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Pourova J, Dias P, Pour M, Bittner Fialová S, Czigle S, Nagy M, Tóth J, Balázs VL, Horváth A, Csikós E, Farkas Á, Horváth G, Mladěnka P. Proposed mechanisms of action of herbal drugs and their biologically active constituents in the treatment of coughs: an overview. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16096. [PMID: 37901462 PMCID: PMC10607228 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Various medicinal plants find their use in cough treatment, based on traditions and long-term experience. Pharmacological principles of their action, however, are much less known. Herbal drugs usually contain a mixture of potentially active compounds, which can manifest diverse effects. Expectorant or antitussive effects, which can be accompanied by others, such as anti-inflammatory or antibacterial, are probably the most important in the treatment of coughs. The aim of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the effects of medicinal plants or their constituents on cough, based on reliable pharmacological studies. First, a comprehensive description of each effect is provided in order to explain the possible mechanism of action in detail. Next, the results related to individual plants and substances are summarized and critically discussed based on pharmacological in vivo and in vitro investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pourova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Patricia Dias
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Pour
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Bittner Fialová
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Szilvia Czigle
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Milan Nagy
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaroslav Tóth
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Adrienn Horváth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Csikós
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Farkas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Horváth
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Tian Y, Duan C, Feng J, Liao J, Yang Y, Sun W. Roles of lipid metabolism and its regulatory mechanism in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A review. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 155:106361. [PMID: 36592687 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disease of unknown etiology characterized by distorted distal lung architecture, inflammation, and fibrosis. Several lung cell types, including alveolar epithelial cells and fibroblasts, have been implicated in the development and progression of fibrosis. However, the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is still incompletely understood. The latest research has found that dysregulation of lipid metabolism plays an important role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The changes in the synthesis and activity of fatty acids, cholesterol and other lipids seriously affect the regenerative function of alveolar epithelial cells and promote the transformation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Mitochondrial function is the key to regulating the metabolic needs of a variety of cells, including alveolar epithelial cells. Sirtuins located in mitochondria are essential to maintain mitochondrial function and cellular metabolic homeostasis. Sirtuins can maintain normal lipid metabolism by regulating respiratory enzyme activity, resisting oxidative stress, and protecting mitochondrial function. In this review, we aimed to discuss the difference between normal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lungs in terms of lipid metabolism. Additionally, we highlight recent breakthroughs on the effect of abnormal lipid metabolism on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, including the effects of sirtuins. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has its high mortality and limited therapeutic options; therefore, we believe that this review will help to develop a new therapeutic direction from the aspect of lipid metabolism in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchuan Tian
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chunyan Duan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jiayue Feng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China; Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jie Liao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China; Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China.
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3
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Phytocannabinoids Act Synergistically with Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Reducing Inflammation in 2D and 3D In Vitro Models. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121559. [PMID: 36559009 PMCID: PMC9787964 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung inflammation is associated with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Treatment with FCBD:std (standard mix of cannabidiol [CBD], cannabigerol [CBG] and tetrahydrocannabivarin [THCV]) leads to a marked reduction in the inflammation of alveolar epithelial cells, but not in macrophages. In the present study, the combined anti-inflammatory effect of FCBD:std with two corticosteroids (dexamethasone and budesonide) and two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID; ibuprofen and diclofenac), was examined. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine protein levels. Gene expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) activity was determined in vitro. FCBD:std and diclofenac act synergistically, reducing IL-8 levels in macrophages and lung epithelial cells. FCBD:std plus diclofenac also reduced IL-6, IL-8 and CCL2 expression levels in co-cultures of macrophages and lung epithelial cells, in 2D and 3D models. Treatment by FCBD:std and/or NSAID reduced COX-1 and COX-2 gene expression but not their enzymatic activity. FCBD:std and diclofenac exhibit synergistic anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages and lung epithelial cells, yet this combined activity needs to be examined in pre-clinical studies and clinical trials.
