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Isoe J, Petchampai N, Joseph V, Scaraffia PY. Ornithine decarboxylase deficiency critically impairs nitrogen metabolism and survival in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22279. [PMID: 35344219 PMCID: PMC8969881 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200008r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; EC 4.1.1.17) catalyzes the conversion of ornithine to putrescine, the rate-limiting first step for de novo polyamine biosynthesis. Previously, we reported that genetic knockdown of xanthine dehydrogenase 1 (XDH1)-a gene encoding the enzyme involved in the last two steps of uric acid synthesis-causes an increase in ODC transcript levels in fat body of blood-fed Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, suggesting a crosstalk at molecular level between XDH1 and ODC during nitrogen disposal. To further investigate the role of ODC in nitrogen metabolism, we conducted several biochemical and genetic analyses in sugar- and blood-fed A. aegypti females. Distinct ODC gene and protein expression patterns were observed in mosquito tissues dissected during the first gonotrophic cycle. Both pharmacological and RNA interference-mediated knockdown of ODC negatively impacted mosquito survival, disrupted nitrogen waste disposal, delayed oviposition onset, and decreased fecundity in vitellogenic blood-fed females. A lag in the expression of two major digestive serine proteases, a reduction of blood meal digestion in the midgut, and a decrease in vitellogenin yolk protein uptake in ovarian follicles were observed by western blots in ODC-deficient females. Moreover, genetic silencing of ODC showed a broad transcriptional modulation of genes encoding proteins involved in multiple metabolic pathways in mosquito fat body, midgut, and Malpighian tubules prior to and after blood feeding. All together, these data demonstrate that ODC plays an essential role in mosquito metabolism, and that ODC crosstalks with multiple genes and proteins to prevent deadly nitrogen perturbations in A. aegypti females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Isoe
- Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Natthida Petchampai
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vena Joseph
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Patricia Y Scaraffia
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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2
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Igarashi K, Kashiwagi K. Functional roles of polyamines and their metabolite acrolein in eukaryotic cells. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1473-1492. [PMID: 34546444 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03073-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Among low molecular weight substances, polyamines (spermidine, spermine and their precursor putrescine) are present in eukaryotic cells at the mM level together with ATP and glutathione. It is expected therefore that polyamines play important roles in cell proliferation and viability. Polyamines mainly exist as a polyamine-RNA complex and regulate protein synthesis. It was found that polyamines enhance translation from inefficient mRNAs. The detailed mechanisms of polyamine stimulation of specific kinds of protein syntheses and the physiological functions of these proteins are described in this review. Spermine is metabolized into acrolein (CH2 = CH-CHO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by spermine oxidase. Although it is thought that cell damage is mainly caused by reactive oxygen species (O2-, H2O2, and •OH), it was found that acrolein is much more toxic than H2O2. Accordingly, the level of acrolein produced becomes a useful biomarker for several tissue-damage diseases like brain stroke. Thus, the mechanisms of cell toxicity caused by acrolein are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuei Igarashi
- Amine Pharma Research Institute, Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, 1-8-15 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Keiko Kashiwagi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
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3
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Sakamoto A, Terui Y, Uemura T, Igarashi K, Kashiwagi K. Translational Regulation of Clock Genes BMAL1 and REV-ERBα by Polyamines. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1307. [PMID: 33525630 PMCID: PMC7865260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines stimulate the synthesis of specific proteins at the level of translation, and the genes encoding these proteins are termed as the "polyamine modulon". The circadian clock generates daily rhythms in mammalian physiology and behavior. We investigated the role of polyamines in the circadian rhythm using control and polyamine-reduced NIH3T3 cells. The intracellular polyamines exhibited a rhythm with a period of about 24 h. In the polyamine-reduced NIH3T3 cells, the circadian period of circadian clock genes was lengthened and the synthesis of BMAL1 and REV-ERBα was significantly reduced at the translation level. Thus, the mechanism of polyamine stimulation of these protein syntheses was analyzed using NIH3T3 cells transiently transfected with genes encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion mRNA with normal or mutated 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of Bmal1 or Rev-erbα mRNA. It was found that polyamines stimulated BMAL1 and REV-ERBα synthesis through the enhancement of ribosomal shunting during the ribosome shunting within the 5'-UTR of mRNAs. Accordingly, the genes encoding Bmal1 and Rev-erbα were identified as the members of "polyamine modulon", and these two proteins are significantly involved in the circadian rhythm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Sakamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan; (A.S.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yusuke Terui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan; (A.S.); (Y.T.)
| | - Takeshi Uemura
- Amine Pharma Research Institute, Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, Chiba 260-0856, Japan; (T.U.); (K.I.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazuei Igarashi
- Amine Pharma Research Institute, Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, Chiba 260-0856, Japan; (T.U.); (K.I.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Keiko Kashiwagi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan; (A.S.); (Y.T.)
