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Jiang M, Wu W, Xiong Z, Yu X, Ye Z, Wu Z. Targeting autophagy drug discovery: Targets, indications and development trends. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116117. [PMID: 38295689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a vital role in sustaining cellular homeostasis and its alterations have been implicated in the etiology of many diseases. Drugs development targeting autophagy began decades ago and hundreds of agents were developed, some of which are licensed for the clinical usage. However, no existing intervention specifically aimed at modulating autophagy is available. The obstacles that prevent drug developments come from the complexity of the actual impact of autophagy regulators in disease scenarios. With the development and application of new technologies, several promising categories of compounds for autophagy-based therapy have emerged in recent years. In this paper, the autophagy-targeted drugs based on their targets at various hierarchical sites of the autophagic signaling network, e.g., the upstream and downstream of the autophagosome and the autophagic components with enzyme activities are reviewed and analyzed respectively, with special attention paid to those at preclinical or clinical trials. The drugs tailored to specific autophagy alone and combination with drugs/adjuvant therapies widely used in clinical for various diseases treatments are also emphasized. The emerging drug design and development targeting selective autophagy receptors (SARs) and their related proteins, which would be expected to arrest or reverse the progression of disease in various cancers, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders, are critically reviewed. And the challenges and perspective in clinically developing autophagy-targeted drugs and possible combinations with other medicine are considered in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, China Jiliang University, China
| | - Wayne Wu
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Zijie Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, China Jiliang University, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Department of Biology, China Jiliang University, China
| | - Zihong Ye
- Department of Biology, China Jiliang University, China
| | - Zhiping Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, China Jiliang University, China.
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2
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Fu J, Yang Y, Zhu L, Chen Y, Liu B. Unraveling the Roles of Protein Kinases in Autophagy: An Update on Small-Molecule Compounds for Targeted Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5870-5885. [PMID: 35390258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases, which catalyze the phosphorylation of proteins, are involved in several important cellular processes, such as autophagy. Of note, autophagy, originally described as a mechanism for intracellular waste disposal and recovery, has been becoming a crucial biological process closely related to many types of human diseases. More recently, the roles of protein kinases in autophagy have been gradually elucidated, and the design of small-molecule compounds to modulate targets to positively or negatively interfere with the cytoprotective autophagy or autophagy-associated cell death may provide a new clue on the current targeted therapy. Thus, in this Perspective, we focus on summarizing the different roles of protein kinases, including positive, negative, and bidirectional regulations of autophagy. Moreover, we discuss several small-molecule compounds targeting these protein kinases in human diseases, highlighting their pivotal roles in autophagy for targeted therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Thoracic Surgery, and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yushang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Thoracic Surgery, and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lingjuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Thoracic Surgery, and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Thoracic Surgery, and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Thoracic Surgery, and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Sanaei MJ, Razi S, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Bashash D. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in lung cancer; oncogenic alterations, therapeutic opportunities, challenges, and a glance at the application of nanoparticles. Transl Oncol 2022; 18:101364. [PMID: 35168143 PMCID: PMC8850794 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common and deadliest human malignancies. The alterations of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway are related to lung cancer progression. PI3K axis regulates proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and EMT of lung cancer. Agents inhibiting components of PI3K axis diminish lung tumor growth and invasion. Low efficacy and off-target toxicity could be improved by nanoparticle application.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Although the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway has recently been considered as one of the most altered molecular pathways in this malignancy, few articles reviewed the task. In this review, we aim to summarize the original data obtained from international research laboratories on the oncogenic alterations in each component of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in lung cancer. This review also responds to questions on how aberrant activation in this axis contributes to uncontrolled growth, drug resistance, sustained angiogenesis, as well as tissue invasion and metastatic spread. Besides, we provide a special focus on pharmacologic inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis, either as monotherapy or in a combined-modal strategy, in the context of lung cancer. Despite promising outcomes achieved by using these agents, however, the presence of drug resistance as well as treatment-related adverse events is the other side of the coin. The last section allocates a general overview of the challenges associated with the inhibitors of the PI3K pathway in lung cancer patients. Finally, we comment on the future research aspects, especially in which nano-based drug delivery strategies might increase the efficacy of the therapy in this malignancy.
