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Castejón-Griñán M, Cerdido S, Sánchez-Beltrán J, Lambertos A, Abrisqueta M, Herraiz C, Jiménez-Cervantes C, García-Borrón JC. Melanoma-associated melanocortin 1 receptor variants confer redox signaling-dependent protection against oxidative DNA damage. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103135. [PMID: 38565069 PMCID: PMC11002308 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma, a lethal skin cancer, arises from malignant transformation of melanocytes. Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a major environmental risk factor for melanoma since its interaction with the skin generates DNA damage, either directly or indirectly via oxidative stress. Pheomelanin pigments exacerbate oxidative stress in melanocytes by UVR-dependent and independent mechanisms. Thus, oxidative stress is considered to contribute to melanomagenesis, particularly in people with pheomelanic pigmentation. The melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) is a major melanoma susceptibility gene. Frequent MC1R variants (varMC1R) associated with fair skin and red or yellow hair color display hypomorphic signaling to the cAMP pathway and are associated with higher melanoma risk. This association is thought to be due to production of photosensitizing pheomelanins as well as deficient induction of DNA damage repair downstream of varMC1R. However, the data on modulation of oxidative DNA damage repair by MC1R remain scarce. We recently demonstrated that varMC1R accelerates clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced DNA strand breaks in an AKT-dependent manner. Here we show that varMC1R also protects against ROS-dependent formation of 8-oxodG, the most frequent oxidative DNA lesion. Since the base excision repair (BER) pathway mediates clearance of these DNA lesions, we analyzed induction of BER enzymes in human melanoma cells of varMC1R genotype. Agonist-mediated activation of both wildtype (wtMC1R) and varMC1R significantly induced OGG and APE-1/Ref1, the rate-limiting BER enzymes responsible for repair of 8-oxodG. Moreover, we found that NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent generation of ROS was responsible for AKT activation and oxidative DNA damage repair downstream of varMC1R. These observations provide a better understanding of the functional properties of melanoma-associated MC1R alleles and may be useful for the rational development of strategies to correct defective varMC1R responses for efficient photoprotection and melanoma prevention in fair-skinned individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Castejón-Griñán
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Sonia Cerdido
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Sánchez-Beltrán
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Ana Lambertos
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Marta Abrisqueta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Celia Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Carlos García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
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2
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Chelakkot VS, Thomas K, Romigh T, Fong A, Li L, Ronen S, Chen S, Funchain P, Ni Y, Arbesman J. MC1R signaling through the cAMP-CREB/ATF-1 and ERK-NFκB pathways accelerates G1/S transition promoting breast cancer progression. NPJ Precis Oncol 2023; 7:85. [PMID: 37679505 PMCID: PMC10485002 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-023-00437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
MC1R, a G-protein coupled receptor, triggers ultraviolet light-induced melanin synthesis and DNA repair in melanocytes and is implicated in the pathogenesis of melanoma. Although widely expressed in different tissue types, its function in non-cutaneous tissue is relatively unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that disruptive MC1R variants associated with melanomagenesis are less frequently found in patients with several cancers. Further exploration revealed that breast cancer tissue shows a significantly higher MC1R expression than normal breast tissue, and knocking down MC1R significantly reduced cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, MC1R signaling through the MC1R-cAMP-CREB/ATF-1 and MC1R-ERK-NFκB axes accelerated the G1-S transition in breast cancer cells. Our results revealed a new association between MC1R and breast cancer, which could be potentially targeted therapeutically. Moreover, our results suggest that MC1R-enhancing/activating therapies should be used cautiously, as they might be pro-tumorigenic in certain contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Shankar Chelakkot
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kiara Thomas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Todd Romigh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Fong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Center for Immunotherapy & Precision Immuno-Oncology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shira Ronen
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shuyang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pauline Funchain
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ying Ni
- Center for Immunotherapy & Precision Immuno-Oncology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Joshua Arbesman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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3
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Manganelli M, Guida S, Ferretta A, Pellacani G, Porcelli L, Azzariti A, Guida G. Behind the Scene: Exploiting MC1R in Skin Cancer Risk and Prevention. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1093. [PMID: 34356109 PMCID: PMC8305013 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most frequent cancers of the skin in white populations. An increased risk in the development of skin cancers has been associated with the combination of several environmental factors (i.e., ultraviolet exposure) and genetic background, including melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) status. In the last few years, advances in the diagnosis of skin cancers provided a great impact on clinical practice. Despite these advances, NMSCs are still the most common malignancy in humans and melanoma still shows a rising incidence and a poor prognosis when diagnosed at an advanced stage. Efforts are required to underlie the genetic and clinical heterogeneity of melanoma and NMSCs, leading to an optimization of the management of affected patients. The clinical implications of the impact of germline MC1R variants in melanoma and NMSCs' risk, together with the additional risk conferred by somatic mutations in other peculiar genes, as well as the role of MC1R screening in skin cancers' prevention will be addressed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Manganelli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari-“Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.F.)
