cells in vitro and demonstrated excellent anti-recurrence efficiency in gastric cancer postoperative models. In vitro experiments have shown that F-GelMA@BBR exhibits significant cytotoxicity on gastric cancer cells while maintaining the cell viability of normal cells. The results of in vivo experiments show that F-GelMA@BBR can significantly suppress the tumor volume to 49.7 % of the control group. In addition, the scaffold has an ordered porous structure and good biocompatibility, which could support the attachment and proliferation of normal cells to promote tissue repair at the tumor resection site. These features indicated that such scaffold material is a promising candidate for postoperative tumor treatment in the practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiante Li
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Tianru Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Qingfei Zhang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
- The Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yan Zu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Xian Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
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9
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Lv J, Du X, Wang M, Su J, Wei Y, Xu C. Construction of tumor organoids and their application to cancer research and therapy. Theranostics 2024; 14:1101-1125. [PMID: 38250041 PMCID: PMC10797287 DOI: 10.7150/thno.91362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a severe public health burden worldwide. One of the challenges hampering effective cancer therapy is that the existing cancer models hardly recapitulate the tumor microenvironment of human patients. Over the past decade, tumor organoids have emerged as an in vitro 3D tumor model to mimic the pathophysiological characteristics of parental tumors. Various techniques have been developed to construct tumor organoids, such as matrix-based methods, hanging drop, spinner or rotating flask, nonadhesive surface, organ-on-a-chip, 3D bioprinting, and genetic engineering. This review elaborated on cell components and fabrication methods for establishing tumor organoid models. Furthermore, we discussed the application of tumor organoids to cancer modeling, basic cancer research, and anticancer therapy. Finally, we discussed current limitations and future directions in employing tumor organoids for more extensive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Lv
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xuan Du
- Biopharma Industry Promotion Center Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai, 200941, China
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Can Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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10
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Xing Z, Dong B, Zhang X, Qiu L, Jiang P, Xuan Y, Ni X, Xu H, Wang J. Cypate-loaded hollow mesoporous Prussian blue nanoparticle/hydrogel system for efficient photodynamic therapy/photothermal therapy dual-modal antibacterial therapy. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:53-64. [PMID: 37728144 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms are a significant burden on public health and the economic stability of societies all over the world. The appearance of drug-resistant bacteria has severely blocked the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. Therefore, developing novel antibiotic-free strategies to combat bacteria holds huge potential for maximizing validity and minimizing the risk of enhancing bacterial resistance. Herein, a cypate-loaded hollow mesoporous Prussian blue nanoparticles (Cy-HMPBs) was built to achieve the PDT/PTT synergistic antimicrobial therapy. The carbomer hydrogel (CH) was combined with the Cy-HMPBs to form a nanoparticle/hydrogel therapeutic system (Cy-HMPBs/CH) to reach the goal of local delivery of antimicrobial cargo. The low concentration of Cy-HMPBs/CH receives over 99% of antimicrobial ability against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. More importantly, Cy-HMPBs/CH has favorable biocompatibility and can play therapeutic effects only after laser irradiation, indicating the on-demand therapy at the targeted region to avert side effects on healthy tissue. This study provides ideas for the design of an antibiotic-free antimicrobial strategy against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingyu Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengju Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Xuan
- Key Lab of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinye Ni
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongbin Xu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Zhang Q, Kuang G, Wang H, Zhao Y, Wei J, Shang L. Multi-Bioinspired MOF Delivery Systems from Microfluidics for Tumor Multimodal Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303818. [PMID: 37852943 PMCID: PMC10667824 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based drug delivery systems have demonstrated values in oncotherapy. Current research endeavors are centralized on the functionality enrichment of featured MOF materials with designed versatility for synergistic multimodal treatments. Here, inspired by the multifarious biological functions including ferroptosis pattern, porphyrins, and cancer cell membrane (CCM) camouflage technique, novel multi-biomimetic MOF nanocarriers from microfluidics are prepared. The Fe3+ , meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine and oxaliplatin prodrug are incorporated into one MOF nano-system (named FeTPt), which is further cloaked by CCM to obtain a "Trojan Horse"-like vehicle (FeTPt@CCM). Owing to the functionalization with CCM, FeTPt@CCM can target and accumulate at the tumor site via homologous binding. After being internalized by cancer cells, FeTPt@CCM can be activated by a Fenton-like reaction as well as a redox reaction between Fe3+ and glutathione and hydrogen peroxide to generate hydroxyl radical and oxygen. Thus, the nano-platform effectively initiates ferroptosis and improves photodynamic therapy performance. Along with the Pt-drug chemotherapy, the nano-platform exhibits synergistic multimodal actions for inhibiting cancer cell proliferation in vitro and suppressing tumor growth in vivo. These features indicate that such a versatile biomimetic MOF delivery system from microfluidics has great potential for synergistic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health)Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhou325001China
| | - Gaizhen Kuang
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health)Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhou325001China
| | - Hanbing Wang
- The Comprehensive Cancer CentreNanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210008China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health)Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhou325001China
| | - Jia Wei
- The Comprehensive Cancer CentreNanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210008China
| | - Luoran Shang
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Shanghai Xuhui Central HospitalZhongshan‐Xuhui Hospitaland the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical EpigeneticsInternational Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