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Wang Y, Tortorella M. Molecular design of dual inhibitors of PI3K and potential molecular target of cancer for its treatment: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 228:114039. [PMID: 34894440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling network is a key event in many human cancers and therefore enormous efforts have been made in the development of PI3K inhibitors. However, due to intrinsic and acquired resistance as well as poor drug tolerance, limited therapeutic efficacy has been achieved with these agents. In view of the fact that PI3K inhibitors can show synergistic antitumor effects with other cancer agents, namely mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitors, dual inhibition of both targets by a single-molecule is regarded as a promising complementary or alternative therapeutic strategy to overcome the drawbacks of just PI3K monotherapy. In this review, we discuss the theoretical foundation for designing PI3K-based dual-target inhibitors and summarize the structure-activity relationships and clinical progress of these dual-binding agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanze Wang
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health - Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510530, PR China.
| | - Micky Tortorella
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health - Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510530, PR China
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Li Y, Gao S, Du X, Ji J, Xi Y, Zhai G. Advances in autophagy as a target in the treatment of tumours. J Drug Target 2021; 30:166-187. [PMID: 34319838 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1961792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a multi-step lysosomal degradation process, which regulates energy and material metabolism and has been used to maintain homeostasis. Autophagy has been shown to be involved in the regulation of health and disease. But at present, there is no consensus on the relationship between autophagy and tumour, and we consider that it plays a dual role in the occurrence and development of tumour. That is to say, under certain conditions, it can inhibit the occurrence of tumour, but it can also promote the process of tumour. Therefore, autophagy could be used as a target for tumour treatment. The regulation of autophagy plays a synergistic role in the radiotherapy, chemotherapy, phototherapy and immunotherapy of tumour, and nano drug delivery system provides a promising strategy for improving the efficacy of autophagy regulation. This review summarised the progress in the regulatory pathways and factors of autophagy as well as nanoformulations as carriers for the delivery of autophagy modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiyou Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jianbo Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yanwei Xi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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Kocak M, Ezazi Erdi S, Jorba G, Maestro I, Farrés J, Kirkin V, Martinez A, Pless O. Targeting autophagy in disease: established and new strategies. Autophagy 2021; 18:473-495. [PMID: 34241570 PMCID: PMC9037468 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1936359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway responsible for clearing cytosolic aggregated proteins, damaged organelles or invading microorganisms. Dysfunctional autophagy leads to pathological accumulation of the cargo, which has been linked to a range of human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, infectious and autoimmune diseases and various forms of cancer. Cumulative work in animal models, application of genetic tools and pharmacologically active compounds, has suggested the potential therapeutic value of autophagy modulation in disease, as diverse as Huntington, Salmonella infection, or pancreatic cancer. Autophagy activation versus inhibition strategies are being explored, while the role of autophagy in pathophysiology is being studied in parallel. However, the progress of preclinical and clinical development of autophagy modulators has been greatly hampered by the paucity of selective pharmacological agents and biomarkers to dissect their precise impact on various forms of autophagy and cellular responses. Here, we summarize established and new strategies in autophagy-related drug discovery and indicate a path toward establishing a more efficient discovery of autophagy-selective pharmacological agents. With this knowledge at hand, modern concepts for therapeutic exploitation of autophagy might become more plausible. Abbreviations: ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy-related gene; AUTAC: autophagy-targeting chimera; CNS: central nervous system; CQ: chloroquine; GABARAP: gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-associated protein; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; LYTAC: lysosome targeting chimera; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NDD: neurodegenerative disease; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; PROTAC: proteolysis-targeting chimera; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Kocak