- DMMT-Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Guida
- Department of Surgical-Medical-Dental and Morphological Science with Interest Transplant-Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Anna Ferretta
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari-“Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Dermatology Clinic, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Letizia Porcelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari-“Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.F.)
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4
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Herraiz C, Martínez-Vicente I, Maresca V. The α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone/melanocortin-1 receptor interaction: A driver of pleiotropic effects beyond pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:748-761. [PMID: 33884776 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin-1 Receptor (MC1R), when stimulated by alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), is a driver of eumelanogenesis. Brown/black eumelanin is an effective filter against ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and is a scavenger of free radicals. Several polymorphic variants of MC1R are frequent in red-head people. These polymorphisms reduce the ability of MC1R to promote eumelanogenesis after its activation and spontaneous pheomelanogenesis take place. Since pheomelanin can act as an endogenous photosensitizer, people carrying MC1R polymorphisms are more susceptible to skin cancer. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the biology of MC1R beyond its ability to drive eumelanogenesis. We analyze its capacity to cope with oxidative insult and consequent DNA damage. We describe its ability to transduce through different pathways. We start from the canonical pathway, the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway mainly involved in promoting eumelanogenesis, and protection from oxidative damage, and we then move on to describe more recent knowledge concerning ERK pathways, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway/AKT, and α-MSH/Peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) connection. We describe MC1R polymorphic variants associated with melanoma risk which represent an open window of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Idoya Martínez-Vicente
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Vittoria Maresca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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5
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Herraiz C, Jiménez-Cervantes C, Sánchez-Laorden B, García-Borrón JC. Functional interplay between secreted ligands and receptors in melanoma. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 78:73-84. [PMID: 28676423 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer, results from the malignant transformation of melanocytes located in the basement membrane separating the epidermal and dermal skin compartments. Cutaneous melanoma is often initiated by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced mutations. Melanocytes intimately interact with keratinocytes, which provide growth factors and melanocortin peptides acting as paracrine regulators of proliferation and differentiation. Keratinocyte-derived melanocortins activate melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) to protect melanocytes from the carcinogenic effect of UVR. Accordingly, MC1R is a major determinant of susceptibility to melanoma. Despite extensive phenotypic heterogeneity and high mutation loads, the molecular basis of melanomagenesis and the molecules mediating the crosstalk between melanoma and stromal cells are relatively well understood. Mutations of intracellular effectors of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling, notably NRAS and BRAF, are major driver events more frequent than mutations in RTKs. Nevertheless, melanomas often display aberrant signalling from RTKs such as KIT, ERRB1-4, FGFR, MET and PDGFR, which contribute to disease progression and resistance to targeted therapies. Progress has also been made to unravel the role of the tumour secretome in preparing the metastatic niche. However, key aspects of the melanoma-stroma interplay, such as the molecular determinants of dormancy, remain poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Celia Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Berta Sánchez-Laorden
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - José C García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
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6
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Castejón-Griñán M, Herraiz C, Olivares C, Jiménez-Cervantes C, García-Borrón JC. cAMP-independent non-pigmentary actions of variant melanocortin 1 receptor: AKT-mediated activation of protective responses to oxidative DNA damage. Oncogene 2018; 37:3631-3646. [PMID: 29622793 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R), a well-established melanoma susceptibility gene, regulates the amount and type of melanin pigments formed within epidermal melanocytes. MC1R variants associated with increased melanoma risk promote the production of photosensitizing pheomelanins as opposed to photoprotective eumelanins. Wild-type (WT) MC1R activates DNA repair and antioxidant defenses in a cAMP-dependent fashion. Since melanoma-associated MC1R variants are hypomorphic in cAMP signaling, these non-pigmentary actions are thought to be defective in MC1R-variant human melanoma cells and epidermal melanocytes, consistent with a higher mutation load in MC1R-variant