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Zennadi MM, Ptito M, Redouté J, Costes N, Boutet C, Germain N, Galusca B, Schneider FC. MRI atlas of the pituitary gland in young female adults. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:1001-1010. [PMID: 38502330 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The probabilistic topography and inter-individual variability of the pituitary gland (PG) remain undetermined. The absence of a standardized reference atlas hinders research on PG volumetrics. In this study, we aimed at creating maximum probability maps for the anterior and posterior PG in young female adults. We manually delineated the anterior and posterior parts of the pituitary glands in 26 healthy subjects using high-resolution MRI T1 images. A three-step procedure and a cost function-masking approach were employed to optimize spatial normalization for the PG. We generated probabilistic atlases and maximum probability maps, which were subsequently coregistered back to the subjects' space and compared to manual delineations. Manual measurements led to a total pituitary volume of 705 ± 88 mm³, with the anterior and posterior volumes measuring 614 ± 82 mm³ and 91 ± 20 mm³, respectively. The mean relative volume difference between manual and atlas-based estimations was 1.3%. The global pituitary atlas exhibited an 80% (± 9%) overlap for the DICE index and 67% (± 11%) for the Jaccard index. Similarly, these values were 77% (± 13%) and 64% (± 14%) for the anterior pituitary atlas and 62% (± 21%) and 47% (± 17%) for the posterior PG atlas, respectively. We observed a substantial concordance and a significant correlation between the volume estimations of the manual and atlas-based methods for the global pituitary and anterior volumes. The maximum probability maps of the anterior and posterior PG lay the groundwork for automatic atlas-based segmentation methods and the standardized analysis of large PG datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Merabet Zennadi
- Université Jean Monnet Saint Etienne, CHU de Saint Etienne, TAPE Research Unit EA 7423, F-42023, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Maurice Ptito
- École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jérôme Redouté
- CERMEP, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Costes
- CERMEP, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claire Boutet
- Université Jean Monnet Saint Etienne, CHU de Saint Etienne, TAPE Research Unit EA 7423, F-42023, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Natacha Germain
- Université Jean Monnet Saint Etienne, CHU de Saint Etienne, TAPE Research Unit EA 7423, F-42023, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Bogdan Galusca
- Université Jean Monnet Saint Etienne, CHU de Saint Etienne, TAPE Research Unit EA 7423, F-42023, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Fabien C Schneider
- Université Jean Monnet Saint Etienne, CHU de Saint Etienne, TAPE Research Unit EA 7423, F-42023, Saint Etienne, France.
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2
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Li Y, Wang J, Wang R, Chang Y, Wang X. Gut bacteria induce IgA expression in pituitary hormone-secreting cells during aging. iScience 2023; 26:107747. [PMID: 37692284 PMCID: PMC10492204 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary hormone decline is a hallmark of aging. However, the precise gene regulation mechanism during pituitary aging is unclear. Here, we characterized the cell population alteration and global transcriptional change during pituitary aging through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We found that mRNA-encoding components of protein translational machinery declined the most in the pituitary during aging. Remarkably, Immunoglobulin A (IgA) was found to be expressed in hormone-secreting cells, and the IgA expression level increased dramatically in aged pituitary. Moreover, the pituitary IgA expression was regulated by gut microbiota. The non-hematopoietic origin of the IgA+ cells in the pituitary was further confirmed through bone marrow transplantation. Somatotropes were identified as the most prominent IgA-producing cells through lineage tracing. Thus, pituitary hormone-secreting cells can generate IgA in an age-dependent manner, and such a process is influenced by gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehua Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Chang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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3
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Zhang J, Zhou Y, Guo J, Li L, Liu H, Lu C, Jiang Y, Cui S. MicroRNA-7a2 is required for the development of pituitary stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:357-368. [PMID: 35652338 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary gland is inhabited by a subpopulation of SOX2+ stem cells. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying pituitary stem cell development remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that microRNA-7a (miR-7a) is enriched in the developing pituitary and is spatiotemporally expressed in the pituitary stem cells. Constitutive deletion of miR-7a2 in mice results in pituitary dysplasia emerging during birth, which is primarily manifested as malformed anterior lobes. Using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization, we observe that the specification of hormone-expressing cells is not impeded post miR-7a2 deletion at birth, although the terminal differentiation of gonadotropes is inhibited. Further investigation of neonatal and adult pituitaries in miR-7a2 knockout mice reveals an expansion of the SOX2+ pituitary stem cell compartment. The inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal like transition seems to be responsible for this phenotype, rather than abnormal proliferation or apoptosis. Furthermore, our data suggest that Gli3 and Ckap4 are potential targets of miR-7a in pituitary stem cells. In summary, our results identify miR-7a2 as a crucial factor involved in pituitary stem cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Zhang
- Yangzhou University, 38043, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Yangzhou University, 38043, Institute of Reproduction and Metabolism, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Yewen Zhou
- Yangzhou University, 38043, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Yangzhou University, 38043, Institute of Reproduction and Metabolism, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Jiajia Guo
- Yangzhou University, 38043, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Liuhui Li
- Yangzhou University, 38043, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Hui Liu
- Yangzhou University, 38043, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Chenyang Lu
- Yangzhou University, 38043, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Ying Jiang
- Yangzhou University, 38043, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Sheng Cui
- Yangzhou University, 38043, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Yangzhou University, 38043, Institute of Reproduction and Metabolism, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Yangzhou University, 38043, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China;
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4
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Oda Y, Takasu NN, Ohno SN, Shirakawa Y, Sugimura M, Nakamura TJ, Nakamura W. Role of heterozygous and homozygous alleles in cryptochrome-deficient mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 772:136415. [PMID: 34954114 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The circadian rhythms of physiology and behavior are based on molecular systems at the cellular level, which are regulated by clock genes, including cryptochrome genes, Cry1 and Cry2. In mammals, the circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus maintains the circadian rhythms throughout the body. Cry1 and Cry2 play distinct roles in regulating the circadian rhythm. However, the different effects of manipulating clock genes in heterozygous and homozygous alleles, Cry1 and Cry2, remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the haplosufficiency of cryptochrome genes in regulating the circadian system. We examined wheel-running activity rhythms and PER2::LUC expression rhythms in SCN slices and pituitary explants in mice. Compared with wild-type mice, Cry1-/- or Cry2-/- mice had shortened or lengthened periods in free-running behavioral rhythms and PER2::LUC expression in the SCN and pituitary gland. Cry1+/- mice had similar circadian rhythms as wild-type mice, although Cry2+/- mice had lengthened periods. The amplitude of PER2::LUC expression exhibited faster damping in Cry1-/- mice. Therefore, Cry1 deficiency affects the circadian period length and stability of the circadian system. A single allele of Cry2 deficiency affects the circadian rhythm, whereas that of Cry1 deficit is compensated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Oda