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Chang CC, Sia KC, Chang JF, Lin CM, Yang CM, Lee IT, Vo TTT, Huang KY, Lin WN. Participation of lipopolysaccharide in hyperplasic adipose expansion: Involvement of NADPH oxidase/ROS/p42/p44 MAPK-dependent Cyclooxygenase-2. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:3850-3861. [PMID: 35650335 PMCID: PMC9279599 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a world‐wide problem, especially the child obesity, with the complication of various metabolic diseases. Child obesity can be developed as early as the age between 2 and 6. The expansion of fat mass in child age includes both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of adipose tissue, suggesting the importance of proliferation and adipogenesis of preadipocytes. The changed composition of gut microbiota is associated with obesity, revealing the roles of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on manipulating adipose tissue development. Studies suggest that LPS enters the circulation and acts as a pro‐inflammatory regulator to facilitate pathologies. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms behind LPS‐modulated obesity are yet clearly elucidated. This study showed that LPS enhanced the expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), an inflammatory regulator of obesity, in preadipocytes. Pretreating preadipocytes with the scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase or p42/p44 MAPK markedly decreased LPS‐stimulated gene expression of COX‐2 together with the phosphorylation of p47phox and p42/p44 MAPK, separately. LPS activated p42/p44 MAPK via NADPH oxidase‐dependent ROS accumulation in preadipocytes. Reduction of intracellular ROS or attenuation of p42/p44 MAPK activation both reduced LPS‐mediated COX‐2 expression and preadipocyte proliferation. Moreover, LPS‐induced preadipocyte proliferation and adipogenesis were abolished by the inhibition of COX‐2 or PEG2 receptors. Taken together, our results suggested that LPS enhanced the proliferation and adipogenesis of preadipocytes via NADPH oxidase/ROS/p42/p44 MAPK‐dependent COX‐2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chien Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kee-Chin Sia
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Feng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, En-Chu-Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Mo Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Chest Medicine, Shin Kong Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program for Biotech Pharmaceutical Industry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Post-Baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thi Thuy Tien Vo
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yang Huang
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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5
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Fatty acid-binding protein 5 activates cyclooxygenase-2 and promotes hypoxic injury in LO2 cells. Mol Cell Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-021-00158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Sano A, Sano H, Iwanaga T, Tohda Y. Functional role of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C in regulating leukotriene synthesis and degranulation in human eosinophils. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 884:173353. [PMID: 32707189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) regulate both eosinophil degranulation and leukotriene (LT) synthesis via PI-PLC-mediated calcium influx and cPLA2 activation. Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) likely plays a key role in cellular signaling, including the eosinophilic allergic inflammatory response. This study examined the role of PC-PLC in eosinophil LT synthesis and degranulation using tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609), a PC-specific PLC inhibitor. D609 inhibited N-formyl-met-leu-phe + cytochalasin B (fMLP/B)-induced arachidonic acid (AA) release and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) secretion. However, at concentrations that blocked both AA release and LTC4 secretion, D609 had no significant inhibitory effect on stimulated cPLA2 activity. D609 also partially blocked fMLP/B-induced calcium influx, indicating that inhibition of AA release and LTC4 secretion by D609 is due to inhibition of calcium-mediated cPLA2 translocation to intracellular membranes, not inhibition of cPLA2 activity. In addition, D609 inhibited fMLP/B-stimulated eosinophil peroxidase release, indicating that PC-PLC regulates fMLP/B-induced eosinophil degranulation by increasing the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). Overall, our results showed that PC-PLC is critical for fMLP/B-stimulated eosinophil LT synthesis and degranulation. In addition, degranulation requires calcium influx, while PC-PLC regulates LTC4 synthesis through calcium-mediated cPLA2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2, Ohnohigashi Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Sano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2, Ohnohigashi Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwanaga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2, Ohnohigashi Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yuji Tohda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2, Ohnohigashi Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
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7
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Analysis of purine receptor expression and functionality in alveolar epithelial cells. Purinergic Signal 2020; 16:213-229. [PMID: 32236789 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its fundamental role in providing an extensive surface for gas exchange, the alveolar epithelium (AE) serves as an immunological barrier through, e.g., the release of proinflammatory cytokines and secretion of surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse. Thus, AE is important for sustaining lung homeostasis. Extracellular ATP secreted by alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) is involved in physiological and pathological conditions and acts mainly through the activation of purine receptors (P2Rs). When studying P2R-mediated processes, primary isolated type II AECs (piAECs) still represent the gold standard in in vitro research, although their preparation is time-consuming and requires the sacrifice of many animals. Hence, cultivated immortalized and tumor-derived AEC lines may constitute a valuable alternative. In this work, we examined P2R expression and functionality in piAECs, in immortalized and tumor-derived AEC lines with the purpose of gaining a better understanding of purinergic signaling in different cell systems and assisting researchers in the choice of a suitable cell line with a certain P2R in demand. We combined mRNA and protein analysis to evaluate the expression of P2R. For pharmacological testing, we conducted calcium ([Ca2+]) measurements and siRNA receptor knockdown. Interestingly, the mRNA and protein levels of P2Y2, P2Y6, and P2X4 were detected on all cell lines. Concerning functionality, P2XR could be narrowed to L2 and piAECs while P2YR were active in all cell lines.