melanomas. We compared induction of antioxidant enzymes and DNA damage responses in melanocytic cells of defined MC1R genotype. Increased expression of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes following MC1R activation was cAMP-dependent and required a WT MC1R genotype. Conversely, pretreatment of melanocytic cells with an MC1R agonist before an oxidative challenge with Luperox decreased (i) accumulation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanine, a major product of oxidative DNA damage, (ii) phosphorylation of histone H2AX, a marker of DNA double-strand breaks, and (iii) formation of DNA breaks. These responses were comparable in cells WT for MC1R or harboring hypomorphic MC1R variants without detectable cAMP signaling. In MC1R-variant melanocytic cells, the DNA-protective responses were mediated by AKT. Conversely, in MC1R-WT melanocytic cells, high cAMP production downstream of MC1R blocked AKT activation and was responsible for inducing DNA repair. Accordingly, MC1R activation could promote repair of oxidative DNA damage by a cAMP-dependent pathway downstream of WT receptor, or via AKT in cells of variant MC1R genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Castejón-Griñán
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
| | - Conchi Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Celia Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
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7
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Hernando B, Ibañez MV, Deserio-Cuesta JA, Soria-Navarro R, Vilar-Sastre I, Martinez-Cadenas C. Genetic determinants of freckle occurrence in the Spanish population: Towards ephelides prediction from human DNA samples. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2018; 33:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Human melanocortin 1 receptor-mediated ubiquitination of nonvisual arrestins. Role of Mahogunin Ring Finger 1 E3 ligase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:76-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Rodríguez CI, Castro-Pérez E, Prabhakar K, Block L, Longley BJ, Wisinski JA, Kimple ME, Setaluri V. EPAC-RAP1 Axis-Mediated Switch in the Response of Primary and Metastatic Melanoma to Cyclic AMP. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1792-1802. [PMID: 28851815 PMCID: PMC6309370 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is an important second messenger that regulates a wide range of physiologic processes. In mammalian cutaneous melanocytes, cAMP-mediated signaling pathways activated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), like melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), play critical roles in melanocyte homeostasis including cell survival, proliferation, and pigment synthesis. Impaired cAMP signaling is associated with increased risk of cutaneous melanoma. Although mutations in MAPK pathway components are the most frequent oncogenic drivers of melanoma, the role of cAMP in melanoma is not well understood. Here, using the Braf(V600E)/Pten-null mouse model of melanoma, topical application of an adenylate cyclase agonist, forskolin (a cAMP inducer), accelerated melanoma tumor development in vivo and stimulated the proliferation of mouse and human primary melanoma cells, but not human metastatic melanoma cells in vitro The differential response of primary and metastatic melanoma cells was also evident upon pharmacologic inhibition of the cAMP effector protein kinase A. Pharmacologic inhibition and siRNA-mediated knockdown of other cAMP signaling pathway components showed that EPAC-RAP1 axis, an alternative cAMP signaling pathway, mediates the switch in response of primary and metastatic melanoma cells to cAMP. Evaluation of pERK levels revealed that this phenotypic switch was not correlated with changes in MAPK pathway activity. Although cAMP elevation did not alter the sensitivity of metastatic melanoma cells to BRAF(V600E) and MEK inhibitors, the EPAC-RAP1 axis appears to contribute to resistance to MAPK pathway inhibition. These data reveal a MAPK pathway-independent switch in response to cAMP signaling during melanoma progression.Implications: The prosurvival mechanism involving the cAMP-EPAC-RAP1 signaling pathway suggest the potential for new targeted therapies in melanoma. Mol Cancer Res; 15(12); 1792-802. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I Rodríguez
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Edgardo Castro-Pérez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kirthana Prabhakar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Laura Block
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - B Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jaclyn A Wisinski
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michelle E Kimple
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Vijayasaradhi Setaluri
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
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10