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Kuang G, Zhang Q, Yu Y, Shang L, Zhao Y. Cryo-shocked cancer cell microgels for tumor postoperative combination immunotherapy and tissue regeneration. Bioact Mater 2023; 28:326-336. [PMID: 37346097 PMCID: PMC10279695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevention of recurrence/metastasis and tissue regeneration are critical for post-surgery treatment of malignant tumors. Here, to address these needs, a novel type of microgel co-loading cryo-shocked cancer cells, immunoadjuvant, and immune checkpoint inhibitor is presented by microfluidic electrospray technology and liquid nitrogen treatment. Owing to the encapsulation of cryo-shocked cancer cells and immunoadjuvant, the microgels can recruit dendritic cells and activate them in situ, and evoke a robust immune response. Moreover, with the combination of the immune checkpoint inhibitor, the antitumor immune response is further enhanced by inhibiting the interaction of PD1 and PDL1. With this, the excellent anti-recurrence and anti-metastasis efficacy of the microgels are demonstrated in an orthotopic breast cancer mouse model. Besides, because of the excellent biocompatibility and appropriate degradation performance, the microgels can provide support for normal cell adhesion and growth, which is beneficial to tissue reconstruction. These properties indicate the great value of the cryo-shocked cancer cell microgels for efficient tumor postoperative combination immunotherapy and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaizhen Kuang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
| | - Qingfei Zhang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
| | - Yunru Yu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
| | - Luoran Shang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
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Zhang Q, Kuang G, Li W, Wang J, Ren H, Zhao Y. Stimuli-Responsive Gene Delivery Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:44. [PMID: 36752939 PMCID: PMC9908819 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy provides a promising approach in treating cancers with high efficacy and selectivity and few adverse effects. Currently, the development of functional vectors with safety and effectiveness is the intense focus for improving the delivery of nucleic acid drugs for gene therapy. For this purpose, stimuli-responsive nanocarriers displayed strong potential in improving the overall efficiencies of gene therapy and reducing adverse effects via effective protection, prolonged blood circulation, specific tumor accumulation, and controlled release profile of nucleic acid drugs. Besides, synergistic therapy could be achieved when combined with other therapeutic regimens. This review summarizes recent advances in various stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for gene delivery. Particularly, the nanocarriers responding to endogenous stimuli including pH, reactive oxygen species, glutathione, and enzyme, etc., and exogenous stimuli including light, thermo, ultrasound, magnetic field, etc., are introduced. Finally, the future challenges and prospects of stimuli-responsive gene delivery nanocarriers toward potential clinical translation are well discussed. The major objective of this review is to present the biomedical potential of stimuli-responsive gene delivery nanocarriers for cancer therapy and provide guidance for developing novel nanoplatforms that are clinically applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Hepatobiliary Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaizhen Kuang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Hepatobiliary Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Hepatobiliary Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Hepatobiliary Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haozhen Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Hepatobiliary Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Hepatobiliary Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China.
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Alavi N, Maghami P, Pakdel AF, Rezaei M, Avan A. Antibody-modified Gold Nanobiostructures: Advancing Targeted Photodynamic Therapy for Improved Cancer Treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3103-3122. [PMID: 37990429 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128265544231102065515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an innovative, non-invasive method of treating cancer that uses light-activated photosensitizers to create reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, challenges associated with the limited penetration depth of light and the need for precise control over photosensitizer activation have hindered its clinical translation. Nanomedicine, particularly gold nanobiostructures, offers promising solutions to overcome these limitations. This paper reviews the advancements in PDT and nanomedicine, focusing on applying antibody-modified gold nanobiostructures as multifunctional platforms for enhanced PDT efficacy and improved cancer treatment outcomes. The size, shape, and composition of gold nanobiostructures can significantly influence their PDT efficacy, making synthetic procedures crucial. Functionalizing the surface of gold nanobiostructures with various molecules, such as antibodies or targeting agents, bonding agents, PDT agents, photothermal therapy (PTT) agents, chemo-agents, immunotherapy agents, and imaging agents, allows composition modification. Integrating gold nanobiostructures with PDT holds immense potential for targeted cancer therapy. Antibody-modified gold nanobiostructures, in particular, have gained significant attention due to their tunable plasmonic characteristics, biocompatibility, and surface functionalization capabilities. These multifunctional nanosystems possess unique properties that enhance the efficacy of PDT, including improved light absorption, targeted delivery, and enhanced ROS generation. Passive and active targeting of gold nanobiostructures can enhance their localization near cancer cells, leading to efficient eradication of tumor tissues upon light irradiation. Future research and clinical studies will continue to explore the potential of gold nanobiostructures in PDT for personalized and effective cancer therapy. The synthesis, functionalization, and characterization of gold nanobiostructures, their interaction with light, and their impact on photosensitizers' photophysical and photochemical properties, are important areas of investigation. Strategies to enhance targeting efficiency and the evaluation of gold nanobiostructures in vitro and in vivo studies will further advance their application in PDT. The integrating antibody-modified gold nanobiostructures in PDT represents a promising strategy for targeted cancer therapy. These multifunctional nanosystems possess unique properties that enhance PDT efficacy, including improved light absorption, targeted delivery, and enhanced ROS generation. Continued research and development in this field will contribute to the advancement of personalized and effective cancer treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Alavi
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Maghami
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azar Fani Pakdel
- Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Rezaei
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- College of Medicine, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4059, Australia
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