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Lee MMS, Yu EY, Chau JHC, Lam JWY, Kwok RTK, Tang BZ. Expanding Our Horizons: AIE Materials in Bacterial Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2407707. [PMID: 39246197 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202407707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria share a longstanding and complex relationship with humans, playing a role in protecting gut health and sustaining the ecosystem to cause infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance. Luminogenic materials that share aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics have emerged as a versatile toolbox for bacterial studies through fluorescence visualization. Numerous research efforts highlight the superiority of AIE materials in this field. Recent advances in AIE materials in bacterial studies are categorized into four areas: understanding bacterial interactions, antibacterial strategies, diverse applications, and synergistic applications with bacteria. Initial research focuses on visualizing the unseen bacteria and progresses into developing strategies involving electrostatic interactions, amphiphilic AIE luminogens (AIEgens), and various AIE materials to enhance bacterial affinity. Recent progress in antibacterial strategies includes using photodynamic and photothermal therapies, bacterial toxicity studies, and combined therapies. Diverse applications from environmental disinfection to disease treatment, utilizing AIE materials in antibacterial coatings, bacterial sensors, wound healing materials, etc., are also provided. Finally, synergistic applications combining AIE materials with bacteria to achieve enhanced outcomes are explored. This review summarizes the developmental trend of AIE materials in bacterial studies and is expected to provide future research directions in advancing bacterial methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M S Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Eric Y Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Joe H C Chau
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ryan T K Kwok
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK-Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
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Oroojalian F, Azizollahi F, Kesharwani P, Sahebkar A. Stimuli-responsive nanotheranostic systems conjugated with AIEgens for advanced cancer bio-imaging and treatment. J Control Release 2024; 373:766-802. [PMID: 39047871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is a unique phenomenon observed in various materials such as organic luminophores, carbon dots (CDs), organic-inorganic nanocomposites, fluorescent dye molecules, and nanoparticles (NPs). These AIE-active materials, or AIEgens, are ideal for balancing multifunctional phototheranostics and energy dissipation. AIE properties can manifest in organic fluorescent probes, rendering them effective for cancer treatment due to their ability to penetrate deeply and provide high therapeutic efficacy. This efficacy is attributed to their high photobleaching thresholds, ability to induce Stokes shifts, and capacity to activate fluorophores. Therefore, the development of innovative AIE-based materials for disease diagnosis and treatment, particularly for cancer, is both important and promising. Recent years have seen successful demonstrations of nanoparticles with AIE properties being used for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and multimodal imaging of tumor cells. These fluorophores have been shown to impact mitochondria and lysosomes, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), activate the immune system, load and release drugs, and ultimately induce apoptosis in tumor cells. In this review, we examine previous studies on the manufacturing methods and effects of AIEgens on cancer cells, with a theranostic strategy of simultaneous treatment and imaging. We also investigate the factors affecting drug delivery on different cancer cells, including internal stimuli such as pH, ROS, enzymes, and external stimuli like near-infrared (NIR) light and ultrasound waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Azizollahi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Wang C, Feng Q, Shi S, Qin Y, Lu H, Zhang P, Liu J, Chen B. The Rational Engineered Bacteria Based Biohybrid Living System for Tumor Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401538. [PMID: 39051784 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Living therapy based on bacterial cells has gained increasing attention for their applications in tumor treatments. Bacterial cells can naturally target to tumor sites and active the innate immunological responses. The intrinsic advantages of bacteria attribute to the development of biohybrid living carriers for targeting delivery toward hypoxic environments. The rationally engineered bacterial cells integrate various functions to enhance the tumor therapy and reduce toxic side effects. In this review, the antitumor effects of bacteria and their application are discussed as living therapeutic agents across multiple antitumor platforms. The various kinds of bacteria used for cancer therapy are first introduced and demonstrated the mechanism of antitumor effects as well as the immunological effects. Additionally, this study focused on the genetically modified bacteria for the production of antitumor agents as living delivery system to treat cancer. The combination of living bacterial cells with functional nanomaterials is then discussed in the cancer treatments. In brief, the rational design of living therapy based on bacterial cells highlighted a rapid development in tumor therapy and pointed out the potentials in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Qiliner Feng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Si Shi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Yuxuan Qin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Hongli Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Baizhu Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