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Guida M, Strippoli S, Ferretta A, Bartolomeo N, Porcelli L, Maida I, Azzariti A, Tommasi S, Grieco C, Guida S, Albano A, Lorusso V, Guida G. Detrimental effects of melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) variants on the clinical outcomes of BRAF V600 metastatic melanoma patients treated with BRAF inhibitors. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 29:679-687. [PMID: 27540956 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) plays a key role in skin pigmentation, and its variants are linked with a higher melanoma risk. The influence of MC1R variants on the outcomes of patients with metastatic melanoma (MM) treated with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) is unknown. We studied the MC1R status in a cohort of 53 consecutive BRAF-mutated patients with MM treated with BRAFi. We also evaluated the effect of vemurafenib in four V600 BRAF melanoma cell lines with/without MC1R variants. We found a significant correlation between the presence of MC1R variants and worse outcomes in terms of both overall response rate (ORR; 59% versus 95%, P = 0.011 univariate, P = 0.028 multivariate analysis) and progression-free survival (PFS) shorter than 6 months (72% versus 33%, P = 0.012 univariate, P = 0.027 multivariate analysis). No difference in overall survival (OS) was reported, probably due to subsequent treatments. Data in vitro showed a significant different phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and p38 MAPK during treatment, associated with a greater increase in vemurafenib IC50 in MC1R variant cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Guida
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Research Centre 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Sabino Strippoli
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Research Centre 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Ferretta
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Research Centre 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Bartolomeo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Letizia Porcelli
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Immacolata Maida
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Tommasi
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory and Radiology, National Cancer Research Centre 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Grieco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Guida
- Dermatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Albano
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Research Centre 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Lorusso
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Research Centre 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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11
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Herraiz C, Garcia-Borron JC, Jiménez-Cervantes C, Olivares C. MC1R signaling. Intracellular partners and pathophysiological implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2448-2461. [PMID: 28259754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) preferentially expressed in melanocytes is best known as a key regulator of the synthesis of epidermal melanin pigments. Its paracrine stimulation by keratinocyte-derived melanocortins also activates DNA repair pathways and antioxidant defenses to build a complex, multifaceted photoprotective response. Many MC1R actions rely on cAMP-dependent activation of two transcription factors, MITF and PGC1α, but pleiotropic MC1R signaling also involves activation of mitogen-activated kinases and AKT. MC1R partners such as β-arrestins, PTEN and the E3 ubiquitin ligase MGRN1 differentially regulate these pathways. The MC1R gene is complex and polymorphic, with frequent variants associated with skin phenotypes and increased cancer risk. We review current knowledge of signaling from canonical MC1R, its splice isoforms and natural polymorphic variants. Recently discovered intracellular targets and partners are also discussed, to highlight the diversity of mechanisms that may contribute to normal and pathological variation of pigmentation and sensitivity to solar radiation-induced damage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Melanocortin Receptors - edited by Ya-Xiong Tao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose C Garcia-Borron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Celia Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Conchi Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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12
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Singh RK, Kumar P, Mahalingam K. Molecular genetics of human obesity: A comprehensive review. C R Biol 2017; 340:87-108. [PMID: 28089486 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its related health complications is a major problem worldwide. Hypothalamus and their signalling molecules play a critical role in the intervening and coordination with energy balance and homeostasis. Genetic factors play a crucial role in determining an individual's predisposition to the weight gain and being obese. In the past few years, several genetic variants were identified as monogenic forms of human obesity having success over common polygenic forms. In the context of molecular genetics, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) approach and their findings signified a number of genetic variants predisposing to obesity. However, the last couple of years, it has also been noticed that alterations in the environmental and epigenetic factors are one of the key causes of obesity. Hence, this review might be helpful in the current scenario of molecular genetics of human obesity, obesity-related health complications (ORHC), and energy homeostasis. Future work based on the clinical discoveries may play a role in the molecular dissection of genetic approaches to find more obesity-susceptible gene loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Kumar Singh
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, 632014 Vellore, India
| | - Permendra Kumar
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, 632014 Vellore, India
| | - Kulandaivelu Mahalingam
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, 632014 Vellore, India.
