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Wolde T, Bhardwaj V, Reyad-ul-Ferdous M, Qin P, Pandey V. The Integrated Bioinformatic Approach Reveals the Prognostic Significance of LRP1 Expression in Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7996. [PMID: 39063239 PMCID: PMC11276689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A hyperactive tumour microenvironment (TME) drives unrestricted cancer cell survival, drug resistance, and metastasis in ovarian carcinoma (OC). However, therapeutic targets within the TME for OC remain elusive, and efficient methods to quantify TME activity are still limited. Herein, we employed an integrated bioinformatics approach to determine which immune-related genes (IRGs) modulate the TME and further assess their potential theragnostic (therapeutic + diagnostic) significance in OC progression. Using a robust approach, we developed a predictive risk model to retrospectively examine the clinicopathological parameters of OC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The validity of the prognostic model was confirmed with data from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) cohort. Our approach identified nine IRGs, AKT2, FGF7, FOS, IL27RA, LRP1, OBP2A, PAEP, PDGFRA, and PI3, that form a prognostic model in OC progression, distinguishing patients with significantly better clinical outcomes in the low-risk group. We validated this model as an independent prognostic indicator and demonstrated enhanced prognostic significance when used alongside clinical nomograms for accurate prediction. Elevated LRP1 expression, which indicates poor prognosis in bladder cancer (BLCA), OC, low-grade gliomas (LGG), and glioblastoma (GBM), was also associated with immune infiltration in several other cancers. Significant correlations with immune checkpoint genes (ICGs) highlight the potential importance of LRP1 as a biomarker and therapeutic target. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis highlighted LRP1's involvement in metabolism-related pathways, supporting its prognostic and therapeutic relevance also in BLCA, OC, low-grade gliomas (LGG), GBM, kidney cancer, OC, BLCA, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), and stomach and oesophageal carcinoma (STES). Our study has generated a novel signature of nine IRGs within the TME across cancers, that could serve as potential prognostic predictors and provide a valuable resource to improve the prognosis of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Wolde
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (T.W.); (M.R.-u.-F.)
| | - Vipul Bhardwaj
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Md. Reyad-ul-Ferdous
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (T.W.); (M.R.-u.-F.)
| | - Peiwu Qin
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (T.W.); (M.R.-u.-F.)
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (T.W.); (M.R.-u.-F.)
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
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Huang CY, Wei PL, Prince GMSH, Batzorig U, Lee CC, Chang YJ, Hung CS. The Role of Thrombomodulin in Estrogen-Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Progression, Metastasis, and Curcumin Sensitivity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051384. [PMID: 37239055 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen and estrogen receptors (ER) play a key role in breast cancer progression, which can be treated with endocrine therapy. Nevertheless, resistance to endocrine therapies is developed over time. The tumor expression of thrombomodulin (TM) is correlated with favorable prognosis in several types of cancer. However, this correlation has not yet been confirmed in ER-positive (ER+) breast cancer. This study aims to evaluate the role of TM in ER+ breast cancer. Firstly, we found that lower TM expression correlates to poor overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) rates in ER+ breast cancer patients through Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (p < 0.05). Silencing TM in MCF7 cells (TM-KD) increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion ability. Additionally, TM-KD MCF7 cells showed higher sensitivity (IC50 15 μM) to the anti-cancer agent curcumin than the scrambled control cells. Conversely, overexpression of TM (TM-over) in T47D cells leads to decreased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion ability. Furthermore, TM-over T47D cells showed more resistance (IC50 > 40 μM) to the curcumin treatment. The PI staining, DAPI, and tunnel assay also confirmed that the curcumin-induced apoptosis in TM-KD MCF7 cells was higher (90.34%) than in the scrambled control cells (48.54%). Finally, the expressions of drug-resistant genes (ABCC1, LRP1, MRP5, and MDR1) were determined by qPCR. We found that the relative mRNA expression levels of ABCC1, LRP1, and MDR1 genes after curcumin treatment were higher in scrambled control cells than in TM-KD cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that TM plays a suppressive role in the progression and metastasis of ER+ breast cancer, and it regulates curcumin sensitivity by interfering with ABCC1, LRP1, and MDR1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Huang
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - G M Shazzad Hossain Prince
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Uyanga Batzorig
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cheng-Chin Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
- Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sheng Hung
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Haque M, Shakil MS, Mahmud KM. The Promise of Nanoparticles-Based Radiotherapy in Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061892. [PMID: 36980778 PMCID: PMC10047050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation has been utilized for a long time for the treatment of cancer patients. However, radiotherapy (RT) has many constraints, among which non-selectivity is the primary one. The implementation of nanoparticles (NPs) with RT not only localizes radiation in targeted tissue but also provides significant tumoricidal effect(s) compared to radiation alone. NPs can be functionalized with both biomolecules and therapeutic agents, and their combination significantly reduces the side effects of RT. NP-based RT destroys cancer cells through multiple mechanisms, including ROS generation, which in turn damages DNA and other cellular organelles, inhibiting of the DNA double-strand damage-repair system, obstructing of the cell cycle, regulating of the tumor microenvironment, and killing of cancer stem cells. Furthermore, such combined treatments overcome radioresistance and drug resistance to chemotherapy. Additionally, NP-based RT in combined treatments have shown synergistic therapeutic benefit(s) and enhanced the therapeutic window. Furthermore, a combination of phototherapy, i.e., photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy with NP-based RT, not only reduces phototoxicity but also offers excellent therapeutic benefits. Moreover, using NPs with RT has shown promise in cancer treatment and shown excellent therapeutic outcomes in clinical trials. Therefore, extensive research in this field will pave the way toward improved RT in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munima Haque