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4
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Uemura T, Suzuki T, Ko K, Nakamura M, Dohmae N, Sakamoto A, Terui Y, Toida T, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K. Structural change and degradation of cytoskeleton due to the acrolein conjugation with vimentin and actin during brain infarction. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:414-421. [PMID: 33070462 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have found recently that dendritic spine extension is inhibited through acrolein conjugation with α- and β-tubulin proteins during brain infarction. In this current study, we looked for other acrolein-conjugated proteins in the 100,000g precipitate fraction, to clarify how cytoskeleton structure is modified by acrolein. Acrolein-conjugated proteins were sought from acrolein-treated mouse FM3A and Neuro2a cells and from tissues isolated from mouse brain infarction. It was found that vimentin was conjugated with acrolein, and the conjugated amino acid residue was Cys328, which is the only Cys residue in vimentin. It was also found that Cys207, 257, 285, and Lys118 in actin, another cytoskeleton protein, were conjugated with acrolein. The structure and localization of vimentin and actin filaments were changed greatly in infarct brain in photochemically induced thrombosis model mice and in acrolein-treated Neuro2a cells. In addition, degradation of cytoskeleton proteins was accelerated in the order vimentin > tubulin > actin in mouse brain infarction. These findings indicate that a dysfunction of the cytoskeleton by acrolein is strongly involved in the tissue damage during brain infarction, together with the apoptosis caused by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and protein degradation by matrix metalloproteinase-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Uemura
- Amine Pharma Research Institute, Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenta Ko
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nakamura
- Amine Pharma Research Institute, Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sakamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Terui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiko Kashiwagi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuei Igarashi
- Amine Pharma Research Institute, Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
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Sakamoto A, Terui Y, Uemura T, Igarashi K, Kashiwagi K. Polyamines regulate gene expression by stimulating translation of histone acetyltransferase mRNAs. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8736-8745. [PMID: 32376690 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines regulate gene expression in Escherichia coli by translationally stimulating mRNAs encoding global transcription factors. In this study, we focused on histone acetylation, one of the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation of gene expression, to attempt to clarify the role of polyamines in the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. We found that activities of histone acetyltransferases in both the nucleus and cytoplasm decreased significantly in polyamine-reduced mouse mammary carcinoma FM3A cells. Although protein levels of histones H3 and H4 did not change in control and polyamine-reduced cells, acetylation of histones H3 and H4 was greatly decreased in the polyamine-reduced cells. Next, we used control and polyamine-reduced cells to identify histone acetyltransferases whose synthesis is stimulated by polyamines. We found that polyamines stimulate the translation of histone acetyltransferases GCN5 and HAT1. Accordingly, GCN5- and HAT1-catalyzed acetylation of specific lysine residues on histones H3 and H4 was stimulated by polyamines. Consistent with these findings, transcription of genes required for cell proliferation was enhanced by polyamines. These results indicate that polyamines regulate gene expression by enhancing the expression of the histone acetyltransferases GCN5 and HAT1 at the level of translation. Mechanistically, polyamines enhanced the interaction of microRNA-7648-5p (miR-7648-5p) with the 5'-UTR of GCN5 mRNA, resulting in stimulation of translation due to the destabilization of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) between the 5'-UTR and the ORF of GCN5 mRNA. Because HAT1 mRNA has a short 5'-UTR, polyamines may enhance initiation complex formation directly on this mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Sakamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Terui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Kazuei Igarashi
- Amine Pharma Research Institute, Chiba, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiko Kashiwagi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan.