- Department of Oral Chrono-Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 851-8102, Japan
| | - Nana N Takasu
- Department of Oral Chrono-Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 851-8102, Japan
| | - Sachi N Ohno
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yukie Shirakawa
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Sugimura
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Takahiro J Nakamura
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Wataru Nakamura
- Department of Oral Chrono-Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 851-8102, Japan
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Royan MR, Siddique K, Csucs G, Puchades MA, Nourizadeh-Lillabadi R, Bjaalie JG, Henkel CV, Weltzien FA, Fontaine R. 3D Atlas of the Pituitary Gland of the Model Fish Medaka ( Oryzias latipes). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:719843. [PMID: 34497587 PMCID: PMC8419251 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.719843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the anterior pituitary plays a crucial role in regulating several essential physiological processes via the secretion of at least seven peptide hormones by different endocrine cell types. Comparative and comprehensive knowledge of the spatial distribution of those endocrine cell types is required to better understand their physiological functions. Using medaka as a model and several combinations of multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization, we present the first 3D atlas revealing the gland-wide distribution of seven endocrine cell populations: lactotropes, thyrotropes, Lh and Fsh gonadotropes, somatotropes, and pomca-expressing cells (corticotropes and melanotropes) in the anterior pituitary of a teleost fish. By combining in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence techniques, we deciphered the location of corticotropes and melanotropes within the pomca-expressing cell population. The 3D localization approach reveals sexual dimorphism of tshba-, pomca-, and lhb-expressing cells in the adult medaka pituitary. Finally, we show the existence of bi-hormonal cells co-expressing lhb-fshb, fshb-tshba and lhb-sl using single-cell transcriptomics analysis and in situ hybridization. This study offers a solid basis for future comparative studies of the teleost pituitary and its functional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rahmad Royan
- Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Khadeeja Siddique
- Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Gergely Csucs
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maja A. Puchades
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jan G. Bjaalie
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christiaan V. Henkel
- Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Romain Fontaine
- Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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6
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Control of Protein and Energy Metabolism in the Pituitary Gland in Response to Three-Week Running Training in Adult Male Mice. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040736. [PMID: 33810540 PMCID: PMC8065971 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is assumed that crosstalk of central and peripheral tissues plays a role in the adaptive response to physical activity and exercise. Here, we wanted to study the effects of training and genetic predisposition in a marathon mouse model on mRNA expression in the pituitary gland. Therefore, we used a mouse model developed by phenotype selection for superior running performance (DUhTP) and non-inbred control mice (DUC). Both mouse lines underwent treadmill training for three weeks or were kept in a sedentary condition. In all groups, total RNA was isolated from the pituitary gland and sequenced. Molecular pathway analysis was performed by ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). Training induced differential expression of 637 genes (DEGs) in DUC but only 50 DEGs in DUhTP mice. Genetic selection for enhanced running performance strongly affected gene expression in the pituitary gland and identified 1732 DEGs in sedentary DUC versus DUhTP mice. Training appeared to have an even stronger effect on gene expression in both lines and comparatively revealed 3828 DEGs in the pituitary gland. From the list of DEGs in all experimental groups, candidate genes were extracted by comparison with published genomic regions with significant effects on training responses in mice. Bioinformatic modeling revealed induction and coordinated expression of the pathways for ribosome synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation in DUC mice. By contrast, DUhTP mice were resistant to the positive effects of three-week training on protein and energy metabolism in the pituitary gland.
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7
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Rusetska N, Kober P, Król SK, Boresowicz J, Maksymowicz M, Kunicki J, Bonicki W, Bujko M. Invasive and Noninvasive Nonfunctioning Gonadotroph Pituitary Tumors Differ in DNA Methylation Level of LINE-1 Repetitive Elements. J Clin Med 2021; 10:560. [PMID: 33546126 PMCID: PMC7913198 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Epigenetic dysregulation plays a role in pituitary tumor pathogenesis. Some differences in DNA methylation were observed between invasive and noninvasive nonfunctioning gonadotroph tumors. This study sought to determine the role of DNA methylation changes in repetitive LINE-1 elements in nonfunctioning gonadotroph pituitary tumors. METHODS We investigated LINE-1 methylation levels in 80 tumors and normal pituitary glands with bisulfite-pyrosequencing. Expression of two LINE-1 open reading frames (L1-ORF1 and L1-ORF2) was analyzed with qRT-PCR in tumor samples and mouse gonadotroph pituitary cells treated with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. Immunohistochemical staining against L1-ORF1p was also performed in normal pituitary glands and tumors. RESULTS Hypomethylation of LINE-1 was observed in pituitary tumors. Tumors characterized by invasive growth revealed lower LINE-1 methylation level than noninvasive ones. LINE-1 methylation correlated with overall DNA methylation assessed with HM450K arrays and negatively correlated with L1-ORF1 and L1-ORF2 expression. Treatment of αT3-1 gonadotroph cells with 5-Azacytidine clearly increased the level of L1-ORF1 and L1-ORF2 mRNA; however, its effect on LβT2 cells was less pronounced. Immunoreactivity against L1-ORF1p was higher in tumors than normal tissue. No difference in L1-ORF1p expression was observed in invasive and noninvasive tumors. CONCLUSION Hypomethylation of LINE-1 is related to invasive growth and influences transcriptional activity of transposable elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rusetska
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (N.R.); (P.K.); (S.K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Paulina Kober
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (N.R.); (P.K.); (S.K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Sylwia Katarzyna Król
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (N.R.); (P.K.); (S.K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanna Boresowicz
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (N.R.); (P.K.); (S.K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Maria Maksymowicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jacek Kunicki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (W.B.)
| | - Wiesław Bonicki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (W.B.)
| | - Mateusz Bujko
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (N.R.); (P.K.); (S.K.K.); (J.B.)
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GPR101 drives growth hormone hypersecretion and gigantism in mice via constitutive activation of G s and G q/11. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4752. [PMID: 32958754 PMCID: PMC7506554 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a key modulator of growth and GH over-secretion can lead to gigantism. One form is X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG), in which infants develop GH-secreting pituitary tumors over-expressing the orphan G-protein coupled receptor, GPR101. The role of GPR101 in GH secretion remains obscure. We studied GPR101 signaling pathways and their effects in HEK293 and rat pituitary GH3 cell lines, human tumors and in transgenic mice with elevated somatotrope Gpr101 expression driven by the rat Ghrhr promoter (GhrhrGpr101). Here, we report that Gpr101 causes elevated GH/prolactin secretion in transgenic GhrhrGpr101 mice but without hyperplasia/tumorigenesis. We show that GPR101 constitutively activates not only Gs, but also Gq/11 and G12/13, which leads to GH secretion but not proliferation. These signatures of GPR101 signaling, notably PKC activation, are also present in human pituitary tumors with high GPR101 expression. These results underline a role for GPR101 in the regulation of somatotrope axis function.