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Salman Shakil
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Mustafa Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
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Gu F, Xu F, Pan Z, Shi L, Yu J, Song F, Huang S, Sun M. An integrative pan-cancer analysis illustrating the key role of LRP11 in cervical cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33201. [PMID: 36930084 PMCID: PMC10019138 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 11 (LRP11) was involved in the progression of several tumors. However, its role in cervical cancer still remains uncertain. METHODS The original tumor data was downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas and genotype-tissue expression databases. The expression of LRP11 in normal tissues, tumor tissues and adjacent tissues were evaluated. In addition, we also explored the genetic alteration, prognostic value, and gene function of LRP11. We deeply assessed the interaction between LRP11 and tumor immunity at the pan-cancer level. Finally, research on the association between LRP11 and the resistance of anti-tumor drugs was carried out. RESULTS LRP11 was highly expressed and played a risk prognostic factor in cervical cancer and a variety of tumors. Enrichment analysis revealed that LRP11 was involved in multiple tumor malignant pathways. Our research also pointed out the unique role between LRP11 and tumor immune microenvironment. The tumor immune microenvironment of patients with high expression of LRP11 are lack of most immune cells, indicating a immune desert tumor microenvironment. The final drug resistant analysis suggested that patients with high expression of LRP11 may be related to the resistance of many anti-tumor drugs. CONCLUSION LRP11 was a potential oncogene and prognostic marker in cervical cancer and pan-cancer. Patients with high LRP11 expression may have immune desert tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyun Gu
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zimeng Pan
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Medical Rehabilitation Departments, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinglu Yu
- Department of Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Feifei Song
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - ShuFeng Huang
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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5
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Zhou W, Ma J, Zhao H, Wang Q, Guo X, Chen L, Cao Z, Xu J, Zhang B, Zhou X. Serum exosomes from epithelial ovarian cancer patients contain LRP1, which promotes the migration of epithelial ovarian cancer cell. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100520. [PMID: 36842607 PMCID: PMC10113894 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a gynecological tumor with extremely high mortality and poor prognosis. Exosomes derived from tumor cells contain abundant proteins that may influence tumor metastasis. The purpose of our study was to explore the proteomic profile of serum exosomes from Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients and to find potential diagnostic markers for EOC. We obtained purified exosomes from serum using ultracentrifugation. Migration assay was used to evaluate the effects of exosomes on the migration of EOC cells. Proteomic profile of serum exosomes was analyzed by Liquid chromatogram-tande mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The level of LRP1 in serum and serum exosomes were determined by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Western blot and Immunohistochemistry were used to determine the level of LRP1 in tissues. Moreover, we performed small-interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of LRP1 in EOC cells to obtain SI-LRP1-Exos and SI-NC-Exos. The detailed mechanisms by which exosomal LRP1 affected the migration of EOC cells in vitro and in vivo were also explored. We found that serum exosomes from EOC patients contributed to the migration of EOC cells. The level of serum exosomal LRP1 of EOC patients was significantly upregulated compared with that of healthy volunteers, which was consistent with the result of ELISA. We found that exosomal LRP1 regulated the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 through ERK signaling pathway and affected the migration of EOC cells in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, we propose that exosomal LRP1 contributes to the migration of EOC and may act as an important diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China. 221004
| | - Jiachen Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China. 221004
| | - Han Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China. 221004
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China. 221004
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China. 221004
| | - Linna Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China. 221004
| | - Zhonghui Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China. 221004
| | - Jiahao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China. 221004
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China. 221004.
| | - Xueyan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China. 221004.
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6
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Redox signaling induces laminin receptor ribosomal protein-SA expression to improve cell adhesion following radiofrequency glow discharge treatments. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7742. [PMID: 35546602 PMCID: PMC9095671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current biomaterials effectively replace biological structures but are limited by infections and long-term material failures. This study examined the molecular mechanisms of radio frequency glow discharge treatments (RFGDT) in mediating the disinfection of biomaterial surfaces and concurrently promoting cell attachment and proliferation. Dental biomaterials were subjected to RFGDT, and viability of oral microbial species, namely Streptococcus mutants (SM), Streptococcus gordonii (SG), Moraxella catarrhalis (MC), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (PG), were assessed. Cell attachment and survival of a pre-odontoblast cell line, MDPC-23, was examined. Finally, mechanistic investigations into redox generation and biological signaling were investigated. Based on their compositions, dental biomaterials induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) following dose-dependent RFGDT. Reduced microbial viability was evident following RFGDT in the catalase-negative (SM and SG) species more prominently than catalase-positive (MC and PG) species. Cell adhesion assays noted improved MDPC-23 attachment and survival. Pretreatments with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and catalase abrogated these responses. Immunoassays noted redox-induced downstream expression of a laminin receptor, Ribosomal Protein SA, following RFGDT. Thus, RFGDT-induced redox mediates antimicrobial and improves cell responses such as adhesion and proliferation. These observations together provide a mechanistic rationale for the clinical utility of RFGDT with dental biomaterials for regenerative clinical applications.