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, the Institute of Cancer Research London, Sutton, UK
| | | | | | - Inés Maestro
- Centro De Investigaciones Biologicas "Margarita Salas"-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Vladimir Kirkin
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, the Institute of Cancer Research London, Sutton, UK
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro De Investigaciones Biologicas "Margarita Salas"-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red En Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ole Pless
- Fraunhofer ITMP ScreeningPort, Hamburg, Germany
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Singh P, Kumar V, Gupta SK, Kumari G, Verma M. Combating TKI resistance in CML by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in combination with TKIs: a review. Med Oncol 2021; 38:10. [PMID: 33452624 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a myeloproliferative hematopoietic cancer, is caused by a genetic translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. This translocation produces a small Philadelphia chromosome, which contains the Bcr-Abl oncogene. The Bcr-Abl oncogene encodes the BCR-ABL protein, upregulates various signaling pathways (JAK-STAT, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR), and out of which the specifically highly active pathway is the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Among early treatments for CML, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were found to be the most effective, but drug resistance against kinase inhibitors led to the discovery of novel alternative therapies. At this point, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway components became new targets due to stimulation of this pathway in TKIs-resistant CML patients. The current review article deals with reviewing the scientific literature on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors listed in the National Cancer Institute (NCI) drug dictionary and proved effective against multiple cancers. And out of those enlisted inhibitors, the US FDA has also approved some PI3K inhibitors (Idelalisib, Copanlisib, and Duvelisib) and mTOR inhibitors (Everolimus, Sirolimus, and Temsirolimus) for cancer therapy. So far, several inhibitors have been tested, and further investigations are still ongoing. Even in Imatinib, Nilotinib, and Ponatinib-resistant CML cells, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, BEZ235, showed antiproliferative activity. Therefore, by considering the literature data of these reviews and further examining some of the reported inhibitors, which proved effective against the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in multiple cancers, may improve the therapeutic approaches towards TKI-resistant CML cells where the respective signaling pathway gets upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Veerandra Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Sonu Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Gudia Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Malkhey Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India. .,School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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Xiang H, Zhang J, Lin C, Zhang L, Liu B, Ouyang L. Targeting autophagy-related protein kinases for potential therapeutic purpose. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:569-581. [PMID: 32322463 PMCID: PMC7161711 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, defined as a scavenging process of protein aggregates and damaged organelles mediated by lysosomes, plays a significant role in the quality control of macromolecules and organelles. Since protein kinases are integral to the autophagy process, it is critically important to understand the role of kinases in autophagic regulation. At present, intervention of autophagic processes by small-molecule modulators targeting specific kinases has becoming a reasonable and prevalent strategy for treating several varieties of human disease, especially cancer. In this review, we describe the role of some autophagy-related kinase targets and kinase-mediated phosphorylation mechanisms in autophagy regulation. We also summarize the small-molecule kinase inhibitors/activators of these targets, highlighting the opportunities of these new therapeutic agents.
