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Cohen AS, Patek R, Enkemann SA, Johnson JO, Chen T, Toloza E, Vagner J, Morse DL. Delta-Opioid Receptor (δOR) Targeted Near-Infrared Fluorescent Agent for Imaging of Lung Cancer: Synthesis and Evaluation In Vitro and In Vivo. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 27:427-38. [PMID: 26488422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death and ranks second in the number of new cases annually among all types of cancers. Better methods or tools for diagnosing and treating this disease are needed to improve patient outcomes. The delta-opioid receptor (δOR) is reported to be overexpressed in lung cancers and not expressed in normal lung. Thus, we decided to develop a lung cancer-specific imaging agent targeting this receptor. We have previously developed a δOR-targeted fluorescent imaging agent based on a synthetic peptide antagonist (Dmt-Tic) conjugated to a Cy5 fluorescent dye. In this work, we describe the synthesis of Dmt-Tic conjugated to a longer wavelength near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye, Li-cor IR800CW. Binding affinity of Dmt-Tic-IR800 for the δOR was studied using lanthanide time-resolved fluorescence (LTRF) competitive binding assays in cells engineered to overexpress the δOR. In addition, we identified lung cancer cell lines with high and low endogenous expression of the δOR. We confirmed protein expression in these cell lines using confocal fluorescence microscopy imaging and used this technique to estimate the cell-surface receptor number in the endogenously expressing lung cancer cell lines. The selectivity of Dmt-Tic-IR800 for imaging of the δOR in vivo was shown using both engineered cell lines and endogenously expressing lung cancer cells in subcutaneous xenograft models in mice. In conclusion, the δOR-specific fluorescent probe developed in this study displays excellent potential for imaging of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Patek
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | | | | | | | - Eric Toloza
- Departments of Surgery and of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Josef Vagner
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Ichikawa Y, Nagashima Y, Morioka K, Akimoto K, Kojima Y, Ishikawa T, Goto A, Kobayashi N, Watanabe K, Ota M, Fujii S, Kawamata M, Takagawa R, Kunizaki C, Takahashi H, Nakajima A, Maeda S, Shimada H, Inayama Y, Ohno S, Endo I. Colorectal laterally spreading tumors show characteristic expression of cell polarity factors, including atypical protein kinase C λ/ι, E-cadherin, β-catenin and basement membrane component. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:977-984. [PMID: 25120645 PMCID: PMC4114626 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal flat-type tumors include laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) and flat depressed-type tumors. The former of which shows a predominant lateral spreading growth rather than an invasive growth. The present study examined the morphological characteristics of LSTs, in comparison with polypoid- or flat depressed-type tumors, along with the expression of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) λ/ι, a pivotal cell polarity regulator, and the hallmarks of cell polarity, as well as with type IV collagen, β-catenin and E-cadherin. In total, 37 flat-type (24 LSTs and 13 flat depressed-type tumors) and 20 polypoid-type colorectal tumors were examined. The LSTs were classified as 15 LST adenoma (LST-A) and nine LST cancer in adenoma (LST-CA). An immunohistochemical examination was performed on aPKC λ/ι, type IV collagen, β-catenin and E-cadherin. The LST-A and -CA showed a superficial replacing growth pattern, with expression of β-catenin and E-cadherin in the basolateral membrane and type IV collagen along the basement membrane. In addition, 86.6% of LST-A and 55.6% of LST-CA showed aPKC λ/ι expression of 1+ (weak to normal intensity staining in the cytoplasm compared with the normal epithelium). Furthermore, ~45% of the polypoid-type adenomas showed 2+ (moderate intensity staining in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus) and 66.7% of the polypoid-type cancer in adenoma were 3+ (strong intensity staining in the cytoplasm and nucleus). A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the expression of aPKC λ/ι and β-catenin (r=0.842; P<0.001), or type IV collagen (r=0.823; P<0.001). The LSTs showed a unique growth pattern, different from the expanding growth pattern presented by a polypoid tumor and invasive cancer. The growth characteristics of LST appear to be caused by adequate coexpression of β-catenin, type IV collagen and aPKC λ/ι.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Ichikawa
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Yoji Nagashima
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Kaori Morioka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Kazunori Akimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kojima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Ayumu Goto
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Kazuteru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Ota
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Shoichi Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kawamata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Ryo Takagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Chikara Kunizaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Shin Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Inayama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ohno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 23600044, Japan