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Campion O, Thevenard Devy J, Billottet C, Schneider C, Etique N, Dupuy JW, Raymond AA, Boulagnon Rombi C, Meunier M, Djermoune EH, Lelièvre E, Wahart A, Bour C, Hachet C, Cairo S, Bikfalvi A, Dedieu S, Devy J. LRP-1 Matricellular Receptor Involvement in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Tumor Angiogenesis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101430. [PMID: 34680548 PMCID: PMC8533426 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: LRP-1 is a multifunctional scavenger receptor belonging to the LDLR family. Due to its capacity to control pericellular levels of various growth factors and proteases, LRP-1 plays a crucial role in membrane proteome dynamics, which appears decisive for tumor progression. Methods: LRP-1 involvement in a TNBC model was assessed using an RNA interference strategy in MDA-MB-231 cells. In vivo, tumorigenic and angiogenic effects of LRP-1-repressed cells were evaluated using an orthotopic xenograft model and two angiogenic assays (Matrigel® plugs, CAM). DCE-MRI, FMT, and IHC were used to complete a tumor longitudinal follow-up and obtain morphological and functional vascular information. In vitro, HUVECs’ angiogenic potential was evaluated using a tumor secretome, subjected to a proteomic analysis to highlight LRP-1-dependant signaling pathways. Results: LRP-1 repression in MDA-MB-231 tumors led to a 60% growth delay because of, inter alia, morphological and functional vascular differences, confirmed by angiogenic models. In vitro, the LRP-1-repressed cells secretome restrained HUVECs’ angiogenic capabilities. A proteomics analysis revealed that LRP-1 supports tumor growth and angiogenesis by regulating TGF-β signaling and plasminogen/plasmin system. Conclusions: LRP-1, by its wide spectrum of interactions, emerges as an important matricellular player in the control of cancer-signaling events such as angiogenesis, by supporting tumor vascular morphology and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Campion
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France; (O.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.S.); (N.E.); (M.M.); (E.L.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (C.H.); (S.D.)
- Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, UMR 7369 CNRS, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Jessica Thevenard Devy
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France; (O.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.S.); (N.E.); (M.M.); (E.L.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (C.H.); (S.D.)
- Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, UMR 7369 CNRS, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Clotilde Billottet
- INSERM, LAMC, U1029, Université de Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France; (C.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Christophe Schneider
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France; (O.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.S.); (N.E.); (M.M.); (E.L.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (C.H.); (S.D.)
- Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, UMR 7369 CNRS, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Nicolas Etique
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France; (O.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.S.); (N.E.); (M.M.); (E.L.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (C.H.); (S.D.)
- Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, UMR 7369 CNRS, 51687 Reims, France;
| | | | | | - Camille Boulagnon Rombi
- Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, UMR 7369 CNRS, 51687 Reims, France;
- Laboratoire d’Anatomie Pathologie, CHU Reims, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Marie Meunier
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France; (O.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.S.); (N.E.); (M.M.); (E.L.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (C.H.); (S.D.)
- Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, UMR 7369 CNRS, 51687 Reims, France;
| | | | - Elodie Lelièvre
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France; (O.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.S.); (N.E.); (M.M.); (E.L.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (C.H.); (S.D.)
- Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, UMR 7369 CNRS, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Amandine Wahart
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France; (O.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.S.); (N.E.); (M.M.); (E.L.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (C.H.); (S.D.)
- Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, UMR 7369 CNRS, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Camille Bour
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France; (O.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.S.); (N.E.); (M.M.); (E.L.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (C.H.); (S.D.)
- Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, UMR 7369 CNRS, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Cathy Hachet
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France; (O.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.S.); (N.E.); (M.M.); (E.L.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (C.H.); (S.D.)
- Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, UMR 7369 CNRS, 51687 Reims, France;
| | | | - Andréas Bikfalvi
- INSERM, LAMC, U1029, Université de Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France; (C.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Stéphane Dedieu
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France; (O.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.S.); (N.E.); (M.M.); (E.L.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (C.H.); (S.D.)
- Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, UMR 7369 CNRS, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Jérôme Devy
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France; (O.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.S.); (N.E.); (M.M.); (E.L.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (C.H.); (S.D.)
- Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, UMR 7369 CNRS, 51687 Reims, France;
- Correspondence:
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Chen J, Su Y, Pi S, Hu B, Mao L. The Dual Role of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:682389. [PMID: 34124208 PMCID: PMC8192809 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.682389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein-1 (LRP1) is a large endocytic and signaling receptor belonging to the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene family and that is widely expressed in several tissues. LRP1 comprises a large extracellular domain (ECD; 515 kDa, α chain) and a small intracellular domain (ICD; 85 kDa, β chain). The deletion of LRP1 leads to embryonic lethality in mice, revealing a crucial but yet undefined role in embryogenesis and development. LRP1 has been postulated to participate in numerous diverse physiological and pathological processes ranging from plasma lipoprotein homeostasis, atherosclerosis, tumor evolution, and fibrinolysis to neuronal regeneration and survival. Many studies using cultured cells and in vivo animal models have revealed the important roles of LRP1 in vascular remodeling, foam cell biology, inflammation and atherosclerosis. However, its role in atherosclerosis remains controversial. LRP1 not only participates in the removal of atherogenic lipoproteins and proatherogenic ligands in the liver but also mediates the uptake of aggregated LDL to promote the formation of macrophage- and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-derived foam cells, which causes a prothrombotic transformation of the vascular wall. The dual and opposing roles of LRP1 may also represent an interesting target for atherosclerosis therapeutics. This review highlights the influence of LRP1 during atherosclerosis development, focusing on its dual role in vascular cells and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shulan Pi
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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9
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Nacke M, Sandilands E, Nikolatou K, Román-Fernández Á, Mason S, Patel R, Lilla S, Yelland T, Galbraith LCA, Freckmann EC, McGarry L, Morton JP, Shanks E, Leung HY, Markert E, Ismail S, Zanivan S, Blyth K, Bryant DM. An ARF GTPase module promoting invasion and metastasis through regulating phosphoinositide metabolism. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1623. [PMID: 33712589 PMCID: PMC7955138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The signalling pathways underpinning cell growth and invasion use overlapping components, yet how mutually exclusive cellular responses occur is unclear. Here, we report development of 3-Dimensional culture analyses to separately quantify growth and invasion. We identify that alternate variants of IQSEC1, an ARF GTPase Exchange Factor, act as switches to promote invasion over growth by controlling phosphoinositide metabolism. All IQSEC1 variants activate ARF5- and ARF6-dependent PIP5-kinase to promote PI(3,4,5)P3-AKT signalling and growth. In contrast, select pro-invasive IQSEC1 variants promote PI(3,4,5)P3 production to form invasion-driving protrusions. Inhibition of IQSEC1 attenuates invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Induction of pro-invasive IQSEC1 variants and elevated IQSEC1 expression occurs in a number of tumour types and is associated with higher-grade metastatic cancer, activation of PI(3,4,5)P3 signalling, and predicts long-term poor outcome across multiple cancers. IQSEC1-regulated phosphoinositide metabolism therefore is a switch to induce invasion over growth in response to the same external signal. Targeting IQSEC1 as the central regulator of this switch may represent a therapeutic vulnerability to stop metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Nacke
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma Sandilands
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Konstantina Nikolatou
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Álvaro Román-Fernández
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eva C Freckmann
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Jennifer P Morton
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Hing Y Leung
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Shehab Ismail
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan, Belgium
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - David M Bryant
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
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10
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Iqbal H, Menaa F, Khan NU, Razzaq A, Khan ZU, Ullah K, Kamal R, Sohail M, Thiripuranathar G, Uzair B, Rana NF, Khan BA, Menaa B. Two Promising Anti-Cancer Compounds, 2-Hydroxycinnaldehyde and 2-Benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde: Where do we stand? Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 25:808-818. [PMID: 33593253 DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210216094428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural bioactive compounds with anti-carcinogenic activity are gaining tremendous interest in the field of oncology. Cinnamon, an aromatic condiment commonly used in tropical regions, appeared incredibly promising as adjuvant for cancer therapy. Indeed, its whole or active parts (e.g., bark, leaf) exhibited significant anti-carcinogenic activity, which is mainly due to two cinnamaldehyde derivatives, namely 2-hydroxycinnaldehyde (HCA) and 2-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde (BCA). In addition to their anti-cancer activity, HCA and BCA exert immunomodulatory, anti-platelets, and anti-inflammatory activities. Highly reactive α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl pharmacophore, called Michael acceptor, contribute to their therapeutic effects. The molecular mechanisms, underlying their anti-tumoral and anti-metastatic effects are miscellaneous, strongly suggesting that these compounds are multi-targeting compounds. Nevertheless, unravelling the exact molecular mechanisms of HCA and BCA remain a challenging matter which is necessary for optimal controlled-drug targeting delivery, safety, and efficiency. Eventually, their poor pharmacological properties (e.g., systemic bioavailability and solubility) represent a limitation, and depend both on their administration route (e.g., per os, intravenously) and the nature of the formulation (e.g., free, smart nano-). This concise review focused on the potential of HCA and BCA as adjuvants in Cancer. We described their medicinal effects as well as provide an update about their molecular mechanisms reported either in-vitro, ex-vivo, or in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Iqbal
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou. China
| | - Farid Menaa
- Department of Oncology, California Innovations Corp., San Diego, CA. United States
| | - Naveed Ullah Khan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou. China
| | - Anam Razzaq
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou. China
| | | | - Kifayat Ullah
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou. China
| | - Robia Kamal