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Key Words
- 4E-BP1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein
- AKT1, AKT serine/threonine kinase 1
- AMBRA1, autophagy/beclin-1 regulator 1
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ARF, auxin response factor gene
- ATG, autophagy-related protein
- Autophagy
- Autophagy-related kinase
- CaMKK2, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2
- DAPK, death associated protein kinase
- FIP200, FAK family kinase-interacting protein of 200 kDa
- GAP, GTPase-activating protein
- GO, gene ontology
- GSK3α, glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha
- HMGB1, high mobility group protein B1
- Human disease therapy
- JNK1, C-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- LKB1, serine/threonine-protein kinase stk11
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRRK2, leucine rich repeat kinase 2
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PI, phosphatidylinositol
- PI3 kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PI3P, phosphatidylinositol triphosphate
- PIM2, proviral insertion in murine lymphomas 2
- PINK1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1
- PIP2, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
- PKACα, a protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha
- PKCα, protein kinase C alpha type
- PKD1, polycystin-1
- PPIs, protein–protein interactions
- PROTAC, proteolysis targeting chimeras
- PTMs, post-translational modifications
- Phosphorylation
- Protein kinases
- Rheb, the RAS homolog enriched in brain
- Small-molecule kinase inhibitors/activators
- TAK1, transforming growth factor activated kinase-1
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer
- TSC1/2, tuberous sclerosis complex proteins 1/2
- ULK complex, ULK1–mATG13–FIP200–ATG101 complex
- ULK1, unc-51-like kinase 1
- UVRAG, ultraviolet resistance-associated gene
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Congcong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Zunyimycin C inhibits the proliferation of lung cancer cells by inducing apoptosis through an AKT-related mechanism. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kim MY, Kruger AJ, Jeong JY, Kim J, Shin PK, Kim SY, Cho JY, Hahm KB, Hong SP. Combination Therapy with a PI3K/mTOR Dual Inhibitor and Chloroquine Enhances Synergistic Apoptotic Cell Death in Epstein-Barr Virus-Infected Gastric Cancer Cells. Mol Cells 2019; 42:448-459. [PMID: 31085812 PMCID: PMC6602147 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signaling pathway is a promising target for gastric cancer (GC) treatment; however the efficacy of PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitors in GC has not yet been maximized. Additionally, the effect of autophagy regulation by PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitors has not been clearly elucidated in GC treatment. We aimed to show that our newly developed PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor, CMG002, when combined with an autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine (CQ), potently induces effective cancer cell death in Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) cells, where both the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and autophagy pathways play important roles in disease pathogenesis. EBV- and mock-infected AGS and NUGC3 GC cell lines were treated with CMG002 +/− CQ. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway mediators, cellular apoptosis and autophagy markers were confirmed by Western blot assay. Cell viability was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. CMG002 effectively blocked the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway by markedly decreasing phosphorylation of AKT and its downstream mediator S6. CMG002 induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and enhanced apoptotic cell death in AGS and NUGC3 cells, particularly EBV-infected cells compared with mock-infected cells, as confirmed by flow cytometric analyses and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) assays. The combination of CMG002 plus CQ synergistically increased apoptotic cell death in EBV-infected GC cell lines when compared with CMG002 alone (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that the new PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor, CMG002, when used in combination with the autophagy inhibitor, CQ, provides enhanced therapeutic efficacy against EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Kim
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496,
Korea
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114,
USA
| | - Annie J. Kruger
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114,
USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007,
USA
| | - Ju-Yeon Jeong
- Institute for Clinical Research, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496,
Korea
| | - Jaehee Kim
- Institute for Clinical Research, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496,
Korea
| | - Phil kyung Shin
- Institute for Clinical Research, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496,
Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351,
Korea
| | - Joo Young Cho
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496,
Korea
| | - Ki Baik Hahm
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496,
Korea
| | - Sung Pyo Hong
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496,
Korea
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He S, Li Q, Jiang X, Lu X, Feng F, Qu W, Chen Y, Sun H. Design of Small Molecule Autophagy Modulators: A Promising Druggable Strategy. J Med Chem 2017; 61:4656-4687. [PMID: 29211480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent mechanism of intracellular degradation for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of autophagy has been verified to be closely linked to a number of human diseases. Consequently, targeting autophagy has been highlighted as a novel therapeutic strategy for clinical utility. Mounting efforts have been done in recent years to elucidate the mechanisms of autophagy regulation and to identify potential modulators of autophagy. However, most of the compounds target complex and multifaceted pathway and proteins, which may limit the evaluation of therapeutic value and in depth studies as chemical tools. Therefore, the development of specific and active autophagy modulators becomes most desirable. Here, we briefly review the regulation of autophagy and then summarize the recent development of small molecules targeting the core autophagic machinery. Finally, we put forward our viewpoints on the current problems, with the aim to provide reference for future drug discovery and potential therapeutic perspectives on novel, potent, selective autophagy modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu He
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Xueyang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Feng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , China
| | - Wei Qu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , 210023 , China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
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