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KLF4 is required for suppression of histamine synthesis by polyamines during bone marrow-derived mast cell differentiation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229744. [PMID: 32101568 PMCID: PMC7043748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells have secretory granules containing chemical mediators such as histamine and play important roles in the immune system. Polyamines are essential factors for cellular processes such as gene expression and translation. It has been reported that secretory granules contain both histamine and polyamines, which have similar chemical structures and are produced from the metabolism of cationic amino acids. We investigated the effect of polyamine depletion on mast cells using bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Polyamine depletion was induced using α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase. DFMO treatment resulted in a significant reduction of cell number and abnormal secretory granules in BMMCs. Moreover, the cells showed a 2.3-fold increase in intracellular histamine and up-regulation of histidine decarboxylase (HDC) at the transcriptional level during BMMC differentiation. Levels of the transcription factor kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) greatly decreased upon DFMO treatment; however, Klf4 mRNA was expressed at levels similar to controls. We determined the translational regulation of KLF4 using reporter genes encoding Klf4-luc2 fusion mRNA, for transfecting NIH3T3 cells, and performed in vitro translation. We found that the efficiency of KLF4 synthesis in response to DFMO treatment was enhanced by the existence of a GC-rich 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) on Klf4 mRNA, regardless of the recognition of the initiation codon. Taken together, these results indicate that the enhancement of histamine synthesis by DFMO depends on the up-regulation of Hdc expression, achieved by removal of transcriptional suppression of KLF4, during differentiation.
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The functional role of polyamines in eukaryotic cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 107:104-115. [PMID: 30578954 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines, consisting of putrescine, spermidine and spermine are essential for normal cell growth and viability in eukaryotic cells. Since polyamines are cations, they interact with DNA, ATP, phospholipids, specific kinds of proteins, and especially with RNA. Consequently, the functions of these acidic compounds and some proteins are modified by polyamines. In this review, the functional modifications of these molecules by polyamines are presented. Structural change of specific mRNAs by polyamines causes the stimulation of the synthesis of several different proteins, which are important for cell growth and viability. eIF5 A, the only known protein containing a spermidine derivative, i.e. hypusine, also functions at the level of translation. Experimental results thus far obtained strongly suggest that the most important function of polyamines is at the level of translation.
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Vijayan B, Raj V, Nandakumar S, Kishore A, Thekkuveettil A. Spermine protects alpha-synuclein expressing dopaminergic neurons from manganese-induced degeneration. Cell Biol Toxicol 2018; 35:147-159. [PMID: 30673990 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-018-09449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Manganese exposure is among the many environmental risk factors linked to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as manganese-induced parkinsonism. In animal models, chronic exposure to manganese causes loss of cell viability, neurodegeneration, and functional deficits. Polyamines, such as spermine, have been shown to rescue animals from age-induced neurodegeneration in an autophagy-dependent manner; nonetheless, it is not understood whether polyamines can prevent manganese-induced toxicity. In this study, we used two model systems, the Caenorhabditis elegans UA44 strain and SK-MEL-28 cells, both expressing the protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn) to determine whether spermine could ameliorate manganese-induced toxicity. Manganese caused a substantial reduction in the viability of SK-MEL-28 cells and hastened neurodegeneration in the UA44 strain. Spermine protected both the SK-MEL-28 cells and the UA44 strain from manganese-induced toxicity. Spermine also reduced the age-associated neurodegeneration observed in the UA44 strain compared with a control strain without α-syn expression and led to improved avoidance behavior in a functional assay. Treatment with berenil, an inhibitor of polyamine catabolism, which leads to increased intracellular polyamine levels, also showed similar cellular protection against manganese toxicity. While both translation blocker cycloheximide and autophagy blocker chloroquine caused a reduction in the cytoprotective effect of spermine, transcription blocker actinomycin D had no effect. This study provides new insights on the effect of spermine in preventing manganese-induced toxicity, which is most likely via translational regulation of several candidate genes, including those of autophagy. Thus, our results indicate that polyamines positively influence neuronal health, even when exposed to high levels of manganese and α-syn, and supplementing polyamines through diet might delay the onset of diseases involving degeneration of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bejoy Vijayan
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Vishnu Raj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Swapna Nandakumar
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Asha Kishore
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Anoopkumar Thekkuveettil