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Liu C, Wang W, Lai H, Chen Y, Li L, Li H, Zhan M, Chen T, Cao W, Li X. Biosynthesis of fungus-based oral selenium microcarriers for radioprotection and immuno-homeostasis shaping against radiation-induced heart disease. Bioact Mater 2024; 37:393-406. [PMID: 38689659 PMCID: PMC11059443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD), characterized by severe oxidative stress and immune dysregulation, is a serious condition affecting cancer patients undergoing thoracic radiation. Unfortunately, clinical interventions for RIHD are lacking. Selenium (Se) is a trace element with excellent antioxidant and immune-modulatory properties. However, its application in heart radioprotection remains challenging. Herein, we developed a novel bioactive Cordyceps militaris-based Se oral delivery system (Se@CM), which demonstrated superior radioprotection effects in vitro against X-ray-induced damage in H9C2 cells through suppressing excessive ROS generation, compared to the radioprotectant Amifostine. Moreover, Se@CM exhibited exceptional cardioprotective effects in vivo against X-ray irradiation, reducing cardiac dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis by balancing the redox equilibrium and modulating the expression of Mn-SOD and MDA. Additionally, Se@CM maintained immuno-homeostasis, as evidenced by the upregulated population of T cells and M2 macrophages through modulation of selenoprotein expression after irradiation. Together, these results highlight the remarkable antioxidant and immunity modulation properties of Se@CM and shed light on its promising application for cardiac protection against IR-induced disease. This research provides valuable insights into developing effective strategies for preventing and managing RIHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 519000, PR China
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haoqiang Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yikang Chen
- Guangdong Jinan Established Selenium Source Nano Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Lvyi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haiwei Li
- Guangdong Jinan Established Selenium Source Nano Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Meixiao Zhan
- Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 519000, PR China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 519000, PR China
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Han Y, Tian X, Zhai J, Zhang Z. Clinical application of immunogenic cell death inducers in cancer immunotherapy: turning cold tumors hot. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1363121. [PMID: 38774648 PMCID: PMC11106383 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1363121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising cancer treatment option in recent years. In immune "hot" tumors, characterized by abundant immune cell infiltration, immunotherapy can improve patients' prognosis by activating the function of immune cells. By contrast, immune "cold" tumors are often less sensitive to immunotherapy owing to low immunogenicity of tumor cells, an immune inhibitory tumor microenvironment, and a series of immune-escape mechanisms. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a promising cellular process to facilitate the transformation of immune "cold" tumors to immune "hot" tumors by eliciting innate and adaptive immune responses through the release of (or exposure to) damage-related molecular patterns. Accumulating evidence suggests that various traditional therapies can induce ICD, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, and photodynamic therapy. In this review, we summarize the biological mechanisms and hallmarks of ICD and introduce some newly discovered and technologically innovative inducers that activate the immune system at the molecular level. Furthermore, we also discuss the clinical applications of combing ICD inducers with cancer immunotherapy. This review will provide valuable insights into the future development of ICD-related combination therapeutics and potential management for "cold" tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhenyong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Zhang MR, Fang LL, Guo Y, Wang Q, Li YJ, Sun HF, Xie SY, Liang Y. Advancements in Stimulus-Responsive Co-Delivery Nanocarriers for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3387-3404. [PMID: 38617801 PMCID: PMC11012697 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s454004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a novel therapeutic approach against tumors, with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) making significant clinical practice. The traditional ICIs, PD-1 and PD-L1, augment the cytotoxic function of T cells through the inhibition of tumor immune evasion pathways, ultimately leading to the initiation of an antitumor immune response. However, the clinical implementation of ICIs encounters obstacles stemming from the existence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and inadequate infiltration of CD8+T cells. Considerable attention has been directed towards advancing immunogenic cell death (ICD) as a potential