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8
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Gladine C, Ostermann AI, Newman JW, Schebb NH. MS-based targeted metabolomics of eicosanoids and other oxylipins: Analytical and inter-individual variabilities. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 144:72-89. [PMID: 31085232 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins, including the well-known eicosanoids, are potent lipid mediators involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Therefore, their quantitative profiling has gained a lot of attention during the last years notably in the active field of health biomarker discovery. Oxylipins include hundreds of structurally and stereochemically distinct lipid species which today are most commonly analyzed by (ultra) high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based ((U)HPLC-MS) methods. To maximize the utility of oxylipin profiling in clinical research, it is crucial to understand and assess the factors contributing to the analytical and biological variability of oxylipin profiles in humans. In this review, these factors and their impacts are summarized and discussed, providing a framework for recommendations expected to enhance the interlaboratory comparability and biological interpretation of oxylipin profiling in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gladine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Annika I Ostermann
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gaußstraße 20, University of Wuppertal, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - John W Newman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA; University of California Davis, Department of Nutrition, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gaußstraße 20, University of Wuppertal, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
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Niu JC, Ma N, Liu W, Wang PJ. EP1 receptor is involved in prostaglandin E2-induced osteosarcoma growth. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2019; 19:265-273. [PMID: 30995899 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2019.4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies showed that the activation of prostaglandin (PG) receptor EP1 promotes cell migration and invasion in different cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of EP1 in the proliferation of osteosarcoma (OS) cells in vitro and in vivo. EP1 mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively in human OS cell lines MG63, OS732, U-2OS, and 143B compared to human fetal osteoblastic hFOB 1.19 cells. MG63 cells were treated with PGE2, EP1 specific agonist 17-PT-PGE2, 17-PT-PGE2 + EP1 specific antagonist SC51089, or DMSO (control). EP1R-siRNA or a non-silencing irrelevant RNA duplex (negative control) were used for the transfection of MG63 cells, followed by PGE2 treatment. Nude mice carrying MG63 xenografts were treated with SC51089 (2 mg/kg/day). MG63 cells/xenografts were analyzed by MTT assay, TUNEL assay, PKC enzyme activity assay, and Western blot (EP1 and apoptotic proteins), and tumor growth/volume was evaluated in mice. EP1 levels were significantly higher in OS cells compared to osteoblasts. PGE2 or 17-PT-PGE2 treatment increased the proliferation and decreased the apoptosis of MG63 cells. Inhibition of EP1 by SC51089 or siRNA markedly decreased the viability of MG63 cells. Similarly, SC51089 treatment significantly inhibited MG63 cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in vivo. The silencing of EP1 receptor by siRNA or blockade of EP1 signaling by SC51089 activated extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways both in vivo and in vitro, as evidenced by increased levels of Bax, cyt c, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9. EP1 appears to be involved in PGE2-induced proliferative activity of MG63 cells. Antagonizing EP1 may provide a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Cai Niu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou; Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei Anhui, China.