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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Kashiwagi K, Terui Y, Igarashi K. Modulation of Protein Synthesis by Polyamines in Mammalian Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1694:325-336. [PMID: 29080177 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7398-9_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines exist mainly as RNA-polyamine complexes in cells. Thus, we looked for proteins whose synthesis is enhanced by polyamines at the level of translation in mammalian cells. Here, we describe how synthesis of Cct2 (T-complex protein 1, β-subunit, a chaperonin assisting in the folding actin, tubulin, and several other proteins) and eEF1A (one of the elongation factors of protein synthesis) is stimulated by polyamines at the level of translation. Polyamines stimulated Cct2 synthesis through the stimulation of ribosome shunting during 5'-processive scanning of 40S ribosomal subunits from the m7G-cap to the initiation codon AUG, and eEF1A synthesis through the structural change of the unusual position of a complementary sequence to 18S rRNA in eEF1A mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kashiwagi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Terui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Kazuei Igarashi
- Amine Pharma Research Institute, Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, 1-8-15 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
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Oguro A, Yanagida A, Fujieda Y, Amano R, Otsu M, Sakamoto T, Kawai G, Matsufuji S. Two stems with different characteristics and an internal loop in an RNA aptamer contribute to spermine-binding. J Biochem 2017; 161:197-206. [PMID: 28173167 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Though polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) bind to the specific position in RNA molecules, interaction mechanisms are poorly understood. SELEX procedure has been used to isolate high-affinity oligoribonucleotides (aptamers) from randomized RNA libraries. Selected aptamers are useful in exploring sequences and/or structures in RNAs for binding molecules. In this study, to analyze the interaction mechanism of polyamine to RNA, we selected RNA aptamers targeted for spermine. Two spermine-binding aptamers (#5 and #24) were obtained and both of them had two stem-loop structures. The 3′ stem-loop of #5 (SL_2) bound to spermine more effectively than the 5′ stem-loop of #5 did. A thermodynamic analysis by an isothermal titration calorimetry revealed that the dissociation constant of SL_2 for spermine was 27.2 μM and binding ratio was nearly 1:1. Binding assay with base-pair replaced variants showed that two stem regions and an internal loop in SL_2 were important for their spermine-binding activities. NMR analyses proposed that a terminal-side and a loop-side stem in SL_2 take a loose and a stable structure, respectively and a conformational change of SL_2 is induced by spermine. It is conclusive that two stems with different characteristics and an internal loop in SL_2 contribute to the specific spermine-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Oguro
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Asumi Yanagida
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
| | - Yuta Fujieda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
| | - Ryo Amano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
| | - Maina Otsu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
| | - Taiichi Sakamoto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
| | - Gota Kawai
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
| | - Senya Matsufuji
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
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Polyamines release the let-7b-mediated suppression of initiation codon recognition during the protein synthesis of EXT2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33549. [PMID: 27650265 PMCID: PMC5030709 DOI: 10.1038/srep33549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs), a family of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-protein glycoconjugates, contribute to animal physiology through interactions between their glycan chains and growth factors, chemokines and adhesion molecules. However, it remains unclear how GAG structures are changed during the aging process. Here, we found that polyamine levels are correlated with the expression level of heparan sulfate (HS) in human skin. In cultured cell lines, the EXT1 and EXT2 enzymes, initiating HS biosynthesis, were stimulated at the translational level by polyamines. Interestingly, the initiation codon recognition by 43S preinitiation complex during EXT2 translation is suppressed by let-7b, a member of the let-7 microRNA family, through binding at the N-terminal amino acid coding sequence in EXT2 mRNA. Let-7b-mediated suppression of initiation codon depends on the length of 5'-UTR of EXT2 mRNA and its suppression is inhibited in the presence of polyamines. These findings provide new insights into the HS biosynthesis related to miRNA and polyamines.
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Ser/Thr kinases and polyamines in the regulation of non-canonical functions of elongation factor 1A. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2339-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Girardi BA, Ribeiro DA, Signor C, Muller M, Gais MA, Mello CF, Rubin MA. Spermidine-induced improvement of reconsolidation of memory involves calcium-dependent protein kinase in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 23:21-8. [PMID: 26670183 PMCID: PMC4749837 DOI: 10.1101/lm.039396.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we determined whether the calcium-dependent protein kinase (PKC) signaling pathway is involved in the improvement of fear memory reconsolidation induced by the intrahippocampal administration of spermidine in rats. Male Wistar rats were trained in a fear conditioning apparatus using a 0.4-mA footshock as an unconditioned stimulus. Twenty-four hours after training, animals were re-exposed to the apparatus in the absence of shock (reactivation session). Immediately after the reactivation session, spermidine (2–200 pmol/site), the PKC inhibitor 3-[1-(dimethylaminopropyl)indol-3-yl]-4-(indol-3-yl) maleimide hydrochloride (GF 109203X, 0.3–30 pg/site), the antagonist of the polyamine-binding site at the NMDA receptor, arcaine (0.2–200 pmol/site), or the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 0.02–2 nmol/site) was injected. While the post-reactivation administration of spermidine (20 and 200 pmol/site) and PMA (2 nmol/site) improved memory reconsolidation, GF 109203X (1, 10, and 30 pg/site) and arcaine (200 pmol/site) impaired it. GF 109203X (0.3 pg/site) impaired memory reconsolidation in the presence of spermidine (200 pmol/site). PMA (0.2 nmol/site) prevented the arcaine (200 pmol/site)-induced impairment of memory reconsolidation. Anisomycin (2 µg/site) also impaired memory reconsolidation in the presence of spermidine (200 pmol/site). Drugs had no effect when they were administered in the absence of reactivation. These results suggest that the spermidine-induced enhancement of memory reconsolidation involves PKC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Amanda Girardi