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou. China
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai. China
| | - Gobika Thiripuranathar
- Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, College of Chemical Sciences, Welikada, Rajagiriya. Sri Lanka
| | - Bushra Uzair
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Islamic International University, Islamabad. Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Fatima Rana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad. Pakistan
| | - Barkat Ali Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan. Pakistan
| | - Bouzid Menaa
- Department of Oncology, California Innovations Corp., San Diego, CA. United States
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11
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Yoon YJ, Kwon BM. Cinnamomum cassia, apoptosis, STAT3 inactivation and reactive oxygen species in cancer studies. Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819547-5.00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Pepsin in gastroesophageal and extraesophageal reflux: molecular pathophysiology and diagnostic utility. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 28:401-409. [DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Lychee seed polyphenol inhibits Aβ-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome via the LRP1/AMPK mediated autophagy induction. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110575. [PMID: 32768883 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the enhancement of microglial autophagy inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome mediated neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Meanwhile, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) highly expressed in microglia is able to negatively regulate neuroinflammation and positively regulate autophagy. In addition, we have previously reported that an active lychee seed fraction enriching polyphenol (LSP) exhibits anti-neuroinflammation in Aβ-induced BV-2 cells. However, its molecular mechanism of action is still unclear. In this study, we aim to investigate whether LSP inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome mediated neuroinflammation and clarify its molecular mechanism in Aβ-induced BV-2 cells and APP/PS1 mice. The results showed that LSP dose- and time-dependently activated autophagy by increasing the expression of Beclin 1 and LC3II in BV-2 cells, which was regulated by the upregulation of LRP1 and its mediated AMPK signaling pathway. In addition, both the Western blotting and fluorescence microscopic results demonstrated that LSP could significantly suppress the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by inhibiting the expression of NLRP3, ASC, the cleavage of caspase-1, and the release of IL-1β in Aβ(1-42)-induced BV-2 cells. In addition, the siRNA LRP1 successfully abolished the effect of LSP on the activation of AMPK and its mediated autophagy, as well as the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, LSP rescued PC-12 cells which were induced by the conditioned medium from Aβ(1-42)-treated BV-2 cells. Moreover, LSP improved the cognitive function and inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome in APP/PS1 mice. Taken together, LSP inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation in the in vitro and in vivo models of AD, which was closely associated with the LRP1/AMPK-mediated autophagy. Thus, the findings from this study further provide evidences for LSP serving as a potential drug for the treatment of AD in the future.
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14
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Campion O, Al Khalifa T, Langlois B, Thevenard-Devy J, Salesse S, Savary K, Schneider C, Etique N, Dedieu S, Devy J. Contribution of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Family to Breast Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:882. [PMID: 32850302 PMCID: PMC7406569 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family comprises 14 single-transmembrane receptors sharing structural homology and common repeats. These receptors specifically recognize and internalize various extracellular ligands either alone or complexed with membrane-spanning co-receptors that are then sorted for lysosomal degradation or cell-surface recovery. As multifunctional endocytic receptors, some LDLR members from the core family were first considered as potential tumor suppressors due to their clearance activity against extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes. LDLRs are also involved in pleiotropic functions including growth factor signaling, matricellular proteins, and cell matrix adhesion turnover and chemoattraction, thereby affecting both tumor cells and their surrounding microenvironment. Therefore, their roles could appear controversial and dependent on the malignancy state. In this review, recent advances highlighting the contribution of LDLR members to breast cancer progression are discussed with focus on (1) specific expression patterns of these receptors in primary cancers or distant metastasis and (2) emerging mechanisms and signaling pathways. In addition, potential diagnosis and therapeutic options are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Campion
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, Reims, France
| | - Tesnim Al Khalifa
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, Reims, France
| | - Benoit Langlois
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, Reims, France
| | - Jessica Thevenard-Devy
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, Reims, France
| | - Stéphanie Salesse
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, Reims, France
| | - Katia Savary
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, Reims, France
| | - Christophe Schneider
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, Reims, France
| | - Nicolas Etique
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, Reims, France
| | - Stéphane Dedieu
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, Reims, France
| | - Jérôme Devy
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, Reims, France
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15
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Le CC, Bennasroune A, Collin G, Hachet C, Lehrter V, Rioult D, Dedieu S, Morjani H, Appert-Collin A. LRP-1 Promotes Colon Cancer Cell Proliferation in 3D Collagen Matrices by Mediating DDR1 Endocytosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:412. [PMID: 32582700 PMCID: PMC7283560 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low density lipoprotein receptor related protein-1 (LRP-1) is a large ubiquitous endocytic receptor mediating the clearance of various molecules from the extracellular matrix. Several studies have shown that LRP-1 plays crucial roles during tumorigenesis functioning as a main signal pathway regulator, especially by interacting with other cell-surface receptors. Discoïdin Domain Receptors (DDRs), type I collagen receptors with tyrosine kinase activity, have previously been associated with tumor invasion and aggressiveness in diverse tumor environments. Here, we addressed whether it could exist functional interplays between LRP-1 and DDR1 to control colon carcinoma cell behavior in three-dimensional (3D) collagen matrices. We found that LRP-1 established tight molecular connections with DDR1 at the plasma membrane in colon cancer cells. In this tumor context, we provide evidence that LRP-1 regulates by endocytosis the cell surface levels of DDR1 expression. The LRP-1 mediated endocytosis of DDR1 increased cell proliferation by promoting cell cycle progression into S phase and decreasing apoptosis. In this study, we identified a new molecular way that controls the cell-surface expression of DDR1 and consequently the colon carcinoma cell proliferation and apoptosis and highlighted an additional mechanism by which LRP-1 carries out its sensor activity of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Cuong Le