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10
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Olotu C, Lehmensiek F, Koch B, Kiefmann M, Riegel AK, Hammerschmidt S, Kiefmann R. Streptococcus pneumoniae inhibits purinergic signaling and promotes purinergic receptor P2Y 2 internalization in alveolar epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12795-12806. [PMID: 31289122 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia is a global health challenge that causes up to 2 million deaths each year. Purinergic signaling plays a pivotal role in healthy alveolar epithelium. Here, we used fluorophore-based analysis and live-cell calcium imaging to address the question of whether the bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae directly interferes with purinergic signaling in alveolar epithelial cells. Disturbed purinergic signaling might result in pathophysiologic changes like edema formation and atelectasis, which are commonly seen in bacterial pneumonia. Purine receptors are mainly activated by ATP, mediating a cytosolic calcium response. We found that this purinergic receptor P2Y2-mediated response is suppressed in the presence of S. pneumoniae in A549 and isolated primary alveolar cells in a temperature-dependent manner. Downstream inositol 3-phosphate (IP3) signaling appeared to be unaffected, as calcium signaling via protease-activated receptor 2 remained unaltered. S. pneumoniae-induced suppression of the P2Y2-mediated calcium response depended on the P2Y2 phosphorylation sites Ser-243, Thr-344, and Ser-356, which are involved in receptor desensitization and internalization. Spinning-disk live-cell imaging revealed that S. pneumoniae induces P2Y2 translocation into the cytosol. In conclusion, our results show that S. pneumoniae directly inhibits purinergic signaling by inducing P2Y2 phosphorylation and internalization, resulting in the suppression of the calcium response of alveolar epithelial cells to ATP, thereby affecting cellular integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Olotu
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 22051 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Lehmensiek
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 22051 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Koch
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 22051 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kiefmann
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 22051 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Riegel
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 22051 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rainer Kiefmann
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 22051 Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Participation of NADPH Oxidase-Related Reactive Oxygen Species in Leptin-Promoted Pulmonary Inflammation: Regulation of cPLA2α and COX-2 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051078. [PMID: 30832310 PMCID: PMC6429300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic problem and correlates to varieties of acute or chronic lung diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. An increase of leptin, a kind of adipokine, in lean mice plasma has been found to impair immune responses and facilitate the infection of Klebsiella pneumoniae, resulting in increased pneumonia severity. Also, a higher leptin level is found in exhaled breath condensates of obese or asthmatic subjects, compared to healthy ones, suggesting that leptin is involved in the occurrence or exacerbation of lung injury. In previous studies, we showed that leptin stimulated cytosolic phospholipase A2-α (cPLA2α) gene expression in lung alveolar type II cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-activated coactivator p300. Herein, we show that the in vivo application of leptin in the respiratory system upregulated the expression of inflammatory proteins cPLA2α and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) together with leukocyte infiltration. Treatment with an ROS scavenger (N-acetylcysteine, NAC), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin), or an activating protein (AP)-1 inhibitor (tanshinone IIA) attenuated leptin-mediated cPLA2α/COX-2 expression and leukocyte recruitment in the lung. Leptin increased intracellular oxidative stress in a leptin receptor (OB-R) and NADPH oxidase-dependent manner, leading to the phosphorylation of the AP-1 subunit c-Jun. In summation, leptin increased lung cPLA2α/COX-2 expression and leukocyte recruitment via the NADPH oxidase/ROS/AP-1 pathway. Understanding the inflammatory effects of leptin on the pulmonary system provides opportunities to develop strategies against lung injury related to metabolic syndrome or obesity.