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Williams CS, Zhang B, Smith JJ, Jayagopal A, Barrett CW, Pino C, Russ P, Presley SH, Peng D, Rosenblatt DO, Haselton FR, Yang JL, Washington MK, Chen X, Eschrich S, Yeatman TJ, El-Rifai W, Beauchamp RD, Chang MS. BVES regulates EMT in human corneal and colon cancer cells and is silenced via promoter methylation in human colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2011. [PMID: 21911938 DOI: 10.1172/jci44228.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype is a critical step in the metastatic progression of epithelial carcinomas. Adherens junctions (AJs) are required for suppressing this epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) but less is known about the role of tight junctions (TJs) in this process. Here, we investigated the functions of blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES, also known as POPDC1 and POP1), an integral membrane protein that regulates TJ formation. BVES was found to be underexpressed in all stages of human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and in adenomatous polyps, indicating its suppression occurs early in transformation. Similarly, the majority of CRC cell lines tested exhibited decreased BVES expression and promoter DNA hypermethylation, a modification associated with transcriptional silencing. Treatment with a DNA-demethylating agent restored BVES expression in CRC cell lines, indicating that methylation represses BVES expression. Reexpression of BVES in CRC cell lines promoted an epithelial phenotype, featuring decreased proliferation, migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth; impaired growth of an orthotopic xenograft; and blocked metastasis. Conversely, interfering with BVES function by expressing a dominant-negative mutant in human corneal epithelial cells induced mesenchymal features. These biological outcomes were associated with changes in AJ and TJ composition and related signaling. Therefore, BVES prevents EMT, and its epigenetic silencing may be an important step in promoting EMT programs during colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Williams
- Department of Medicine/GI, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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Williams CS, Zhang B, Smith JJ, Jayagopal A, Barrett CW, Pino C, Russ P, Presley SH, Peng D, Rosenblatt DO, Haselton FR, Yang JL, Washington MK, Chen X, Eschrich S, Yeatman TJ, El-Rifai W, Beauchamp RD, Chang MS. BVES regulates EMT in human corneal and colon cancer cells and is silenced via promoter methylation in human colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4056-69. [PMID: 21911938 DOI: 10.1172/jci44228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype is a critical step in the metastatic progression of epithelial carcinomas. Adherens junctions (AJs) are required for suppressing this epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) but less is known about the role of tight junctions (TJs) in this process. Here, we investigated the functions of blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES, also known as POPDC1 and POP1), an integral membrane protein that regulates TJ formation. BVES was found to be underexpressed in all stages of human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and in adenomatous polyps, indicating its suppression occurs early in transformation. Similarly, the majority of CRC cell lines tested exhibited decreased BVES expression and promoter DNA hypermethylation, a modification associated with transcriptional silencing. Treatment with a DNA-demethylating agent restored BVES expression in CRC cell lines, indicating that methylation represses BVES expression. Reexpression of BVES in CRC cell lines promoted an epithelial phenotype, featuring decreased proliferation, migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth; impaired growth of an orthotopic xenograft; and blocked metastasis. Conversely, interfering with BVES function by expressing a dominant-negative mutant in human corneal epithelial cells induced mesenchymal features. These biological outcomes were associated with changes in AJ and TJ composition and related signaling. Therefore, BVES prevents EMT, and its epigenetic silencing may be an important step in promoting EMT programs during colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Williams
- Department of Medicine/GI, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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Josan JS, Morse DL, Xu L, Trissal M, Baggett B, Davis P, Vagner J, Gillies RJ, Hruby VJ. Solid-phase synthetic strategy and bioevaluation of a labeled delta-opioid receptor ligand Dmt-Tic-Lys for in vivo imaging. Org Lett 2009; 11:2479-82. [PMID: 19445485 DOI: 10.1021/ol900200k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general solid-phase synthetic strategy is developed to prepare fluorescent and/or lanthanide-labeled derivatives of the delta-opioid receptor (deltaOR) ligand H-Dmt-Tic-Lys(R)-OH. The high delta-OR affinity (K(i) = 3 nM) and desirable in vivo characteristics of the Cy5 derivative 1 suggest its usefulness for structure-function studies and receptor localization and as a high-contrast noninvasive molecular marker for live imaging ex vivo or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder S Josan
- Department of Chemistry, BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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