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Aymone Ribeiro
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Signor
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Michele Muller
- Undergraduate in Pharmacy, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mayara Ana Gais
- Undergraduate in Pharmacy, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Fernando Mello
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Maribel Antonello Rubin
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
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14
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Remaining Mysteries of Molecular Biology: The Role of Polyamines in the Cell. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:3389-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Nowotarski SL, Feith DJ, Shantz LM. Skin Carcinogenesis Studies Using Mouse Models with Altered Polyamines. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2015; 8:17-27. [PMID: 26380554 PMCID: PMC4558889 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s21219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is a major health concern worldwide. With increasing numbers in high-risk groups such as organ transplant recipients and patients taking photosensitizing medications, the incidence of NMSC continues to rise. Mouse models of NMSC allow us to better understand the molecular signaling cascades involved in skin tumor development in order to identify novel therapeutic strategies. Here we review the models designed to determine the role of the polyamines in NMSC development and maintenance. Elevated polyamines are absolutely required for tumor growth, and dysregulation of their biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes has been observed in NMSC. Studies using mice with genetic alterations in epidermal polyamines suggest that they play key roles in tumor promotion and epithelial cell survival pathways, and recent clinical trials indicate that pharmacological inhibitors of polyamine metabolism show promise in individuals at high risk for NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Nowotarski
- Department of Biochemistry, The Pennsylvania State University Berks College, Reading, PA, USA
| | - David J Feith
- University of Virginia Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lisa M Shantz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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16
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Hirose T, Saiki R, Yoshizawa Y, Imamura M, Higashi K, Ishii I, Toida T, Williams K, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K. Spermidine and Ca 2+ , but not Na + , can permeate NMDA receptors consisting of GluN1 and GluN2A or GluN2B in the presence of Mg 2+. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:1190-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Igarashi K, Kashiwagi K. Modulation of protein synthesis by polyamines. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:160-9. [PMID: 25906835 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are ubiquitous small basic molecules that play important roles in cell growth and viability. Since polyamines mainly exist as a polyamine-RNA complex, we looked for proteins whose synthesis is preferentially stimulated by polyamines at the level of translation, and thus far identified 17 proteins in Escherichia coli and 6 proteins in eukaryotes. The mechanisms of polyamine stimulation of synthesis of these proteins were investigated. In addition, the role of eIF5A, containing hypusine formed from spermidine, on protein synthesis is described. These results clearly indicate that polyamines and eIF5A contribute to cell growth and viability through modulation of protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuei Igarashi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan; Amine Pharma Research Institute, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
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18
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Terui Y, Sakamoto A, Yoshida T, Kasahara T, Tomitori H, Higashi K, Igarashi K, Kashiwagi K. Polyamine stimulation of eEF1A synthesis based on the unusual position of a complementary sequence to 18S rRNA in eEF1A mRNA. Amino Acids 2014; 47:345-56. [PMID: 25425115 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It is thought that Shine-Dalgarno-like sequences, which exhibit complementarity to the nucleotide sequences at the 3'-end of 18S rRNA, are not present in eukaryotic mRNAs. However, complementary sequences consisting of more than 5 nucleotides to the 3'-end of 18S rRNA, i.e., a CR sequence, are present at -17 to -32 upstream from the initiation codon AUG in 18 mRNAs involved in protein synthesis except eEF1A mRNA. Thus, effects of the CR sequence in mRNAs and polyamines on protein synthesis were examined using control and polyamine-reduced FM3A and NIH3T3 cells. Polyamines did not stimulate protein synthesis encoded by 18 mRNAs possessing a normal CR sequence. When the CR sequence was deleted, protein synthetic activities decreased to less than 70% of intact mRNAs. In eEF1A mRNA, the CR sequence was located at -33 to -39 upstream from the initiation codon AUG, and polyamines stimulated eEF1A synthesis about threefold. When the CR sequence was shifted to -22 to -28 upstream from the AUG, eEF1A synthesis increased in polyamine-reduced cells and the degree of polyamine stimulation decreased greatly. The results indicate that the CR sequence exists in many eukaryotic mRNAs, and the location of a CR sequence in mRNAs influences polyamine stimulation of protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Terui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