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13
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Tagliabue E, Gandini S, García-Borrón JC, Maisonneuve P, Newton-Bishop J, Polsky D, Lazovich D, Kumar R, Ghiorzo P, Ferrucci L, Gruis NA, Puig S, Kanetsky PA, Motokawa T, Ribas G, Landi MT, Fargnoli MC, Wong TH, Stratigos A, Helsing P, Guida G, Autier P, Han J, Little J, Sera F, Raimondi S. Association of Melanocortin-1 Receptor Variants with Pigmentary Traits in Humans: A Pooled Analysis from the M-Skip Project. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1914-1917. [PMID: 27251790 PMCID: PMC5317175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tagliabue
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Gandini
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - José C García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Murcia and IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Patrick Maisonneuve
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Julia Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David Polsky
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - DeAnn Lazovich
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paola Ghiorzo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Italy; IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Leah Ferrucci
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nelleke A Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Spain
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute2, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Gloria Ribas
- Department of medical oncology and hematology, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria- INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander Stratigos
- First Department of Dermatology, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Per Helsing
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Julian Little
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Francesco Sera
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sara Raimondi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
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14
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Vlčková K, Réda J, Ondrušová L, Krayem M, Ghanem G, Vachtenheim J. GLI inhibitor GANT61 kills melanoma cells and acts in synergy with obatoclax. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:953-60. [PMID: 27572939 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MEK kinase inhibitors (trametinib and selumetinib) or kinase inhibitors directed against mutated BRAF(V600E) (vemurafenib and dabrafenib) have initial encouraging effects in the treatment of melanoma but acquired resistance appears almost invariably after some months. Studies revealed mutually exclusive NRAS and BRAF activating mutations driving the MAPK/ERK pathway among human melanomas. Although combination therapy exerts significantly better antitumor cell efficacy, complete remission is rarely achieved. To employ an alternative approach, we have targeted the Hedgehog/GLI pathway, which is deregulated in melanomas, through the GLI1/2 inhibitor GANT61, alone or accompanied with the treatment by the BCL2 family inhibitor obatoclax in 9 melanoma cell lines. Thus, we targeted melanoma cells irrespective of their NRAS or BRAF mutational status. After GANT61 treatment, the cell viability was drastically diminished via apoptosis, as substantial nuclear DNA fragmentation was detected. In all tested melanoma cell lines, the combined treatment was more efficient than the application of each drug alone at the end of the cell growth with inhibitors. GANT61 was efficient also alone in most cell lines without the addition of obatoclax, which had only a limited effect when used as a single drug. In most cell lines, tumor cells were eradicated after 5-9 days of combined treatment in colony outgrowth assay. To conclude, GANT61 treatment might become a hopeful and effective anti-melanoma targeted therapy, especially when combined with the BCL2 family inhibitor obatoclax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Vlčková
- Laboratory of Transcription and Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Réda
- Laboratory of Transcription and Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Ondrušová
- Laboratory of Transcription and Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammad Krayem
- LOCE-Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ghanem Ghanem
- LOCE-Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jiri Vachtenheim
- Laboratory of Transcription and Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Functional Characterization of MC1R-TUBB3 Intergenic Splice Variants of the Human Melanocortin 1 Receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144757. [PMID: 26657157 PMCID: PMC4676704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) expressed in melanocytes is a major determinant of skin pigmentation. It encodes a Gs protein-coupled receptor activated by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH). Human MC1R has an inefficient poly(A) site allowing intergenic splicing with its downstream neighbour Tubulin-β-III (TUBB3). Intergenic splicing produces two MC1R isoforms, designated Iso1 and Iso2, bearing the complete seven transmembrane helices from MC1R fused to TUBB3-derived C-terminal extensions, in-frame for Iso1 and out-of-frame for Iso2. It has been reported that exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) might promote an isoform switch from canonical MC1R (MC1R-001) to the MC1R-TUBB3 chimeras, which might lead to novel phenotypes required for tanning. We expressed the Flag epitope-tagged intergenic isoforms in heterologous HEK293T cells and human melanoma cells, for functional characterization. Iso1 was expressed with the expected size. Iso2 yielded a doublet of Mr significantly lower than predicted, and impaired intracellular stability. Although Iso1- and Iso2 bound radiolabelled agonist with the same affinity as MC1R-001, their plasma membrane expression was strongly reduced. Decreased surface expression mostly resulted from aberrant forward trafficking, rather than high rates of endocytosis. Functional coupling of both isoforms to cAMP was lower than wild-type, but ERK activation upon binding of αMSH was unimpaired, suggesting imbalanced signaling from the splice variants. Heterodimerization of differentially labelled MC1R-001 with the splicing isoforms analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation was efficient and caused decreased surface expression of binding sites. Thus, UVR-induced MC1R isoforms might contribute to fine-tune the tanning response by modulating MC1R-001 availability and functional parameters.