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9
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Rojo-Ruiz J, Navas-Navarro P, Nuñez L, García-Sancho J, Alonso MT. Imaging of Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ in the Intact Pituitary Gland of Transgenic Mice Expressing a Low Affinity Ca 2+ Indicator. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:615777. [PMID: 33664709 PMCID: PMC7921146 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.615777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenohypophysis contains five secretory cell types (somatotrophs, lactotrophs, thyrotrophs, corticotrophs, and gonadotrophs), each secreting a different hormone, and controlled by different hypothalamic releasing hormones (HRHs). Exocytic secretion is regulated by cytosolic Ca2+ signals ([Ca2+]C), which can be generated either by Ca2+ entry through the plasma membrane and/or by Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In addition, Ca2+ entry signals can eventually be amplified by ER release via calcium-induced calcium release (CICR). We have investigated the contribution of ER Ca2+ release to the action of physiological agonists in pituitary gland. Changes of [Ca2+] in the ER ([Ca2+]ER) were measured with the genetically encoded low-affinity Ca2+ sensor GAP3 targeted to the ER. We used a transgenic mouse strain that expressed erGAP3 driven by a ubiquitous promoter. Virtually all the pituitary cells were positive for the sensor. In order to mimick the physiological environment, intact pituitary glands or acute slices from the transgenic mouse were used to image [Ca2+]ER. [Ca2+]C was measured simultaneously with Rhod-2. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) or thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), two agonists known to elicit intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, provoked robust decreases of [Ca2+]ER and concomitant rises of [Ca2+]C. A smaller fraction of cells responded to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). By contrast, depolarization with high K+ triggered a rise of [Ca2+]C without a decrease of [Ca2+]ER, indicating that the calcium-induced calcium-release (CICR) via ryanodine receptor amplification mechanism is not present in these cells. Our results show the potential of transgenic ER Ca2+ indicators as novel tools to explore intraorganellar Ca2+ dynamics in pituitary gland in situ.
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10
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Anastassiadis C, Jones SL, Pruessner JC. Imaging the pituitary in psychopathologies: a review of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging studies. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2587-2601. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01942-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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A cell surface protein controls endocrine ring gland morphogenesis and steroid production. Dev Biol 2018; 445:16-28. [PMID: 30367846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Identification of signals for systemic adaption of hormonal regulation would help to understand the crosstalk between cells and environmental cues contributing to growth, metabolic homeostasis and development. Physiological states are controlled by precise pulsatile hormonal release, including endocrine steroids in human and ecdysteroids in insects. We show in Drosophila that regulation of genes that control biosynthesis and signaling of the steroid hormone ecdysone, a central regulator of developmental progress, depends on the extracellular matrix protein Obstructor-A (Obst-A). Ecdysone is produced by the prothoracic gland (PG), where sensory neurons projecting axons from the brain integrate stimuli for endocrine control. By defining the extracellular surface, Obst-A promotes morphogenesis and axonal growth in the PG. This process requires Obst-A-matrix reorganization by Clathrin/Wurst-mediated endocytosis. Our data identifies the extracellular matrix as essential for endocrine ring gland function, which coordinates physiology, axon morphogenesis, and developmental programs. As Obst-A and Wurst homologs are found among all arthropods, we propose that this mechanism is evolutionary conserved.
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12
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Histone Citrullination Represses MicroRNA Expression, Resulting in Increased Oncogene mRNAs in Somatolactotrope Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00084-18. [PMID: 29987187 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00084-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes convert histone arginine residues into citrulline to modulate chromatin organization and gene expression. Although PADs are expressed in anterior pituitary gland cells, their functional role and expression in pituitary adenomas are unknown. To begin to address these issues, we first examined normal human pituitaries and pituitary adenomas and found that PAD2, PAD4, and citrullinated histones are highest in prolactinomas and somatoprolactinomas. In the somatoprolactinoma-derived GH3 cell line, PADs citrullinate histone H3, which is attenuated by a pan-PAD inhibitor. RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies show that the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) let-7c-2, 23b, and 29c is suppressed by histone citrullination. Our studies demonstrate that these miRNAs directly target the mRNA of the oncogenes encoding HMGA, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and N-MYC, which are highly implicated in human prolactinoma/somatoprolactinoma pathogenesis. Our results are the first to define a direct role for PAD-catalyzed histone citrullination in miRNA expression, which may underlie the etiology of prolactinoma and somatoprolactinoma tumors through regulation of oncogene expression.
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Age-Related Changes in MicroRNA in the Rat Pituitary and Potential Role in GH Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072058. [PMID: 30011963 PMCID: PMC6073141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 (GH/IGF-1) axis has recently been recognized as an important factor related to the longevity of many organisms. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) could also participate in diverse biological processes. However, the role of miRNAs in the decline of pituitary GH during the growth process remains unclear. To better characterize the effects of miRNAs on the pituitary, we used a miRNA microarray to investigate the miRNA profile in the rat pituitary from postnatal development throughout the growth process. Then, in vitro experiments were conducted to analyze the miRNAs' potential roles related to GH regulation. Taken together, the microarray results indicated that there were 22 miRNAs differentially expressed during pituitary development. The bioinformatics analysis suggested that the most differentially expressed miRNAs may participate in multiple pathways associated with the pituitary function. Furthermore, the in vitro findings demonstrated that miR-141-3p was involved in GH regulation.
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Li Y, Schang G, Wang Y, Zhou X, Levasseur A, Boyer A, Deng CX, Treier M, Boehm U, Boerboom D, Bernard DJ. Conditional Deletion of FOXL2 and SMAD4 in Gonadotropes of Adult Mice Causes Isolated FSH Deficiency. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2641-2655. [PMID: 29800110 PMCID: PMC6692885 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The glycoprotein FSH, a product of pituitary gonadotrope cells, regulates ovarian follicle development in females and spermatogenesis in males. FSH is a heterodimer of the common α gonadotropin subunit and the hormone-specific FSHβ subunit (a product of the Fshb gene). Using a conditional knockout approach (Cre-lox), we previously demonstrated that Fshb expression in mice depends on the transcription factors forkhead box L2 (FOXL2) and SMAD4. Deletion of Foxl2 or Smad4 alone led to FSH deficiency, female subfertility, and oligozoospermia in males. Simultaneous deletion of the two genes yielded a greater suppression of FSH and female sterility. The Cre-driver used previously was first active during embryonic development. Therefore, it is unclear whether FOXL2 and SMAD4 play important roles in the development or adult function of gonadotropes, or both. To address this question, we developed a tamoxifen-inducible Cre-driver line, which enabled Foxl2 and Smad4 gene deletions in gonadotropes of adult mice. After tamoxifen treatment, females with previously demonstrated fertility exhibited profound reductions in FSH levels, arrested ovarian follicle development, and sterility. FSH levels were comparably reduced in males 1 or 2 months after treatment; however, spermatogenesis was unaffected. These data indicate that (1) FOXL2 and SMAD4 are necessary to maintain FSH synthesis in gonadotrope cells of adult mice, (2) FSH is essential for female reproduction but appears to be unnecessary for the maintenance of spermatogenesis in adult male mice, and (3) the inducible Cre-driver line developed here provides a powerful tool to interrogate gene function in gonadotrope cells of adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gauthier Schang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Adrien Levasseur