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, Reims, France.,Unité BioSpecT, EA7506, Reims, France
| | - Amar Bennasroune
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, Reims, France
| | - Guillaume Collin
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Unité BioSpecT, EA7506, Reims, France
| | - Cathy Hachet
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, Reims, France
| | - Véronique Lehrter
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Unité BioSpecT, EA7506, Reims, France
| | - Damien Rioult
- Plateau Technique Mobile de Cytométrie Environnementale MOBICYTE, URCA/INERIS, Reims Champagne-Ardenne University (URCA), Reims, France
| | - Stéphane Dedieu
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, Reims, France
| | - Hamid Morjani
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Unité BioSpecT, EA7506, Reims, France
| | - Aline Appert-Collin
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, Reims, France
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16
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A novel nanoparticle-based theranostic agent targeting LRP-1 enhances the efficacy of neoadjuvant radiotherapy in colorectal cancer. Biomaterials 2020; 255:120151. [PMID: 32505033 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant radiotherapy has become an important therapeutic option for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, whereas complete tumor response is observed only in 20-30% patients. Therefore, the development of diagnostic probe for radio-resistance is important to decide an optimal treatment timing and strategy for radiotherapy-resistant CRC patients. In this study, using the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model established with a radio-resistant CRC tumor tissue, we found low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) as a radio-resistant marker protein induced by initial-dose radiation in radio-resistant CRC tumors. Simultaneously, we discovered a LRP-1 targeting peptide in a radio-resistant CRC PDX through in vivo peptide screening. We next engineered the theranostic agent made of human serum albumin nanoparticles (HSA NPs) containing 5-FU for chemo-radiotherapy and decorating LRP-1-targeting peptide for tumor localization, Cy7 fluorophore for diagnostic imaging. The nanoparticle-based theranostic agent accurately targeted the tumor designated by LRP-1 responding radiation and showed dramatically improved therapeutic efficacy in the radio-resistant PDX model. In conclusion, we have identified LRP-1 as a signature protein of radio-resistant CRC and successfully developed LRP-1-targeting HSA-NP containing 5-FU that is a novel theranostic tool for both diagnostic imaging and neoadjuvant therapy of CRC patients. This approach is clinically applicable to improve the effectiveness of neo-adjuvant radiotherapy and increase the ratio of complete tumor response in radio-resistant CRC.
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17
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Samuels TL, Zimmermann MT, Zeighami A, Demos W, Southwood JE, Blumin JH, Bock JM, Johnston N. RNA Sequencing Reveals Cancer-Associated Changes in Laryngeal Cells Exposed to Non-Acid Pepsin. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:121-129. [PMID: 32202667 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a common affliction that contributes to laryngeal inflammation, symptoms that impact quality of life, and life-threatening illnesses such as cancer. Effective treatment strategies for LPR are lacking. Pepsin is a proinflammatory and carcinogenic element of refluxate. Investigation of molecular pathways involved in pepsin-mediated damage may lead to identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for LPR. In this study, RNA sequencing was used to examine changes in human laryngeal epithelial cells following brief pepsin insult. Cells were immortalized to generate a model to aid future study of laryngeal injury and therapeutics. STUDY DESIGN In vitro translational. METHODS Laryngeal epithelial cells were cultured from a patient without signs or symptoms of LPR or laryngeal cancer. Cells were treated with 0.1 mg/ml pepsin for 1 hour or normal growth media (control) prior to RNA sequencing. Cells were immortalized via HPV E6/7 and characterized by microscopy, immunohistochemistry, G-banding, and soft agar assay. RESULTS Three hundred ninety-seven genes exhibited differences in expression with pepsin treatment (P < .05). Pathway analysis revealed association with cancer and related signaling processes including dysregulation of cancer-associated molecules, Metastasis-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 and KRT82, and the long-noncoding RNA, lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)-AS, which regulates the putative pepsin receptor LRP1. CONCLUSIONS A single, brief exposure to pepsin activated cancer-associated signaling pathways in laryngeal cells in vitro, revealing novel mechanisms by which chronic reflux may contribute to carcinogenesis. The cell line developed herein represents a novel tool in which to investigate pepsin-dysregulated pathways identified by RNA sequencing and disparities of tumor proneness of laryngeal subsites. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A Laryngoscope, 131:121-129, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Samuels
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Michael T Zimmermann
- Bioinformatics Research and Development Laboratory, Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Atefeh Zeighami
- Bioinformatics Research and Development Laboratory, Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Wendy Demos
- Bioinformatics Research and Development Laboratory, Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Jessica E Southwood
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Joel H Blumin
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan M Bock
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
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18
