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Marriott AS, Vasieva O, Fang Y, Copeland NA, McLennan AG, Jones NJ. NUDT2 Disruption Elevates Diadenosine Tetraphosphate (Ap4A) and Down-Regulates Immune Response and Cancer Promotion Genes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154674. [PMID: 27144453 PMCID: PMC4856261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression is one of several roles proposed for the stress-induced nucleotide diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A). We have examined this directly by a comparative RNA-Seq analysis of KBM-7 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells and KBM-7 cells in which the NUDT2 Ap4A hydrolase gene had been disrupted (NuKO cells), causing a 175-fold increase in intracellular Ap4A. 6,288 differentially expressed genes were identified with P < 0.05. Of these, 980 were up-regulated and 705 down-regulated in NuKO cells with a fold-change ≥ 2. Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA®) was used to assign these genes to known canonical pathways and functional networks. Pathways associated with interferon responses, pattern recognition receptors and inflammation scored highly in the down-regulated set of genes while functions associated with MHC class II antigens were prominent among the up-regulated genes, which otherwise showed little organization into major functional gene sets. Tryptophan catabolism was also strongly down-regulated as were numerous genes known to be involved in tumor promotion in other systems, with roles in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Conversely, some pro-apoptotic genes were up-regulated. Major upstream factors predicted by IPA® for gene down-regulation included NFκB, STAT1/2, IRF3/4 and SP1 but no major factors controlling gene up-regulation were identified. Potential mechanisms for gene regulation mediated by Ap4A and/or NUDT2 disruption include binding of Ap4A to the HINT1 co-repressor, autocrine activation of purinoceptors by Ap4A, chromatin remodeling, effects of NUDT2 loss on transcript stability, and inhibition of ATP-dependent regulatory factors such as protein kinases by Ap4A. Existing evidence favors the last of these as the most probable mechanism. Regardless, our results suggest that the NUDT2 protein could be a novel cancer chemotherapeutic target, with its inhibition potentially exerting strong anti-tumor effects via multiple pathways involving metastasis, invasion, immunosuppression and apoptosis.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dinucleoside Phosphates/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/deficiency
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Marriott
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Vasieva
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Yongxiang Fang
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Nikki A. Copeland
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G. McLennan
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AGM); (NJJ)
| | - Nigel J. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AGM); (NJJ)
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Structural and functional attributes of malaria parasite diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19981. [PMID: 26829485 PMCID: PMC4734340 DOI: 10.1038/srep19981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria symptoms are driven by periodic multiplication cycles of Plasmodium parasites in human red blood corpuscles (RBCs). Malaria infection still accounts for ~600,000 annual deaths, and hence discovery of both new drug targets and drugs remains vital. In the present study, we have investigated the malaria parasite enzyme diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) hydrolase that regulates levels of signalling molecules like Ap4A by hydrolyzing them to ATP and AMP. We have tracked the spatial distribution of parasitic Ap4A hydrolase in infected RBCs, and reveal its unusual localization on the infected RBC membrane in subpopulation of infected cells. Interestingly, enzyme activity assays reveal an interaction between Ap4A hydrolase and the parasite growth inhibitor suramin. We also present a high resolution crystal structure of Ap4A hydrolase in apo- and sulphate- bound state, where the sulphate resides in the enzyme active site by mimicking the phosphate of substrates like Ap4A. The unexpected infected erythrocyte localization of the parasitic Ap4A hydrolase hints at a possible role of this enzyme in purinerigic signaling. In addition, atomic structure of Ap4A hydrolase provides insights for selective drug targeting.
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Carmi-Levy I, Motzik A, Ofir-Birin Y, Yagil Z, Yang CM, Kemeny DM, Han JM, Kim S, Kay G, Nechushtan H, Suzuki R, Rivera J, Razin E. Importin beta plays an essential role in the regulation of the LysRS-Ap(4)A pathway in immunologically activated mast cells. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:2111-21. [PMID: 21402779 PMCID: PMC3133347 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01159-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase (Ap(4)A hydrolase) plays a critical role in gene expression via regulation of intracellular Ap(4)A levels. This enzyme serves as a component of our newly described lysyl tRNA synthetase (LysRS)-Ap(4)A biochemical pathway that is triggered upon immunological challenge. Here we explored the mechanism of this enzyme's translocation into the nucleus and found its immunologically dependent association with importin beta. Silencing of importin beta prevented Ap(4)A hydrolase nuclear translocation and affected the local concentration of Ap(4)A, which led to an increase in microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) transcriptional activity. Furthermore, immunological activation of mast cells resulted in dephosphorylation of Ap(4)A hydrolase, which changed the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Carmi-Levy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research—Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Alex Motzik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research—Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yifat Ofir-Birin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research—Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Zohar Yagil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research—Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Christopher Maolin Yang
- Immunology Program and Department of Microbiology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore
| | - David Michael Kemeny
- Immunology Program and Department of Microbiology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jung Min Han
- Center for Medicinal Protein Network and Systems Biology and the Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for ARS Network, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Gillian Kay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research—Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Hovav Nechushtan
- Oncology Department, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3675
| | - Juan Rivera
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3675
| | - Ehud Razin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research—Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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