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Boyer
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Mathias Treier
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin-Buch, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Derek Boerboom
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Correspondence: Daniel J. Bernard, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Room 1315, Montréal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada. E-mail:
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15
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DeAtley KL, Colgrave ML, Cánovas A, Wijffels G, Ashley RL, Silver GA, Rincon G, Medrano JF, Islas-Trejo A, Fortes MRS, Reverter A, Porto-Neto L, Lehnert SA, Thomas MG. Neuropeptidome of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland of Indicine × Taurine Heifers: Evidence of Differential Neuropeptide Processing in the Pituitary Gland before and after Puberty. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1852-1865. [PMID: 29510626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Puberty in cattle is regulated by an endocrine axis, which includes a complex milieu of neuropeptides in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The neuropeptidome of hypothalamic-pituitary gland tissue of pre- (PRE) and postpubertal (POST) Bos indicus-influenced heifers was characterized, followed by quantitative analysis of 51 fertility-related neuropeptides in these tissues. Comparison of peptide abundances with gene expression levels allowed assessment of post-transcriptional peptide processing. On the basis of classical cleavage, 124 mature neuropeptides from 35 precursor proteins were detected in hypothalamus and pituitary gland tissues of three PRE and three POST Brangus heifers. An additional 19 peptides (cerebellins, PEN peptides) previously reported as neuropeptides that did not follow classical cleavage were also identified. In the pre-pubertal hypothalamus, a greater diversity of neuropeptides (25.8%) was identified relative to post-pubertal heifers, while in the pituitary gland, 38.6% more neuropeptides were detected in the post-pubertal heifers. Neuro-tissues of PRE and POST heifers revealed abundance differences ( p < 0.05) in peptides from protein precursors involved in packaging and processing (e.g., the granin family and ProSAAS) or neuron stimulation (PENK, CART, POMC, cerebellins). On their own, the transcriptome data of the precursor genes could not predict the neuropeptide profile in the exact same tissues in several cases. This provides further evidence of the importance of differential processing of the neuropeptide precursors in the pituitary before and after puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey L DeAtley
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences , New Mexico State University , Las Cruces , New Mexico 88003 , United States
| | - Michelle L Colgrave
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food , 306 Carmody Road , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 , Australia
| | - Angela Cánovas
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Gene Wijffels
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food , 306 Carmody Road , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 , Australia
| | - Ryan L Ashley
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences , New Mexico State University , Las Cruces , New Mexico 88003 , United States
| | - Gail A Silver
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences , New Mexico State University , Las Cruces , New Mexico 88003 , United States
| | - Gonzalo Rincon
- Zoetis Animal Health , Kalamazoo , Michigan 49007 , United States
| | - Juan F Medrano
- Department of Animal Science , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Alma Islas-Trejo
- Department of Animal Science , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Marina R S Fortes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4042 , Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Antonio Reverter
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food , 306 Carmody Road , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 , Australia
| | - Laercio Porto-Neto
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food , 306 Carmody Road , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 , Australia
| | - Sigrid A Lehnert
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food , 306 Carmody Road , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 , Australia
| | - Milton G Thomas
- Department of Animal Sciences , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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16
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Bonnemaison ML, Duffy ME, Mains RE, Vogt S, Eipper BA, Ralle M. Copper, zinc and calcium: imaging and quantification in anterior pituitary secretory granules. Metallomics 2016; 8:1012-22. [PMID: 27426256 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00079g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary is specialized for the synthesis, storage and release of peptide hormones. The activation of inactive peptide hormone precursors requires a specific set of proteases and other post-translational processing enzymes. High levels of peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), an essential peptide processing enzyme, occur in the anterior pituitary. PAM, which converts glycine-extended peptides into amidated products, requires copper and zinc to support its two catalytic activities and calcium for structure. We used X-ray fluorescence microscopy on rat pituitary sections and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on subcellular fractions prepared from rat anterior pituitary to localize and quantify copper, zinc and calcium. X-ray fluorescence microscopy indicated that the calcium concentration in pituitary tissue was about 2.5 mM, 10-times more than zinc and 50-times more than copper. Although no higher than cytosolic levels, secretory granule levels of copper exceeded PAM levels by a factor of 10. Atp7a, which transports copper into the lumen of the secretory pathway, was enriched in endosomes and Golgi, not in secretory granules. If Atp7a transfers copper directly to PAM, this pH-dependent process is likely to occur in Golgi and endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde L Bonnemaison
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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17
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Trifunović S, Manojlović-Stojanoski M, Ristić N, Jurijević BŠ, Balind SR, Brajković G, Perčinić-Popovska F, Milošević V. Effects of prolonged alcohol exposure on somatotrophs and corticotrophs in adult rats: Stereological and hormonal study. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:353-60. [PMID: 27017477 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to alcohol alters many physiological processes, including endocrine status. The present study examined whether prolonged alcohol (A) exposure could modulate selected stereological and hormonal aspects of pituitary somatotrophs (growth hormone-GH cells) and corticotrophs (adrenocorticotropic hormone-ACTH cells) in adult rats. Changes in pituitary gland volume; the volume density, total number and volume of GH and ACTH cells following alcohol exposure were evaluated using a stereological system (newCAST), while peripheral GH and ACTH levels were determined biochemically. Our results demonstrated the reduction (p<0.05) of the volume density (37%) and volume of GH cells (29%) in the group A. Also, there was a tendency for the total number of GH cells to be smaller in the group A. Serum GH level was significantly decreased (p<0.05; 70%) in the group A when compared to control values. Moreover, prolonged alcohol exposure induced declines (p<0.05) in volume density (24%) and volume of ACTH cells (29%). The total number of ACTH cells and ACTH level were higher (p<0.05; 42%) in the group A than in control rats. Collectively, these results indicate that prolonged alcohol exposure leads not only to changes in GH and ACTH hormone levels, but also to alterations of the morphological aspects of GH and ACTH cells within the pituitary.