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19
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Abstract
Recent progress with techniques for monitoring RNA structure in cells such as ‘DMS-Seq’ and ‘Structure-Seq’ suggests that a new era of RNA structure-function exploration is on the horizon. This will also include systematic investigation of the factors required for the structural integrity of RNA. In this context, much evidence accumulated over 50 years suggests that polyamines play important roles as modulators of RNA structure. Here, we summarize and discuss recent literature relating to the roles of these small endogenous molecules in RNA function. We have included studies directed at understanding the binding interactions of polyamines with polynucleotides, tRNA, rRNA, mRNA and ribozymes using chemical, biochemical and spectroscopic tools. In brief, polyamines bind RNA in a sequence-selective fashion and induce changes in RNA structure in context-dependent manners. In some cases the functional consequences of these interactions have been observed in cells. Most notably, polyamine-mediated effects on RNA are frequently distinct from those of divalent cations (i.e. Mg2+) confirming their roles as independent molecular entities which help drive RNA-mediated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Lightfoot
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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20
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Tiburcio AF, Altabella T, Bitrián M, Alcázar R. The roles of polyamines during the lifespan of plants: from development to stress. PLANTA 2014; 240:1-18. [PMID: 24659098 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence indicates that free polyamines (PAs) (mainly putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and its isomer thermospermine), some PA conjugates to hydroxycinnamic acids, and the products of PA oxidation (hydrogen peroxide and γ-aminobutyric acid) are required for different processes in plant development and participate in abiotic and biotic stress responses. A tight regulation of PA homeostasis is required, since depletion or overaccumulation of PAs can be detrimental for cell viability in many organisms. In plants, homeostasis is achieved by modulation of PA biosynthesis, conjugation, catabolism, and transport. However, recent data indicate that such mechanisms are not mere modulators of PA pools but actively participate in PA functions. Examples are found in the spermidine-dependent eiF5A hypusination required for cell division, PA hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates required for pollen development, and the involvement of thermospermine in cell specification. Recent advances also point to implications of PA transport in stress tolerance, PA-dependent transcriptional and translational modulation of genes and transcripts, and posttranslational modifications of proteins. Overall, the molecular mechanisms identified suggest that PAs are intricately coordinated and/or mediate different stress and developmental pathways during the lifespan of plants.
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21
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Singh AK, Roberts S, Ullman B, Madhubala R. A quantitative proteomic screen to identify potential drug resistance mechanism in α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) resistant Leishmania donovani. J Proteomics 2014; 102:44-59. [PMID: 24631822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani is a systemic protozoan disease that is fatal if left untreated. The promastigote form of L. donovani is sensitive to growth inhibition by dl-α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the first enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. Exposure of a wild type (DI700) cell population to gradually increasing concentrations of DFMO resulted in the selection of a strain of Leishmania (DFMO-16), which was capable of proliferating in 16mM DFMO. To elucidate the molecular basis for this resistance, we undertook a comparative proteomic analysis of DFMO-resistant/sensitive parasites using isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ/LC-MS/MS). Out of the 101 proteins identified in at least 2 of the 3 independent experiments, 82 proteins are 1.5- to 44.0-fold more abundant in DFMO-resistant strain (DFMO-16) while 19 are 2- to 5.0-fold less abundant as compared to the wild-type (DI700) parasites. Proteins with 2-fold or greater abundance in the DFMO-resistant strain include free radical detoxification, polyamine and trypanothione metabolic proteins, proteins involved in metabolism, intracellular survival and proteolysis, elongation factors, signaling molecules and mitochondrial transporters, and many with no annotated function. Differentially modulated proteins contribute to our understanding of molecular mechanism of DFMO-resistance and have the potential to act as biomarkers. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study will facilitate a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of acquired drug resistance and possible biomarkers in Leishmania against antiparasitic drug DFMO. Also it will provide information about the metabolic pathways modulated in resistant parasites as an adaptation mechanism to counter drugs. Studies like this are important to safeguard the efficacy of a limited repertoire of anti-parasitic drugs, and to lead the development of new drugs and drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Buddy Ullman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA
| | - Rentala Madhubala
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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22