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16
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Tagliabue E, Fargnoli MC, Gandini S, Maisonneuve P, Liu F, Kayser M, Nijsten T, Han J, Kumar R, Gruis NA, Ferrucci L, Branicki W, Dwyer T, Blizzard L, Helsing P, Autier P, García-Borrón JC, Kanetsky PA, Landi MT, Little J, Newton-Bishop J, Sera F, Raimondi S. MC1R gene variants and non-melanoma skin cancer: a pooled-analysis from the M-SKIP project. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:354-63. [PMID: 26103569 PMCID: PMC4506395 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The melanocortin-1-receptor (MC1R) gene regulates human pigmentation and is highly polymorphic in populations of European origins. The aims of this study were to evaluate the association between MC1R variants and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), and to investigate whether risk estimates differed by phenotypic characteristics. METHODS Data on 3527 NMSC cases and 9391 controls were gathered through the M-SKIP Project, an international pooled-analysis on MC1R, skin cancer and phenotypic characteristics. We calculated summary odds ratios (SOR) with random-effect models, and performed stratified analyses. RESULTS Subjects carrying at least one MC1R variant had an increased risk of NMSC overall, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): SOR (95%CI) were 1.48 (1.24-1.76), 1.39 (1.15-1.69) and 1.61 (1.35-1.91), respectively. All of the investigated variants showed positive associations with NMSC, with consistent significant results obtained for V60L, D84E, V92M, R151C, R160W, R163Q and D294H: SOR (95%CI) ranged from 1.42 (1.19-1.70) for V60L to 2.66 (1.06-6.65) for D84E variant. In stratified analysis, there was no consistent pattern of association between MC1R and NMSC by skin type, but we consistently observed higher SORs for subjects without red hair. CONCLUSIONS Our pooled-analysis highlighted a role of MC1R variants in NMSC development and suggested an effect modification by red hair colour phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tagliabue
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - M C Fargnoli
- Department of Dermatology, University of L'Aquila, 47100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - S Gandini
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - P Maisonneuve
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - F Liu
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Kayser
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Han
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - R Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N A Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L Ferrucci
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - W Branicki
- Institute of Forensic Research, 31-033 Krakow, Poland
| | - T Dwyer
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - L Blizzard
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 Australia
| | - P Helsing
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - P Autier
- International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon 69006, France
| | - J C García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - P A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - M T Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-7236, USA
| | - J Little
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada ON K1N 6N5
| | - J Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - F Sera
- UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - S Raimondi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy
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17
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Maresca V, Flori E, Picardo M. Skin phototype: a new perspective. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:378-89. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Maresca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Enrica Flori
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
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18
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Rodrigues AR, Almeida H, Gouveia AM. Intracellular signaling mechanisms of the melanocortin receptors: current state of the art. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1331-45. [PMID: 25504085 PMCID: PMC11113477 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system is composed by the agonists adrenocorticotropic hormone and α, β and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and two naturally occurring antagonists, agouti and agouti-related protein. These ligands act by interaction with a family of five melanocortin receptors (MCRs), assisted by MCRs accessory proteins (MRAPs). MCRs stimulation activates different signaling pathways that mediate a diverse array of physiological processes, including pigmentation, energy metabolism, inflammation and exocrine secretion. This review focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of MCRs signaling, highlighting the differences among the five receptors. MCRs signal through G-dependent and independent mechanisms and their functional coupling to agonists at the cell surface is regulated by interacting proteins, namely MRAPs and β-arrestins. The knowledge of the distinct modulation pattern of MCRs signaling and function may be helpful for the future design of novel drugs able to combine specificity, safety and effectiveness in the course of their therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R Rodrigues
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal,
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19