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18
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Rauš Balind S, Manojlović-Stojanoski M, Milošević V, Todorović D, Nikolić L, Petković B. Short- and long-term exposure to alternating magnetic field (50 Hz, 0.5 mT) affects rat pituitary ACTH cells: Stereological study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:461-468. [PMID: 25346405 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine does extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF, 50 Hz, 0.5 mT) affect pituitary adrenocorticotroph (ACTH) cells in adult animals. We performed two series of experiments: (1) short-term exposure of 3-month-old rats to ELF-MF for 1 and 7 days, and (2) long-term exposure of rats to ELF-MF from their conception to 3 months of age. Stereological study was performed on immunolabeled pituitary ACTH cells. The total number and volume of ACTH cells, the volume of their nuclei and pituitary volume were measured. ELF-MF exposure for 1 day significantly decreased total number and volume of ACTH cells, the volume of their nuclei, as well as pituitary volume. ELF-MF exposure for 7 days significantly reduced only the volume of ACTH cells. Life-long exposure to ELF-MF induced decrease in the volume of ACTH cells and pituitary volume. We can conclude that the applied ELF-MF has a strong influence on morphometrical parameters of the pituitary ACTH cells and could be considered as a stressogenic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snežana Rauš Balind
- Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Verica Milošević
- Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dajana Todorović
- Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Nikolić
- Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Petković
- Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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19
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Ye RS, Li M, Qi QE, Cheng X, Chen T, Li CY, Wang SB, Shu G, Wang LN, Zhu XT, Jiang QY, Xi QY, Zhang YL. Comparative Anterior Pituitary miRNA and mRNA Expression Profiles of Bama Minipigs and Landrace Pigs Reveal Potential Molecular Network Involved in Animal Postnatal Growth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131987. [PMID: 26134288 PMCID: PMC4489742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior pituitary is the most important endocrine organ modulating animal postnatal growth, mainly by controlling growth hormone (GH) gene transcription, synthesis, and secretion. As an ideal model for animal postnatal growth studies, the Bama minipig is characterized as having a lower growth performance and fewer individual differences compared with larger pig breeds. In this study, anterior pituitaries from Bama minipig and Landrace pig were used for miRNA and mRNA expression profile analysis using miRNA microarrays and mRNA-seq. Consequently, a total of 222 miRNAs and 12,909 transcripts were detected, and both miRNAs and mRNAs in the two breeds showed high correlation (r > 0.97). Additionally, 41 differentially expressed miRNAs and 2,254 transcripts were identified. Pathways analysis indicated that 32 pathways significantly differed in the two breeds. Importantly, two GH-regulation-signalling pathways, cAMP and inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate (IP3), and multiple GH-secretion-related transcripts were significantly down-regulated in Bama minipigs. Moreover, TargetScan and RNAHybrid algorithms were used for predicting differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs) and differentially expressed mRNAs (DE mRNAs) interaction. By examining their fold-changes, interestingly, most DE miRNA-DE mRNA target pairs (63.68-71.33%) presented negatively correlated expression pattern. A possible network among miRNAs, mRNAs, and GH-regulation pathways was also proposed. Among them, two miRNA-mRNA interactions (Y-47 targets FSHB; ssc-miR-133a-3p targets GNAI3) were validated by dual-luciferase assay. These data will be helpful in understanding the possible molecular mechanisms involved in animal postnatal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Song Ye
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics And Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Meng Li
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics And Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qi-En Qi
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics And Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics And Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics And Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chao-Yun Li
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics And Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Song-Bo Wang
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics And Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics And Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics And Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Zhu
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics And Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qing-Yan Jiang
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics And Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qian-Yun Xi
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics And Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- * E-mail: (YLZ); (QYX)
| | - Yong-Liang Zhang
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, Guandong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics And Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- * E-mail: (YLZ); (QYX)
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20
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Ong TH, Kissick DJ, Jansson ET, Comi TJ, Romanova EV, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. Classification of Large Cellular Populations and Discovery of Rare Cells Using Single Cell Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7036-42. [PMID: 26076060 PMCID: PMC4511976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell variability and functional heterogeneity are integral features of multicellular organisms. Chemical classification of cells into cell type is important for understanding cellular specialization as well as organismal function and organization. Assays to elucidate these chemical variations are best performed with single cell samples because tissue homogenates average the biochemical composition of many different cells and oftentimes include extracellular components. Several single cell microanalysis techniques have been developed but tend to be low throughput or require preselection of molecular probes that limit the information obtained. Mass spectrometry (MS) is an untargeted, multiplexed, and sensitive analytical method that is well-suited for studying chemically complex individual cells that have low analyte content. In this work, populations of cells from the rat pituitary, the rat pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and from the Aplysia californica nervous system, are classified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI) MS by their peptide content. Cells were dispersed onto a microscope slide to generate a sample where hundreds to thousands of cells were separately located. Optical imaging was used to determine the cell coordinates on the slide, and these locations were used to automate the MS measurements to targeted cells. Principal component analysis was used to classify cellular subpopulations. The method was modified to focus on the signals described by the lower principal components to explore rare cells having a unique peptide content. This approach efficiently uncovers and classifies cellular subtypes as well as discovers rare cells from large cellular populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Hsuan Ong
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David J Kissick
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Erik T Jansson
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Troy J Comi
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elena V Romanova
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stanislav S Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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21
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Xu Y, Hideshima M, Ishii Y, Yoshikawa Y, Kyuwa S. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase l1 is expressed in mouse pituitary gonadotropes in vivo and gonadotrope cell lines in vitro. Exp Anim 2014; 63:247-56. [PMID: 24770650 PMCID: PMC4160979 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a fundamental role in regulating various
biological activities. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) is a deubiquitinating
enzyme, belonging to the UPS. To date, it has been reported that UCH-L1 is highly and
restrictedly expressed in neural and reproductive tissues and plays significant roles in
these organs. Although the expression of UCH-L1 in the anterior pituitary gland has been
reported, the detailed localization and the role of UCH-L1 remain obscure. In the present
study, we detected UCH-L1 protein exclusively in hormone-producing cells, but not
non-hormone producing folliculostellate cells in the anterior pituitary lobe. In addition,
the cytoplasmic expression of UCH-L1 varied and was limited to gonadotropes and
mammotropes. To investigate the role of UCH-L1 in anterior pituitary cells, we performed a
comparative analysis using genetically UCH-L1-deficient gad mice.
Significant decreases in the numbers of gonadotropes and mammotropes were observed in
gad mice, suggesting a close involvement of UCH-L1 in these cells.
Moreover, we also determined the expression of UCH-L1 in cultured gonadotropes. Taken
together, this is the first report to definitely demonstrate the presence of UCH-L1 in
mouse anterior pituitary gland, and our results might provide a novel insight for better
understanding the role of UCH-L1 in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and in the
reproduction.