solution to counteract tumor cell infiltration and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This approach holds promise in transforming "cold" tumors into "hot" tumors that exhibit responsiveness to antitumor. By combining ICD with ICIs, a synergistic immune response against tumors can be achieved. However, the combination of ICD inducers and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors is hindered by issues such as poor targeting and uncontrolled drug release. An advantageous solution presented by stimulus-responsive nanocarrier is integrating the physicochemical properties of ICD inducers and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, facilitating precise delivery to specific tissues for optimal combination therapy. Moreover, these nanocarriers leverage the distinct features of the tumor microenvironment to accomplish controlled drug release and regulate the kinetics of drug delivery. This article aims to investigate the advancement of stimulus-responsive co-delivery nanocarriers utilizing ICD and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Special focus is dedicated to exploring the advantages and recent advancements of this system in enabling the combination of ICIs and ICD inducers. The molecular mechanisms of ICD and ICIs are concisely summarized. In conclusion, we examine the potential research prospects and challenges that could greatly enhance immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ru Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin-Lin Fang
- RemeGen Co., Ltd, YanTai, ShanDong, 264000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-Jie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Fang Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Yang Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
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An X, Zhong D, Wu W, Wang R, Yang L, Jiang Q, Zhou M, Xu X. Doxorubicin-Loaded Microalgal Delivery System for Combined Chemotherapy and Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy of Osteosarcoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:6868-6878. [PMID: 38294964 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is considered the most frequent type of primary malignant bone tumor. Currently, radiotherapy, photodynamic (PDT), and other therapies for osteosarcoma are limited by tumor hypoxia and single efficacy and serve side-effects. Herein, we reported a microalgal drug delivery system (SpiD), doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded Spirulina platensis (Spi) for OS therapy. The specific surface of Spirulina platensis allowed for effective loading of DOX via surface channels and electrostatic interactions. Under 650 nm laser irradiation, SpiD enabled high oxygen production by photosynthesis and enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation via chlorophyll-assisted photosensitization, synergistically killing tumor cells with the released DOX. Combined chemotherapy and enhanced PDT mediated by SpiD exerted synergic antitumor effects and resulted in potent therapeutic efficacy in orthotopic osteosarcoma mice. Furthermore, SpiD could reduce the side-effects of chemotherapy, showing excellent blood and tissue safety. Taken together, this microalgal drug delivery system provided a natural, efficient, safe, and inexpensive strategy for OS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying An
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Danni Zhong
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenshu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Haining 314400, China
| | - Xingquan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nanjing 210008, China
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Pérez Jorge G, Gontijo MTP, Brocchi M. Salmonella enterica and outer membrane vesicles are current and future options for cancer treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1293351. [PMID: 38116133 PMCID: PMC10728604 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1293351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional cancer therapies have many limitations. In the last decade, it has been suggested that bacteria-mediated immunotherapy may circumvent the restrictions of traditional treatments. For example, Salmonella enterica is the most promising bacteria for treating cancer due to its intrinsic abilities, such as killing tumor cells, targeting, penetrating, and proliferating into the tumor. S. enterica has been genetically modified to ensure safety and increase its intrinsic antitumor efficacy. This bacterium has been used as a vector for delivering anticancer agents and as a combination therapy with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or photothermic. Recent studies have reported the antitumor efficacy of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from S. enterica. OMVs are considered safer than attenuated bacteria and can stimulate the immune system as they comprise most of the immunogens found on the surface of their parent bacteria. Furthermore, OMVs can also be used as nanocarriers for antitumor agents. This review describes the advances in S. enterica as immunotherapy against cancer and the mechanisms by which Salmonella fights cancer. We also highlight the use of OMVs as immunotherapy and nanocarriers of anticancer agents. OMVs derived from S. enterica are innovative and promising strategies requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesy Pérez Jorge
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio Pardini Gontijo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, Brazil
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