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Pasquali E, García-Borrón JC, Fargnoli MC, Gandini S, Maisonneuve P, Bagnardi V, Specchia C, Liu F, Kayser M, Nijsten T, Nagore E, Kumar R, Hansson J, Kanetsky PA, Ghiorzo P, Debniak T, Branicki W, Gruis NA, Han J, Dwyer T, Blizzard L, Landi MT, Palmieri G, Ribas G, Stratigos A, Council M, Autier P, Little J, Newton-Bishop J, Sera F, Raimondi S. MC1R variants increased the risk of sporadic cutaneous melanoma in darker-pigmented Caucasians: a pooled-analysis from the M-SKIP project. Int J Cancer 2015; 136:618-31. [PMID: 24917043 PMCID: PMC4378685 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The MC1R gene is a key regulator of skin pigmentation. We aimed to evaluate the association between MC1R variants and the risk of sporadic cutaneous melanoma (CM) within the M-SKIP project, an international pooled-analysis on MC1R, skin cancer and phenotypic characteristics. Data included 5,160 cases and 12,119 controls from 17 studies. We calculated a summary odds ratio (SOR) for the association of each of the nine most studied MC1R variants and of variants combined with CM by using random-effects models. Stratified analysis by phenotypic characteristics were also performed. Melanoma risk increased with presence of any of the main MC1R variants: the SOR for each variant ranged from 1.47 (95%CI: 1.17-1.84) for V60L to 2.74 (1.53-4.89) for D84E. Carriers of any MC1R variant had a 66% higher risk of developing melanoma compared with wild-type subjects (SOR; 95%CI: 1.66; 1.41-1.96) and the risk attributable to MC1R variants was 28%. When taking into account phenotypic characteristics, we found that MC1R-associated melanoma risk increased only for darker-pigmented Caucasians: SOR (95%CI) was 3.14 (2.06-4.80) for subjects with no freckles, no red hair and skin Type III/IV. Our study documents the important role of all the main MC1R variants in sporadic CM and suggests that they have a direct effect on melanoma risk, independently on the phenotypic characteristics of carriers. This is of particular importance for assessing preventive strategies, which may be directed to darker-pigmented Caucasians with MC1R variants as well as to lightly pigmented, fair-skinned subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pasquali
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - José C. García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Sara Gandini
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrick Maisonneuve
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Bagnardi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Specchia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
- Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter A. Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paola Ghiorzo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Genetics of Rare Hereditary Cancers, IRCCS AOU San Martino –IST, Genoa
| | - Tadeusz Debniak
- Department of Genetic and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Polabska, Poland
| | | | - Nelleke A. Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Terry Dwyer
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leigh Blizzard
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gloria Ribas
- Dptd. Oncologia medica y hematologia, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria- INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexander Stratigos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - M.Laurin Council
- Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Julian Little
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Julia Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Sara Raimondi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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20
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García-Borrón JC, Abdel-Malek Z, Jiménez-Cervantes C. MC1R, the cAMP pathway, and the response to solar UV: extending the horizon beyond pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:699-720. [PMID: 24807163 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor crucial for the regulation of melanocyte proliferation and function. Upon binding melanocortins, MC1R activates several signaling cascades, notably the cAMP pathway leading to synthesis of photoprotective eumelanin. Polymorphisms in the MC1R gene are a major source of normal variation of human hair color and skin pigmentation, response to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and skin cancer susceptibility. The identification of a surprisingly high number of MC1R natural variants strongly associated with pigmentary phenotypes and increased skin cancer risk has prompted research on the functional properties of the wild-type receptor and frequent mutant alleles. We summarize current knowledge on MC1R structural and functional properties, as well as on its intracellular trafficking and signaling. We also review the current knowledge about the function of MC1R as a skin cancer, particularly melanoma, susceptibility gene and how it modulates the response of melanocytes to UVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biomédica (IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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21
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Krayem M, Journe F, Wiedig M, Morandini R, Sales F, Awada A, Ghanem G. Prominent role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate signalling pathway in the sensitivity of (WT)BRAF/(WT)NRAS melanoma cells to vemurafenib. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:1310-20. [PMID: 24559688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Vemurafenib improves survival in patients with melanoma bearing the (V600E)BRAF mutation, but it did not show any benefit in clinical trials focusing on wild type tumours while it may well inhibit (WT)BRAF considering the dosage used and the bioavailability of the drug. As tumours may contain a mixture of mutant and wild type BRAF cells and this has been also put forward as a resistance mechanism, we aimed to evaluate the sensitivity/resistance of six, randomly selected, (WT)BRAF/(WT)NRAS lines to vemurafenib and found four sensitive. The sensitivity to the drug was accompanied by a potent inhibition of both phospho-ERK and phospho-AKT, and a significant induction of apoptosis while absent in lines with intrinsic or acquired resistance. Phospho-CRAF expression was low in all sensitive lines and high in resistant ones, and MEK inhibition can effectively potentiate the drug effect. A possible explanation for CRAF modulation