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22
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Wu S, Chen Y, Fajobi T, DiVall SA, Chang C, Yeh S, Wolfe A. Conditional knockout of the androgen receptor in gonadotropes reveals crucial roles for androgen in gonadotropin synthesis and surge in female mice. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1670-81. [PMID: 25157703 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome is the major cause of infertility in reproductive aged women. Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with high circulating levels of androgens and impaired metabolic function. The goal of this study was to understand how androgen signaling via the androgen receptor (AR) affects reproductive function. We knocked out the AR gene specifically in pituitary gonadotropes (PitARKO) to explore the role of androgen on the development of reproductive function in female mice. There was no difference in the age of puberty between control and PitARKO littermates, which was assessed by the ages of vaginal opening and first estrus. Cyclicity and fertility were also studied, and there was no significant difference between control and PitARKO mice. We observed a significant decrease in basal FSH serum and mRNA levels with no corresponding change in LH serum and mRNA levels. Although the numbers of litters born to control and PitARKO females were the same, the litter size was significantly smaller for PitARKO mice. The LH and FSH responses to ovariectomy was altered with reduced LH/FSH hormone and mRNA levels in PitARKO females. This reduction may be due to reduced expression of activin A/B and gnrhr. The preovulatory surge levels of LH and FSH were dramatically lower in PitARKO mice. The number of corpora lutea was decreased whereas the number of antral follicles was similar between control and PitARKO mice. Overall the pituitary AR contributes to the elaboration of the LH surge and normal reproductive function by regulating LH/FSH expression and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wu
- Pediatrics Department (S.W., Y.C., T.F., S.A.D., A.W.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21286; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642; and Department of Urology and Pathology (S.Y.), University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
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23
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Choi YS, Lee HJ, Ku CR, Cho YH, Seo MR, Lee YJ, Lee EJ. FoxO1 is a negative regulator of FSHβ gene expression in basal and GnRH-stimulated conditions in female. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2277-86. [PMID: 24437485 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The importance of forkhead box class O (FoxO) proteins in reproductive endocrinology has been confirmed by age-dependent infertility in females in a FoxO3a-knockout mouse model. In this study, FoxO1 was detected in gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary. Overexpression of FoxO1 in primary pituitary cells decreased FSHβ gene expression in both basal and GnRH-stimulated conditions, and this result was replicated by the human FSHβ promoter activity. Although direct binding of FoxO1 to FoxO-binding element (FBE) (at -124 to -119 bp of the human FSHβ promoter) was not detected in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, a DNA pull-down assay and transfection study using the mutant FBE reporter vector revealed that FBE is necessary in FSHβ suppression by FoxO1, suggestive of other cofactor requirements. GnRH stimulated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway, which induced posttranslational modification of FoxO1 and retained it in the cytoplasm. We also confirmed this result in primary cell cultures; most of the FoxO1 was detected in the cytoplasm when treated with GnRH but in the nucleus when the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway was inhibited. These findings suggest that FoxO1 is regulated by the GnRH signaling pathway and functions as a negative regulator of FSHβ gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Suk Choi
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research (Y.-S.C., H.J.L., C.R.K., Y.H.C., M.R.S., E.J.L.), Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science (Y.-S.C., H.J.L., E.J.L.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.J.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, 120-752, Seoul, Korea
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24
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van Rijn SJ, Tryfonidou MA, Hanson JM, Penning LC, Meij BP. Stem cells in the canine pituitary gland and in pituitary adenomas. Vet Q 2014; 33:217-24. [PMID: 24320563 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2013.873961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cushing's disease (CD) or pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism is a common endocrinopathy in dogs, with an estimated prevalence of 1 or 2 in 1000 dogs per year. It is caused by an adrenocorticotropic hormone secreting adenoma in the pars distalis or pars intermedia of the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is a small endocrine gland located in the pituitary fossa. In the postnatal individual, the hypothalamus-pituitary axis plays a central role in maintaining homeostatic functions, like control of metabolism, reproduction, and growth. Stem cells are suggested to play a role in the homeostatic adaptations of the adult pituitary gland, such as the rapid specific cell-type expansion in response to pregnancy or lactation. Several cell populations have been suggested as pituitary stem cells, such as Side Population cells and cells expressing Sox2 or Nestin. These cell populations are discussed in this review. Also, stem and progenitor cells are thought to play a role in pituitary tumorigenesis, such as the development of pituitary adenomas in dogs. There are limited reports on the role of stem cells in pituitary adenomas, especially in dogs. Further studies are needed to identify and characterize this cell population and to develop specific cell targeting therapeutic strategies as a new way of treating canine CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J van Rijn
- a Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , PO Box 80154, 3508 TD , Utrecht , the Netherlands
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Mechanisms underlying the increased plasma ACTH levels in chronic psychosocially stressed male mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84161. [PMID: 24376791 PMCID: PMC3871658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice exposed to chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC, 19 days), an established paradigm for chronic psychosocial stress, show unaffected basal morning plasma corticosterone (CORT) concentrations, despite enlarged adrenal glands and an increased CORT response to an acute heterotypic stressor. In the present study we investigate the mechanisms underlying these phenomena at the level of the pituitary. We show that both basal and acute stressor-induced (forced swim (FS), 6 min) plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations, the number of total and corticotroph pituitary cells, and relative protein expression of pituitary mineralocorticoid receptor and FK506-binding protein 51 was increased in CSC compared with single-housed control (SHC) mice, while relative corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) receptor 1 (CRH-R1) and glucocorticoid receptor protein expression was down-regulated. Relative pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin and arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptor 1b (AVPR-1b) protein expression, FS (6 min)-induced ACTH secretion in dexamethasone-blocked mice, and the number of AVP positive magnocellular and parvocellular neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) was unaffected following CSC. Taken together, the data of the present study indicate that 19 days of CSC result in pituitary hyperactivity, under both basal and acute heterotypic stress conditions. Although further studies have to assess this in detail, an increased number of pituitary corticotrophs together with unaffected relative pituitary AVPR-1b and decreased CRH-R1 protein expression following CSC suggests that pituitary hyperdrive is mediated by newly formed corticotrophs that are more sensitive to AVP than CRH. Moreover, our data indicate that changes in PVN AVP and negative feedback inhibition seem not to play a major role in pituitary hyperactivity following CSC.
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Expression stability of reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR of healthy and diseased pituitary tissue samples varies between humans, mice, and dogs. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:893-9. [PMID: 24135907 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary surgery generates pituitary tissue for histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular biological research. In the last decade, the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas has been extensively studied in humans, and to a lesser degree in dogs, and tumor oncogenesis has been studied in knock-out mice, often by means of quantitative reversed-transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR). A precondition of such analyses is that so-called reference genes are stably expressed regardless of changes in disease status or treatment. In this study, the expression of six frequently used reference genes, namely, tata box binding protein (tbp), tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta polypeptide (ywhaz), hydroxymethylbilane synthase (hmbs), beta-2-microglobulin (b2m), succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (sdha), and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (gapdh), was studied in pituitary tissue (normal and adenoma) from three species (humans, mice, and dogs). The stability of expression of these reference genes differed between species and between healthy and diseased tissue within one species. Quantitative analysis based on a single reference gene that is assumed to be stably expressed might lead to wrong conclusions. This cross-species analysis clearly emphasizes the need to evaluate the expression stability of reference genes as a standard and integral aspect of study design and data analysis, in order to improve the validity of the conclusions drawn on the basis of quantitative molecular analyses.
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Schaefer S, Hassa PO, Sieber-Ruckstuhl NS, Piechotta M, Reusch CE, Roschitzki B, Boretti FS. Characterization of recombinant human and bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone preparations by mass spectrometry and determination of their endotoxin content. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:141. [PMID: 23870652 PMCID: PMC3717043 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The TSH stimulation test to confirm canine hypothyroidism is commonly performed using a recombinant human TSH (rhTSH), as up to date, canine TSH is not yet commercially available. Limiting factors for the use of rhTSH are its high costs and occasional difficulties in product availability. Less expensive bovine TSH preparations (bTSH) purified from bovine pituitary glands are readily commercially available. The aim of this study was to evaluate two different bTSH products as alternative to rhTSH using mass spectrometry. Results More than 50 proteins, including other pituitary hormones, bovine albumin, hemoglobin, and tissue proteins were identified in the bTSH preparations. In contrast, rhTSH proved to be a highly pure product. Significantly higher endotoxin levels could be detected in all bTSH products compared to the rhTSH. Conclusions Both bTSH products are crude mixtures and therefore not an acceptable alternative to rhTSH. Their use should be discouraged to prevent unintended side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schaefer
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Toescu EC, Dayanithi G. Neuroendocrine signalling: natural variations on a Ca2+ theme. Cell Calcium 2012; 51:207-11. [PMID: 22385835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This special issue on Ca(2+) signalling in neuroendocrine cells is an opportunity to assess, through a range of first-class review articles, the complex world of endocrine signalling, a complexity that is probably best captured by calling it "diversity in unity". The unity comes from the fact that all the endocrine cells are excitable cells, able to generate action potentials and are using Ca(2+) as an essential informational molecule, coupling cell stimulation with the activation of secretion, through the exocytotic process. The 'diversity' element, illustrated by almost all the reviews, stems from the modalities employed to achieve the increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) signal, the balance between the participation of Ca(2+) entry through the plasma membrane voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels and the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular Ca(2+) stores, and the cross-talk between the Ca(2+) and cyclic AMP signalling pathways.