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Abbasi A, Hajialyani M, Hosseinzadeh L, Jalilian F, Yaghmaei P, Jamshidi Navid S, Motamed H. Evaluation of the cytotoxic and apoptogenic effects of cinnamaldehyde on U87MG cells alone and in combination with doxorubicin. Res Pharm Sci 2020; 15:26-35. [PMID: 32180814 PMCID: PMC7053293 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.278712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose In the present study, we tried for the first time to examine whether cinnamaldehyde (CA), with herbal nature, can be co-administrated with doxorubicin (DOX, as an anticancer drug) toward U87MG glioblastoma cells to potentiate its cytotoxic effect and overcome or reduce its side effects. Experimental approach The cytotoxic effect of DOX and CA, either individually or in combination, were evaluated on U87MG cells using the MTT method. The mechanism of action was studied by investigating the mode of cell death using caspase-3 and 9 activations, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) as well as sub G1 analysis. The expression of apoptosis- related genes (Bcl-2 and Bax) was also examined. Findings / Results Cellular toxicity assay revealed that CA and DOX can potentially reduce the viability of U87MG cells with IC50 at 11.6 and 5 μg/mL, respectively. Exposure with the combination of CA and DOX significantly increased cytotoxic effect of DOX on U87MG cells. The results of SUBG1, MMP, and also caspase-3 and -9 activity assays, in association with the results corresponding to the Bax and Bcl-2 gene expressions, altogether revealed that CA can induce apoptosis on U87MG cells. Moreover, apoptogenic effects of DOX were found to be potentiated by CA. Conclusion and implications The results of this study revealed the promising cytotoxic and apoptogenic role of CA on U87MG cells. Additionally, our findings demonstrated that CA is able to enhance the apoptosis induced by DOX on human glioblastoma cells. Collectively, these data suggested that co-exposure of CA and DOX could be effective for treatment of glioblastoma, but further in vivo and clinical studies are still needed to prove these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Abbasi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Marziyeh Hajialyani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Leila Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Fereshteh Jalilian
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Parichehr Yaghmaei
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Sahar Jamshidi Navid
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Hajar Motamed
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
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19
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Wang Y, Han S, You X, Shi X, Liu L, Sun Y, Ma Y, Qian Q, Liu H, Cui B, Zhang Y. The role of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 11 as a tumor promoter in cervical cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:8081-8093. [PMID: 31507330 PMCID: PMC6719843 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s211912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is unclear whether low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 11 (LRP11), a newly found lipoprotein receptor regulatory protein, has the carcinogenic effects in cervical cancer. Methods Bioinformatics analysis, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and evaluation, cell proliferation assay, flow cytometry, transwell migration and invasion assays, Western blotting, growth of LRP11-silenced cells in athymic nude mice were performed in this research. Results We found that LRP11 expression was higher in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and cervical cancer tissue than in normal cervix, and high expression of LRP11 was associated with differentiation degree (P=0.0266), indicating poor prognosis (P=0.0210). The silencing of LRP11 in SiHa and CaSki cell lines inhibited cell proliferation, reduced migration and invasion and suppressed cell growth in nude mice, which possibly related to cell cycle protein regulation of CDK 2/4, cyclin D1/E1, MMP-2/9, and VEGF. Furthermore, LRP11 showed substantial positive correlation with P16 in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion LRP11 plays important roles in proliferation, migration and invasion, with the potential to be a useful prognostic marker and therapeutic target for patients with HSIL and cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262500, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewu You
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Shi
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shandong 264200, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yana Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuhong Qian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxia Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Youzhong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
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Yoon YJ, Kim YH, Lee YJ, Choi J, Kim CH, Han DC, Kwon BM. 2'-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inactivation and reactive oxygen species generation. Cancer Sci 2018; 110:366-378. [PMID: 30375708 PMCID: PMC6317917 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway is a novel therapeutic strategy to treat human cancers with constitutively active STAT3. During the screening of natural products to find STAT3 inhibitors, we identified 2′‐hydroxycinnamaldehyde (HCA) as a STAT3 inhibitor, which was isolated from the stem bark of Cinnamomum cassia. In this study, we found that HCA inhibited constitutive and inducible STAT3 activation in STAT3‐activated DU145 prostate cancer cells. HCA selectively inhibited the STAT3 activity by direct binding to STAT3, which was confirmed by biochemical methods, including a pull‐down assay with biotin‐conjugated HCA, a drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) experiment and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). HCA inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation at the tyrosine 705 residue, dimer formation, and nuclear translocation in DU145 cells, which led to a downregulation of STAT3 target genes. The downregulation of cell cycle progression and antiapoptosis‐related gene expression by HCA induced the accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and then induced apoptosis. We also found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were involved in the HCA‐induced inhibition of STAT3 activation and cell proliferation because the suppressed p‐STAT3 level was rescued by glutathione or N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine treatment, which are general ROS inhibitors. These results suggest that HCA could be a potent anticancer agent targeting STAT3‐activated tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yae Jin Yoon
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Genomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young-Hwan Kim
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Genomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Lee
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Genomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Genomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong Cho Han
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Genomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,Korea University of Science and Technology in Korea, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byoung-Mog Kwon
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Genomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,Korea University of Science and Technology in Korea, Daejeon, Korea