is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a mediator of melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) signalling, since it can actually inhibit CRAF. Indeed, we measured cAMP and found that all four sensitive lines contained significantly higher constitutive cAMP levels than the resistant ones. Consequently, vemurafenib and cAMP stimulator combination resulted in a substantial synergistic effect in lines with both intrinsic and acquired resistance but only restricted to those where cAMP was effectively increased. The use of a cAMP agonist overcame such restriction. In conclusion, we report that (WT)BRAF/(WT)NRAS melanoma lines with low phospho-CRAF and high cAMP levels may be sensitive to vemurafenib and that CRAF inhibition through cAMP stimulation may overcome the resistance to the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Krayem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Murielle Wiedig
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Renato Morandini
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Sales
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ahmad Awada
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ghanem Ghanem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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22
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Rosenkranz AA, Slastnikova TA, Durymanov MO, Sobolev AS. Malignant melanoma and melanocortin 1 receptor. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2013; 78:1228-37. [PMID: 24460937 PMCID: PMC4064721 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913110035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The conventional chemotherapeutic treatment of malignant melanoma still remains poorly efficient in most cases. Thus the use of specific features of these tumors for development of new therapeutic modalities is highly needed. Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) overexpression on the cell surface of the vast majority of human melanomas, making MC1R a valuable marker of these tumors, is one of these features. Naturally, MC1R plays a key role in skin protection against damaging ultraviolet radiation by regulating eumelanin production. MC1R activation is involved in regulation of melanocyte cell division. This article reviews the peculiarities of regulation and expression of MC1R, melanocytes, and melanoma cells, along with the possible connection of MC1R with signaling pathways regulating proliferation of tumor cells. MC1R is a cell surface endocytic receptor, thus considered perspective for diagnostics and targeted drug delivery. A number of new therapeutic approaches that utilize MC1R, including endoradiotherapy with Auger electron and α- and β-particle emitters, photodynamic therapy, and gene therapy are now being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Rosenkranz
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 135-4105
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninsky Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (495) 939-4309;
- Targeted Delivery of Pharmaceuticals “Translek” LLC, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - T. A. Slastnikova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 135-4105
| | - M. O. Durymanov
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 135-4105
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninsky Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (495) 939-4309;
| | - A. S. Sobolev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 135-4105
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninsky Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (495) 939-4309;
- Targeted Delivery of Pharmaceuticals “Translek” LLC, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia;
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Abrisqueta M, Herraiz C, Pérez Oliva AB, Sanchez-Laorden BL, Olivares C, Jiménez-Cervantes C, García-Borrón JC. Differential and competitive regulation of human melanocortin 1 receptor signaling by β-arrestin isoforms. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3724-37. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.128322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) crucial for the regulation of melanocyte proliferation and differentiation. MC1R activation by melanocortin hormones triggers the cAMP pathway and stimulates the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases ERK1 and ERK2 to promote synthesis of photoprotective eumelanin pigments among other effects. Signaling from most GPCRs is regulated by the β-arrestin (ARRB) family of cytosolic multifunctional adaptor proteins which mediate signal termination and endocytosis of GPCR-agonist complexes. The ubiquitously expressed non-visual β-arrestin1 (ARRB1) and β-arrestin2 (ARRB2) are highly homologous but not functionally equivalent. Their role in the regulation of MC1R is unknown. Using a combination of co-immunoprecipitation, gel filtration chromatography, confocal microscopy, siRNA-mediated knockdown and functional assays, we demonstrated agonist-independent competitive interactions of ARRB1 and ARRB2 with MC1R, which might also be independent of phosphorylation of MC1R C-terminal Ser/Thr residues. The effects of ARRBs were isoform-specific. ARRB2 inhibited MC1R agonist-dependent cAMP production but not ERK activation, stimulated internalization and showed prolonged co-localization with the receptor in endocytic vesicles. Conversely, ARRB1 had no effect on internalization or functional coupling, but competed with ARRB2 for binding MC1R, which might increase signaling by displacement of inhibitory ARRB2. These data suggest a novel mechanism of MC1R functional regulation based on the relative expression of ARRB isoforms, with possible activatory ARRB1-dependent effects arising from partial relief of inhibitory ARRB2-MC1R interactions. Thus, competitive displacement of inhibitory ARRBs by functionally neutral ARRB isoforms might exert a paradigm-shifting signal-promoting effect to fine-tune signaling downstream of certain GPCRs.
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