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Perdonà E, Arban R, Griffante C. Distinct receptor subtypes mediate arginine vasopressin-dependent ACTH release and intracellular calcium mobilization in rat pituitary cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 679:16-23. [PMID: 22285855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release and intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) increase induced by arginine vasopressin (AVP) were characterized in collagenase-dispersed and 3-day cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. AVP and the selective vasopressin V(1b) receptor agonist, [1-deamino-4-cyclohexylalanine]AVP (d[Cha(4)]AVP) induced ACTH release with nanomolar potencies in both cell preparations, and produced a maximal stimulation that was about 1.5 fold greater in the 3-day cultured cells, indicating that the vasopressin V(1b) receptor-ACTH release pathway is enhanced over time in culture. In dispersed cells, AVP, oxytocin and d[Cha(4)]AVP induced [Ca(2+)](i) increases with nanomolar potencies. The selective vasopressin V(1a) receptors antagonist, SR49059 (100 nM), together with the selective oxytocin receptors antagonist (d(CH(2))(5)(1)Tyr(Me)(2),Thr(4),Orn(8),Tyr-NH(2)(9)-vasotocin (100 nM), inhibited the maximal AVP response by ~70%, without affecting the response to d[Cha(4)]AVP, suggesting that the V(1b) receptor was only partially responsible for the AVP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase. In contrast, in 3-day cultures, AVP induced an increase in [Ca(2+)](i), while oxytocin and d[Cha(4)]AVP did not. The response to AVP was completely antagonized by SR49059, whereas the vasopressin V(1b) receptor antagonists, SSR149415 and (d(CH(2))(5)(1)Tyr(Me)(2),Thr(4),Orn(8),Tyr-NH(2)(9))-vasotocin had no effect, indicating that the [Ca(2+)](i) increase was mediated exclusively by vasopressin V(1a) receptors. In conclusion, the enhancement of vasopressin V(1b) receptor-mediated ACTH release and the lack of a detectable vasopressin V(1b) receptor coupling to [Ca(2+)](i) increase in cultured cells suggests the activation of a different/additional signaling pathway in the molecular mechanism of ACTH release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Perdonà
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, 37135 Verona, Italy.
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Identification and characterisation of side population cells in the canine pituitary gland. Vet J 2011; 192:476-82. [PMID: 21813305 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To date, stem/progenitor cells have not been identified in the canine pituitary gland. Cells that efficiently exclude the vital dye Hoechst 33342 can be visualised and identified using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) as a 'side population' (SP), distinct from the main population (MP). Such SPs have been identified in several tissues and display stem/progenitor cell characteristics. In this study, a small SP (1.3%, n=6) was detected in the anterior pituitary glands of healthy dogs. Quantitative PCR indicated significantly higher expression of CD34 and Thy1 in this SP, but no differences in the expression of CD133, Bmi-1, Axin2 or Shh. Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and Lhx3 expression were significantly higher in the MP than in the SP, but no differences in the expression of Tpit, GH or PRL were found. The study demonstrated the existence of an SP of cells in the normal canine pituitary gland, encompassing cells with stem cell characteristics and without POMC expression.
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Vujovic P, Lakic I, Laketa D, Jasnic N, Djurasevic SF, Cvijic G, Djordjevic J. Time-dependent effects of starvation on serum, pituitary and hypothalamic leptin levels in rats. Physiol Res 2011; 60:S165-70. [PMID: 21777028 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is produced by white adipose tissue and other cell types and is involved in both short- and long-term appetite control. Here we studied effects of starvation on serum, pituitary and hypothalamic levels of leptin during 72 h period. Each of the starved groups was sacrificed simultaneously with the group of ad libitum fed animals. The progression of the discrete starvation response phases was monitored by testing the blood glucose, free fatty acid, urea and corticosterone levels. Starvation caused biphasic increase in corticosterone and free fatty acid levels, and significant but transient decrease in urea and glucose levels. Starvation also abolished diurnal rhythm of changes in leptin concentrations in serum and hypothalamic and pituitary tissues. Only 6 h starving period was sufficient to lock serum leptin at low levels, whereas 12 h were needed to silence leptin production/secretion in hypothalamus for the whole examined period. In contrast, leptin production by pituitary tissues of starved animals required 24 h to reach minimum, followed by full recovery by the end of starvation period. These results indicate the tissue specific pattern of leptin release and suggest that the locally produced leptin could activate its receptor in pituitary cells independently of serum levels of this hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vujovic
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Hoivik EA, Bjanesoy TE, Mai O, Okamoto S, Minokoshi Y, Shima Y, Morohashi KI, Boehm U, Bakke M. DNA methylation of intronic enhancers directs tissue-specific expression of steroidogenic factor 1/adrenal 4 binding protein (SF-1/Ad4BP). Endocrinology 2011; 152:2100-12. [PMID: 21343250 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1/adrenal 4 binding protein (SF-1/Ad4BP) is an essential regulator of endocrine development and function, and the expression of the corresponding gene (sf-1/ad4bp) is precisely regulated in a time- and tissue-dependent manner. We previously demonstrated that the basal promoter of sf-1/ad4bp is controlled by DNA methylation and that its methylation status reflects the expression pattern of SF-1/Ad4BP. Recently, three intronic enhancers were identified in the sf-1/ad4bp gene that target SF-1/Ad4BP expression to the fetal adrenal (FAdE; fetal adrenal-specific enhancer), to pituitary gonadotropes (PGE; pituitary gonadotrope-specific enhancer), and to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMHE; ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus-specific enhancer). Here, we demonstrate that the activity of these enhancers is correlated with their DNA methylation status. We show that they are hypomethylated in tissues where they are active and generally hypermethylated in tissues where they are not active. Furthermore, we demonstrate in transient transfection experiments that forced DNA methylation represses reporter gene activity driven by these enhancers. These data directly demonstrate a functional significance for the enhancers' methylation status. Intriguingly, further analyses of the basal promoter in gonadotropes revealed that it is methylated in these cells, in contrast to other SF-1/Ad4BP-expressing tissues. Consistent with this, sf-1/ad4bp is transcribed from an alternative promoter in gonadotropes. Taken together, our experiments show that the tissue-specific expression of SF-1/Ad4BP is epigenetically regulated and identify tissue-specific differentially methylated regions within the sf-1/ad4bp locus that are essential for its transcriptional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erling A Hoivik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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van Rijn SJ, Grinwis GCM, Penning LC, Meij BP. Expression of Ki-67, PCNA, and p27kip1 in canine pituitary corticotroph adenomas. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2010; 38:244-52. [PMID: 20022446 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism (PDH), which is caused by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenomas, is a common endocrinopathy in dogs. Dogs with non-enlarged pituitaries harboring a microadenoma have a better prognosis than those with enlarged pituitaries. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the proliferation markers Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the cell-cycle inhibitor p27kip1 in corticotroph adenomas in enlarged and non-enlarged pituitaries. The expression of Ki-67, PCNA, and p27kip1 was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining of 17 pituitary adenoma samples harvested during pituitary surgery in dogs with PDH. The labeling index was calculated by counting the number of immunopositive cells per 1,000 cells. The mean (+/- standard deviation) labeling index for Ki-67 was 8.4%+/-14.2% for the group with enlarged pituitaries, and 8.8%+/-5.5% for the group with non-enlarged pituitaries; that for PCNA was 35.5%+/-12.2% and 37.0%+/-15.5%; and that for p27kip1 was 29.3%+/-22.6% and 42.5%+/-27.9%, respectively. No significant differences in Ki-67, PCNA, and p27kip1 labeling indices were found between enlarged and non-enlarged pituitaries. However, a trend toward significance was observed when comparing the expression of p27kip1 in enlarged pituitaries versus normal pituitary tissue. It is concluded that Ki-67 and PCNA are not useful as proliferative markers for studying the pathobiology of pituitary corticotroph adenomas in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J van Rijn