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12
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Tsai MH, Yang CM, Chang KT, Chuang CC, Lin WN, Jiang RS, Wu CH, Lee IT. Carbon monoxide ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus-elicited COX-2/IL-6/MMP-9-dependent human aortic endothelial cell migration and inflammatory responses. Immunol Lett 2018; 203:40-49. [PMID: 30236480 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) can often lead to many life-threatening diseases. It has the ability to invade normal endovascular tissue. Acute inflammation and its resolution are important to ensure bacterial clearance and limit tissue injury. Carbon monoxide (CO) has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in various tissues and organ systems. In our study, we investigated the effects and the mechanisms of carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) on S. aureus-induced inflammatory responses in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). We proved that S. aureus induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)/interleukin-6 (IL-6)/matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) expression and cell migration, which were decreased by CORM-2. Moreover, CORM-2 had no effects on TLR2 mRNA levels in response to S. aureus. Interestingly, we proved that S. aureus decreased intracellular ROS generation, suggesting that the inhibition of ROS further promoted inflammatory responses. However, CORM-2 significantly inhibited S. aureus-induced inflammation by increasing intracellular ROS generation. S. aureus-induced NF-κB activation was also inhibited by CORM-2. Finally, we proved that S. aureus induced levels of the biomarkers of inflammation in cardiovascular diseases, which were inhibited by CORM-2. Taken together, these results suggest that CORM-2 inhibits S. aureus-induced COX-2/PGE2/IL-6/MMP-9 expression and aorta inflammatory responses by increasing the ROS generation and reducing the inflammatory molecules levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Horng Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo and Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ting Chang
- Translational Medicine Center, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Healthy and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chun Chuang
- Department of Physical Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Rong-San Jiang
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Wu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - I-Ta Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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13
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Resveratrol inhibits urban particulate matter-induced COX-2/PGE 2 release in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes via the inhibition of activation of NADPH oxidase/ROS/NF-κB. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 88:113-123. [PMID: 28495310 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) play a role in joint synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Some evidence indicates that particulate matter (PM) in air pollution could contribute to the progression of RA. However, more research is needed to clarify this relationship. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and its metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are implicated in various inflammatory diseases. Resveratrol, a polyphenol found mainly in grapes and red wine, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we demonstrated that resveratrol reduced PM-induced COX-2/PGE2 expression in human FLSs, and attenuated PM-enhanced NADPH oxidase activity and ROS generation. In addition, PM induced Akt, ERK1/2, or p38 MAPK activation, which was inhibited by resveratrol. Finally, we demonstrated that PM enhanced NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and the NF-κB promoter activity, which were reduced by pretreatment with a ROS inhibitor or resveratrol. Thus, we concluded that resveratrol functions as a suppressor of PM-induced inflammatory signaling pathways by inhibiting COX-2/PGE2 expression.
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14
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Ye L, Hong F, Ze X, Li L, Zhou Y, Ze Y. Toxic effects of TiO 2 nanoparticles in primary cultured rat sertoli cells are mediated via a dysregulated Ca 2+ /PKC/p38 MAPK/NF-κB cascade. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1374-1382. [PMID: 28188686 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have demonstrated that titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) can be accumulated in various animal organs and can cause toxicity, there is currently only limited data regarding reproductive toxicity especially on the toxic mechanisms of TiO2 NPs in Sertoli cells. In order to investigate the mechanism of reproductive toxicity, primary cultured rat Sertoli cells were exposed to 5, 15, or 30 μg/mL TiO2 NPs for 24 h, and TiO2 NPs internalization, expression of PKC (p-PKC) and p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK) as well as calcium homeostasis were examined. Our findings demonstrated that TiO2 NPs crossed the membrane into the cytoplasm or nucleus, and significantly suppressed cell viability of primary cultured rat Sertoli cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, immunological dysfunction caused by TiO2 NPs was involved in the increased expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1β, and decreased IκB expression. TiO2 NPs significantly decreased Ca2+ -ATPase and Ca2+ /Mg2+ -ATPase activity and enhanced intracellular Ca2+ levels, and up-regulated the expression of p-PKC and p-p38 MAPK in a dose-dependent manner in primary cultured rat Sertoli cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that TiO2 NPs may induce immunological dysfunction of primary cultured rat Sertoli cells by stimulating the Ca2+ /PKC/p38 MAPK cascade, which triggers NF-κB activation and ultimately induces the expression of inflammatory cytokines in primary cultured rat Sertoli cells. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1374-1382, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqun Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fashui Hong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutritional Function, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Xiao Ze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lingjuan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yaoming Zhou