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21
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Yoon YJ, Kim YH, Jin Y, Chi SW, Moon JH, Han DC, Kwon BM. 2′-hydroxycinnamaldehyde inhibits cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth by targeting the pyruvate kinase M2. Cancer Lett 2018; 434:42-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Lee SI, Bae JA, Ko YS, Lee KI, Kim H, Kim KK. Geijigajakyak decoction inhibits the motility and tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:288. [PMID: 27527352 PMCID: PMC4986256 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent studies report that inflammatory diseases of the large intestine are associated with colorectal cancer. Geijigajakyak Decoction (GJD) has antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, in light of the connection between chronic bowel inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC), we asked whether GJD inhibits colorectal tumorigenesis. Methods The effects of GJD on the viability and proliferation of CRC cells were evaluated using MTT and BrdU assays, respectively. The motility of CRC cells was examined by a Transwell migration/invasion assay and immunoblot analysis was used to examine the signaling pathways associated with migration. A syngeneic Balb/c mice allograft model, in which CT26 cells were injected into the dorsum, was used to evaluate the anti-tumor effects of GJD in vivo. Results GJD had no cytotoxic effects against HCT116 CRC cells, although it did inhibit their proliferation. GJD inhibited the migration of HCT116 cells, and suppressed the invasion of HCT116, Caco2, and CSC221 CRC cells. In addition, GJD downregulated the expression of p-JNK and p-p38 MAPK, which are downstream signaling molecules associated with invasiveness. Furthermore, oral administration of GJD (333 mg/kg, twice a day) inhibited tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. Conclusions GJD inhibited the motility of human CRC cells and suppressed tumorigenesis in a mouse model. These results suggest that GJD warrants further study as a potential adjuvant anti-cancer therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1281-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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23
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Hong SH, Ismail IA, Kang SM, Han DC, Kwon BM. Cinnamaldehydes in Cancer Chemotherapy. Phytother Res 2016; 30:754-67. [PMID: 26890810 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde-derived compounds are candidates for the development of anticancer drugs that have received extensive research attention. In this review, we summarize recent findings detailing the positive and negative aspects of cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives as potential anticancer drug candidates. Furthermore, we describe the in vivo pharmacokinetics and metabolism of cinnamaldehydes. The oxidative and antioxidative properties of cinnamaldehydes, which contribute to their potential in chemotherapy, have also been discussed. Moreover, the mechanism(s) by which cinnamaldehydes induce apoptosis in cancer cells have been explored. In addition, evidence of the regulatory effects of cinnamaldehydes on cancer cell invasion and metastasis has been described. Finally, the application of cinnamaldehydes in treating various types of cancer, including breast, prostate, and colon cancers, has been discussed in detail. The effects of cinnamaldehydes on leukemia, hepatocellular carcinoma, and oral cancer have been summarized briefly. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyung Hong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 700-412, Korea
| | - Ismail Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 700-412, Korea.,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Sung-Min Kang
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 700-412, Korea
| | - Dong Cho Han
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Genomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology in Korea, 125 Gwahakro Yoosunggu, Daejeon, 305-806, Korea
| | - Byoung-Mog Kwon
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Genomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology in Korea, 125 Gwahakro Yoosunggu, Daejeon, 305-806, Korea
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Xing P, Liao Z, Ren Z, Zhao J, Song F, Wang G, Chen K, Yang J. Roles of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 in tumors. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2016; 35:6. [PMID: 26738504 PMCID: PMC4704379 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-015-0064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1, also known as CD91), a multifunctional endocytic and cell signaling receptor, is widely expressed on the surface of multiple cell types such as hepatocytes, fibroblasts, neurons, astrocytes, macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and malignant cells. Emerging in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrates that LRP1 is critically involved in many processes that drive tumorigenesis and tumor progression. For example, LRP1 not only promotes
tumor cell migration and invasion by regulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 expression and functions but also inhibits cell apoptosis by regulating the insulin receptor, the serine/threonine protein kinase signaling pathway, and the expression of Caspase-3. LRP1-mediated phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and c-jun N-terminal kinase are also involved in tumor cell proliferation and invasion. In addition, LRP1 has been shown to be down-regulated by microRNA-205 and methylation of LRP1 CpG islands. Furthermore, a novel fusion gene, LRP1-SNRNP25, promotes osteosarcoma cell invasion and migration. Only by understanding the mechanisms of these effects can we develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cancers mediated by LRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Xing
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 30060, P. R. China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 30060, P. R. China.
| | - Zhichao Liao
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 30060, P. R. China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 30060, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiwu Ren
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 30060, P. R. China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 30060, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 30060, P. R. China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 30060, P. R. China.
| | - Fengju Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 30060, P. R. China. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 30060, P. R. China.
| | - Guowen Wang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 30060, P. R. China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 30060, P. R. China.
| | - Kexin Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 30060, P. R. China. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 30060, P. R. China.
| | - Jilong Yang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 30060, P. R. China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 30060, P. R. China.
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