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Ma Y, Qi X, Du J, Song S, Feng D, Qi J, Zhu Z, Zhang X, Xiao H, Han Z, Hao X. Identification of candidate genes for human pituitary development by EST analysis. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:109. [PMID: 19284880 PMCID: PMC2664823 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pituitary is a critical neuroendocrine gland that is comprised of five hormone-secreting cell types, which develops in tandem during the embryonic stage. Some essential genes have been identified in the early stage of adenohypophysial development, such as PITX1, FGF8, BMP4 and SF-1. However, it is likely that a large number of signaling molecules and transcription factors essential for determination and terminal differentiation of specific cell types remain unidentified. High-throughput methods such as microarray analysis may facilitate the measurement of gene transcriptional levels, while Expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing, an efficient method for gene discovery and expression level analysis, may no-redundantly help to understand gene expression patterns during development. Results A total of 9,271 ESTs were generated from both fetal and adult pituitaries, and assigned into 961 gene/EST clusters in fetal and 2,747 in adult pituitary by homology analysis. The transcription maps derived from these data indicated that developmentally relevant genes, such as Sox4, ST13 and ZNF185, were dominant in the cDNA library of fetal pituitary, while hormones and hormone-associated genes, such as GH1, GH2, POMC, LHβ, CHGA and CHGB, were dominant in adult pituitary. Furthermore, by using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization, Sox4 was found to be one of the main transcription factors expressed in fetal pituitary for the first time. It was expressed at least at E12.5, but decreased after E17.5. In addition, 40 novel ESTs were identified specifically in this tissue. Conclusion The significant changes in gene expression in both tissues suggest a distinct and dynamic switch between embryonic and adult pituitaries. All these data along with Sox4 should be confirmed to further understand the community of multiple signaling pathways that act as a cooperative network that regulates maturation of the pituitary. It was also suggested that EST sequencing is an efficient means of gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyun Ma
- Center for Clinical Laboratory Medicine of PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
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de Graaff LCG, Baan J, Govaerts LCP, Hokken-Koelega ACS. Facial and pituitary morphology are related in Dutch patients with GH deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 69:112-6. [PMID: 18182094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Classical GH deficiency (GHD) is associated with typical phenotypic features. We have analysed standardized photographs of 137 Caucasian patients with GHD, in order to examine the relations between auxological, biochemical, pituitary and facial morphometric features. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS We analysed pictures of 137 patients: 73 (55 Males/18 Females) with Isolated GHD and 64 (48 M/16 F) with multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD). Of each patient, standardized frontal and lateral digital pictures were taken and analysed using Adobe Photoshop 5.0. RESULTS Canthal index (CI), the relative distance between the eyes, was related to pituitary morphology. Patients with an ectopic posterior pituitary (EPP) had significantly higher CI values than patients without EPP. We found CI > 39 to be a good cut-off value to select children with highest probability of having EPP. The combination of CI > 39 with the presence of hormonal deficiencies additional to GHD strongly predicted EPP: 93% of the patients with a CI > 39 and additional hormonal deficiencies had EPP, in contrast to 77% of the patients with additional hormonal deficiencies but a CI < 39, and 29% of the patients with none of these criteria (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION CI, measured on digital pictures, is associated with ectopia of the posterior pituitary and this might be caused by an altered midline development, affecting both the pituitary and the facial structures of GHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C G de Graaff
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Luque RM, Amargo G, Ishii S, Lobe C, Franks R, Kiyokawa H, Kineman RD. Reporter expression, induced by a growth hormone promoter-driven Cre recombinase (rGHp-Cre) transgene, questions the developmental relationship between somatotropes and lactotropes in the adult mouse pituitary gland. Endocrinology 2007; 148:1946-53. [PMID: 17289844 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the development and validation of the rGHp-Cre transgenic mouse that allows for selective Cre-mediated recombination of loxP-modified alleles in the GH-producing cells of the anterior pituitary. Initial screening of the rGHp-Cre parental line showed Cre mRNA was specifically expressed in the anterior pituitary gland of adult Cre+/- mice and cephalic extracts of e17 Cre+/- fetuses. Heterozygote rGHp-Cre transgenic mice were crossbred with Z/AP reporter mice to generate Cre+/-,Z/AP+/- offspring. In this model system, the GH promoter-driven, Cre-mediated recombination of the Z/AP reporter leads to human placental alkaline phosphatase (hPLAP) expression that serves to mark cells that currently produce GH, in addition to cells that would have differentiated from GH cells but currently do not express the GH gene. Double immunocytochemistry of adult male and female Cre+/-,Z/AP+/- pituitary cells revealed the majority (approximately 99%) of GH-producing cells of the anterior pituitary also expressed hPLAP, whereas ACTH-, TSH-, and LH-producing cells were negative for hPLAP, confirming previous reports that corticotropes, thyrotropes, and gonadotropes develop independently of the somatotrope lineage. A small subset (approximately 10%) of the prolactin-producing cells was positive for hPLAP, consistent with previous reports showing lactotropes can arise from somatotropes during pituitary development. However, the fact that 90% of prolactin-producing cells were negative for hPLAP suggests that the majority of lactotropes in the adult mouse pituitary gland develop independently of the somatotrope lineage. In addition to developmental studies, the rGHp-Cre transgenic mouse will provide a versatile tool to study the role of a variety of genes in somatotrope function and neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul M Luque
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Dickinson A, Sive H. Positioning the extreme anterior in Xenopus: cement gland, primary mouth and anterior pituitary. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 18:525-33. [PMID: 17509913 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The extreme anterior of the deuterostome embryo is unusual in that ectoderm and endoderm are directly juxtaposed, without intervening mesoderm. In all vertebrates, this region gives rise to the anterior pituitary, the primary mouth and, in most frogs, to the mucus-secreting cement gland. Using the frog Xenopus laevis as a paradigm, we suggest that, initially, the extreme anterior forms a homogenous domain characterized by expression of pitx genes. Subsequently, this domain becomes subdivided to form these three different structures under the influence of different inductive signals from surrounding tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dickinson
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
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