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian, 223303, China
| | - Yuguan Ze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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15
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Chen HM, Yang CM, Chang JF, Wu CS, Sia KC, Lin WN. AdipoR-increased intracellular ROS promotes cPLA2 and COX-2 expressions via activation of PKC and p300 in adiponectin-stimulated human alveolar type II cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L255-69. [PMID: 27288489 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00218.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin, an adipokine, accumulated in lung system via T-cadherin after allergens/ozone challenge. However, the roles of adiponectin on lung pathologies were controversial. Here we reported that adiponectin stimulated expression of inflammatory proteins, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human alveolar type II A549 cells. AdipoR1/2 involved in adiponectin-activated NADPH oxidase and mitochondria, which further promoted intracellular ROS accumulation. Protein kinase C (PKC) may involve an adiponectin-activated NADPH oxidase. Similarly, p300 phosphorylation and histone H4 acetylation occurred in adiponectin-challenged A549 cells. Moreover, adiponectin-upregulated cPLA2 and COX-2 expression was significantly abrogated by ROS scavenger (N-acetylcysteine) or the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (apocynin), mitochondrial complex I (rotenone), PKC (Ro31-8220, Gö-6976, and rottlerin), and p300 (garcinol). Briefly, we reported that adiponectin stimulated cPLA2 and COX-2 expression via AdipoR1/2-dependent activation of PKC/NADPH oxidase/mitochondria resulting in ROS accumulation, p300 phosphorylation, and histone H4 acetylation. These results suggested that adiponectin promoted lung inflammation, resulting in exacerbation of pulmonary diseases via upregulating cPLA2 and COX-2 expression together with intracellular ROS production. Understanding the adiponectin signaling pathways on regulating cPLA2 and COX-2 may help develop therapeutic strategies on pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Mei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Feng Chang
- PhD Program in Nutrition and Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, En-Chu-Kong Hospital, Sanxia, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Sheng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kee-Chin Sia
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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16
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Hsu PS, Wu CS, Chang JF, Lin WN. Leptin Promotes cPLA₂ Gene Expression through Activation of the MAPK/NF-κB/p300 Cascade. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27640-58. [PMID: 26593914 PMCID: PMC4661903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperplasia or hypertrophy of adipose tissues plays a crucial role in obesity, which is accompanied by the release of leptin. Recently, obesity was determined to be associated with various pulmonary diseases including asthma, acute lung injury, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, how obesity contributes to pulmonary diseases and whether leptin directly regulates lung inflammation remains unclear. We used cell and animal models to study the mechanisms of leptin mediation of pulmonary inflammation. We found that leptin activated de novo synthesis of cytosolic phospholipase A2-α (cPLA2-α) in vitro in the lung alveolar type II cells, A549, and in vivo in ICR mice. Upregulated cPLA2-α protein was attenuated by pretreatment with an OB-R blocking antibody, U0126, SB202190, SP600125, Bay11-7086, garcinol, and p300 siRNA, suggesting roles of p42/p44 MAPK, p38 MAPK, JNK1/2, NF-κB, and p300 in leptin effects. Leptin enhanced the activities of p42/p44 MAPK, p38 MAPK, JNK1/2, and p65 NF-κB in a time-dependent manner. Additional studies have suggested the participation of OB-R, p42/p44 MAPK, and JNK1/2 in leptin-increased p65 phosphorylation. Furthermore, p300 phosphorylation and histone H4 acetylation were reduced by blockage of OB-R, p42/p44 MAPK, p38 MAPK, JNK1/2, and NF-κB in leptin-stimulated cells. Similarly, blockage of the MAPKs/NF-κB/p300 cascade significantly inhibited leptin-mediated cPLA2-α mRNA expression. Our data as a whole showed that leptin contributed to lung cPLA2-α expression through OB-R-dependent activation of the MAPKs/NF-κB/p300 cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Sung Hsu
- Division of Chest Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 11101, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Sheng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Feng Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, En-Chu-Kong Hospital, Sanxia 23702, Taiwan.
- PhD Program in Nutrition and Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang 24205, Taiwan.