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Yamashita T, Nishimura K, Saiki R, Okudaira H, Tome M, Higashi K, Nakamura M, Terui Y, Fujiwara K, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K. Role of polyamines at the G1/S boundary and G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1042-50. [PMID: 23500523 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of polyamines at the G1/S boundary and in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle was studied using synchronized HeLa cells treated with thymidine or with thymidine and aphidicolin. Synchronized cells were cultured in the absence or presence of α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, plus ethylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (EGBG), an inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. When polyamine content was reduced by treatment with DFMO and EGBG, the transition from G1 to S phase was delayed. In parallel, the level of p27(Kip1) was greatly increased, so its mechanism was studied in detail. Synthesis of p27(Kip1) was stimulated at the level of translation by a decrease in polyamine levels, because of the existence of long 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) in p27(Kip1) mRNA. Similarly, the transition from the G2/M to the G1 phase was delayed by a reduction in polyamine levels. In parallel, the number of multinucleate cells increased by 3-fold. This was parallel with the inhibition of cytokinesis due to an unusual distribution of actin and α-tubulin at the M phase. Since an association of polyamines with chromosomes was not observed by immunofluorescence microscopy at the M phase, polyamines may have only a minor role in structural changes of chromosomes at the M phase. In general, the involvement of polyamines at the G2/M phase was smaller than that at the G1/S boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yamashita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
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23
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Nakamura M, Tomitori H, Suzuki T, Sakamoto A, Terui Y, Saiki R, Dohmae N, Igarashi K, Kashiwagi K. Inactivation of GAPDH as one mechanism of acrolein toxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 430:1265-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhao T, Goh KJ, Ng HH, Vardy LA. A role for polyamine regulators in ESC self-renewal. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:4517-23. [PMID: 23165208 DOI: 10.4161/cc.22772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) depend on extensive regulatory networks to coordinate their self-renewal and differentiation. The polyamine pathway regulator AMD1 was recently implicated in ESC self-renewal and directed differentiation of ESCs to neural precursor cells (NPCs). The polyamines spermine and spermidine are essential for a wide range of biological processes, and their levels are tightly regulated. Here, we review the polyamine pathway and discuss how it can impact polyamine levels, cellular methylation and hypusinated EIF5A levels. We discuss how it could feed into regulation of ESC self-renewal and directed differentiation. We show that in addition to AMD1, a second rate-limiting enzyme in the polyamine pathway, ODC1, can also promote ESC self-renewal, and that both Amd1 and Odc1 can partially substitute for Myc during cellular reprogramming. We propose that both Amd1 and Odc1 are essential regulators of ESCs and function to ensure high polyamine levels to promote ESC self-renewal.
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25
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Terui Y, Akiyama M, Sakamoto A, Tomitori H, Yamamoto K, Ishihama A, Igarashi K, Kashiwagi K. Increase in cell viability by polyamines through stimulation of the synthesis of ppGpp regulatory protein and ω protein of RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 44:412-22. [PMID: 22138225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
It is known that polyamines increase cell growth through stimulation of the synthesis of several kinds of proteins encoded by the so-called "polyamine modulon". We recently reported that polyamines also increase cell viability at the stationary phase of cell growth through stimulation of the synthesis of ribosome modulation factor, a component of the polyamine modulon. Accordingly, we looked for other proteins involved in cell viability whose synthesis is stimulated by polyamines. It was found that the synthesis of ppGpp regulatory protein (SpoT) and ω protein of RNA polymerase (RpoZ) was stimulated by polyamines at the level of translation. Stimulation of the synthesis of SpoT and RpoZ by polyamines was due to an inefficient initiation codon UUG in spoT mRNA and an unusual location of a Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence in rpoZ mRNA. Accordingly, the spoT and rpoZ genes are components of the polyamine modulon involved in cell viability. Reduced cell viability caused by polyamine deficiency was prevented by modified spoT and rpoZ genes whose synthesis was not influenced by polyamines. Under these conditions, the level of ppGpp increased in parallel with increase of SpoT protein. The results indicate that polyamine stimulation of synthesis of SpoT and RpoZ plays important roles for cell viability through stimulation of ppGpp synthesis by SpoT and modulation of RNA synthesis by ppGpp-RpoZ complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Terui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan
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26
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Ludwig AL, Hershey JWB, Hagerman PJ. Initiation of translation of the FMR1 mRNA Occurs predominantly through 5'-end-dependent ribosomal scanning. J Mol Biol 2011; 407:21-34. [PMID: 21237174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene contains a CGG repeat within its 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) that, when expanded to 55-200 CGG repeats (premutation allele), can result in the late-onset neurodegenerative disorder, fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. The CGG repeat is expected to form a highly stable secondary structure that is capable of inhibiting 5'-cap-dependent translation. Paradoxically, translation in vivo is only mildly impaired within the premutation range, suggesting that other modes of translation initiation may be operating. To address this issue, we translated in vitro a set of reporter mRNAs containing between 0 and 99 CGG repeats in either native (FMR1) or unrelated (heterologous) 5'UTR context. The 5'-cap dependence of translation was assessed by inserting a stable hairpin (HP) near the 5' end of the mRNAs. The results of the current studies indicate that translation initiation of the FMR1 mRNA occurs primarily by scanning, with little evidence of internal ribosome entry or shunting. Additionally, the efficiency of translation initiation depends on transcription start site selection, with the shorter 5'UTR (downstream transcription start site I) translating with greater efficiency compared to the longer mRNA (start site III) for all CGG-repeat elements studied. Lastly, an HP previously shown to block translation gave differing results depending on the 5'UTR context, in one case initiating translation from within the HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Ludwig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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27
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Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the polyamine field and introduces the 32 other chapters that make up this volume. These chapters provide a wide range of methods, advice, and background relevant to studies of the function of polyamines, the regulation of their content, their role in disease, and the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting polyamine content and function. The methodology provided in this new volume will enable laboratories already working in this area to expand their experimental techniques and facilitate the entry of additional workers into this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Pegg
- College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
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28
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Abstract
Polyamines are essential for normal cell growth and exist mainly as RNA-polyamine complexes in cells. Thus, effects of polyamines on protein synthesis have been studied. It was found that several kinds of protein synthesis, which are important for cell growth, were enhanced by polyamines at the level of translation. We proposed that a group of genes whose expression is enhanced by polyamines at the level of translation be referred to as a "polyamine modulon." In Escherichia coli, most members of the polyamine modulon thus far identified were transcription factors. These transcription factors enhanced the synthesis of several kinds of mRNA and tRNA, and also rRNA. In this way, polyamines enhanced growth of E. coli. We also succeeded in identifying three kinds of "polyamine modulon" in mammalian cells. One of the mechanisms of polyamine stimulation at the molecular level was due to the stabilization of the bulged-out region of double-stranded RNA in mRNA. The procedures used to identify components of the polyamine modulon are described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuei Igarashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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29
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Takahashi T, Kakehi JI. Polyamines: ubiquitous polycations with unique roles in growth and stress responses. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 105:1-6. [PMID: 19828463 PMCID: PMC2794062 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyamines are small polycationic molecules found ubiquitously in all organisms and function in a wide variety of biological processes. In the past decade, molecular and genetic studies using mutants and transgenic plants with an altered activity of enzymes involved in polyamine biosynthesis have contributed much to a better understanding of the biological functions of polyamines in plants. POSSIBLE ROLES Spermidine is essential for survival of Arabidopsis embryos. One of the reasons may lie in the fact that spermidine serves as a substrate for the lysine hypusine post-translational modification of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A, which is essential in all eukaryotic cells. Spermine is not essential but plays a role in stress responses, probably through the modulation of cation channel activities, and as a source of hydrogen peroxide during pathogen infection. Thermospermine, an isomer of spermine, is involved in stem elongation, possibly by acting on the regulation of upstream open reading frame-mediated translation. CONCLUSIONS The mechanisms of action of polyamines differ greatly from those of plant hormones. There remain numerous unanswered questions regarding polyamines in plants, such as transport systems and polyamine-responsive genes. Further studies on the action of polyamines will undoubtedly provide a new understanding of plant growth regulation and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Takahashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 700-8530 Okayama, Japan.
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30
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Uemura T, Higashi K, Takigawa M, Toida T, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K. Polyamine modulon in yeast—Stimulation of COX4 synthesis by spermidine at the level of translation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:2538-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Modulation of cellular function by polyamines. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 42:39-51. [PMID: 19643201 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) are essential for normal cell growth. The polyamine levels in cells are regulated by biosynthesis, degradation, and transport. Polyamines can modulate the functions of DNA, nucleotide triphosphates, proteins, and especially RNA because most polyamines exist in a polyamine-RNA complex in cells. Thus, the major focus on this review is on the role of polyamines in protein synthesis. In addition, effects of polyamines on B to Z conversion of DNA, transcription, phosphorylation of proteins, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and ion channels, especially NMDA receptors, are outlined. The function of eIF5A is also briefly discussed. Finally, a correlation between acrolein, produced from polyamines by polyamine oxidases, and chronic renal failure or brain stroke is summarized. Increased levels of polyamine oxidases and acrolein are good markers of chronic renal failure and brain stroke.
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