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17
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Winters CJ, Koval O, Murthy S, Allamargot C, Sebag SC, Paschke JD, Jaffer OA, Carter AB, Grumbach IM. CaMKII inhibition in type II pneumocytes protects from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by preventing Ca2+-dependent apoptosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 310:L86-94. [PMID: 26545899 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00132.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium and calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) translates increases in intracellular Ca(2+) into downstream signaling events. Its function in pulmonary pathologies remains largely unknown. CaMKII is a well-known mediator of apoptosis and regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+). ER stress and apoptosis of type II pneumocytes lead to aberrant tissue repair and progressive collagen deposition in pulmonary fibrosis. Thus we hypothesized that CaMKII inhibition alleviates fibrosis in response to bleomycin by attenuating apoptosis and ER stress of type II pneumocytes. We first established that CaMKII was strongly expressed in the distal respiratory epithelium, in particular in surfactant protein-C-positive type II pneumocytes, and activated after bleomycin instillation. We generated a novel transgenic model of inducible expression of the CaMKII inhibitor peptide AC3-I limited to type II pneumocytes (Tg SPC-AC3-I). Tg SPC-AC3-I mice were protected from development of pulmonary fibrosis after bleomycin exposure compared with wild-type mice. CaMKII inhibition also provided protection from apoptosis in type II pneumocytes in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, intracellular Ca(2+) levels and ER stress were increased by bleomycin and significantly blunted with CaMKII inhibition in vitro. These data demonstrate that CaMKII inhibition prevents type II pneumocyte apoptosis and development of pulmonary fibrosis in response to bleomycin. CaMKII inhibition may therefore be a promising approach to prevent or ameliorate the progression of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olha Koval
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Shubha Murthy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Chantal Allamargot
- Central Microscopy Research Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Sara C Sebag
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - John D Paschke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Omar A Jaffer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - A Brent Carter
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Free Radical and Radiation Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Isabella M Grumbach
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City, Iowa; and
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18
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Gabbs M, Leng S, Devassy JG, Monirujjaman M, Aukema HM. Advances in Our Understanding of Oxylipins Derived from Dietary PUFAs. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:513-40. [PMID: 26374175 PMCID: PMC4561827 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins formed from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the main mediators of PUFA effects in the body. They are formed via cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and cytochrome P450 pathways, resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, mono-, di-, and tri-hydroxy fatty acids (FAs), epoxy FAs, lipoxins, eoxins, hepoxilins, resolvins, protectins (also called neuroprotectins in the brain), and maresins. In addition to the well-known eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid, recent developments in lipidomic methodologies have raised awareness of and interest in the large number of oxylipins formed from other PUFAs, including those from the essential FAs and the longer-chain n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs. Oxylipins have essential roles in normal physiology and function, but can also have detrimental effects. Compared with the oxylipins derived from n-3 PUFAs, oxylipins from n-6 PUFAs generally have greater activity and more inflammatory, vasoconstrictory, and proliferative effects, although there are notable exceptions. Because PUFA composition does not necessarily reflect oxylipin composition, comprehensive analysis of the oxylipin profile is necessary to understand the overall physiologic effects of PUFAs mediated through their oxylipins. These analyses should include oxylipins derived from linoleic and α-linolenic acids, because these largely unexplored bioactive oxylipins constitute more than one-half of oxylipins present in tissues. Because collated information on oxylipins formed from different PUFAs is currently unavailable, this review provides a detailed compilation of the main oxylipins formed from PUFAs and describes their functions. Much remains to be elucidated in this emerging field, including the discovery of more oxylipins, and the understanding of the differing biological potencies, kinetics, and isomer-specific activities of these novel PUFA metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Harold M Aukema
- Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; and Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
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19
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Hsu CK, Lee IT, Lin CC, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Mediates COX-2 Expression and PGE2/IL-6 Secretion via c-Src-Dependent AP-1 Activation. J Cell Physiol 2014; 230:702-15. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kai Hsu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Kwei-San Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Kwei-San Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anesthetics; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou and College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Kwei-San Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Anesthetics; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou and College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Kwei-San Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Kwei-San Tao-Yuan Taiwan
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20
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Dibutyltin promotes oxidative stress and increases inflammatory mediators in BV-2 microglia cells. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:177-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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