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Zhao R, Guo Y, Zhang L, Huang Z, Li X, Lan B, Zhong D, Chen H, Xuan C. CBX4 plays a bidirectional role in transcriptional regulation and lung adenocarcinoma progression. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:378. [PMID: 38816356 PMCID: PMC11140001 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Understanding the dysregulated epigenetics governing LUAD progression is pivotal for identifying therapeutic targets. CBX4, a chromobox protein, is reported to be upregulated in LUAD. This study highlights the dual impact of CBX4 on LUAD proliferation and metastasis through a series of rigorous in vitro and in vivo experiments. Further investigation into the underlying mechanism through high-throughput ChIP-seq and RNA-seq reveals that CBX4 functions in promoting LUAD proliferation via upregulating PHGDH expression and subsequent serine biosynthesis, while concurrently suppressing LUAD metastasis by inhibiting ZEB2 transcription. CBX4 facilitates PHGDH transcription through the interaction with GCN5, inducing heightened histone acetylation on the PHGDH promoter. Simultaneously, the inhibition of ZEB2 transcription involves CBX4-mediated recruitment of canonical PRC1 (cPRC1), establishing H2K119ub on the ZEB2 promoter. These findings underscore CBX4's pivotal role as a regulator of LUAD progression, emphasizing its diverse transcriptional regulatory functions contingent upon interactions with specific epigenetic partners. Understanding the nuanced interplay between CBX4 and epigenetic factors sheds light on potential therapeutic avenues in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhao
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics; Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yanxuan Guo
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics; Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zhiyong Huang
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics; Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xuanyuan Li
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics; Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Bei Lan
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics; Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Diansheng Zhong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Chenghao Xuan
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics; Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Chen YH, Zhang X, Attarian D, Kraus VB. Synergistic roles of CBX4 chromo and SIM domains in regulating senescence of primary human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:197. [PMID: 37828576 PMCID: PMC10568837 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular senescence is a critical factor contributing to osteoarthritis (OA). Overexpression of chromobox homolog 4 (CBX4) in a mouse system was demonstrated to alleviate post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) by reducing cellular senescence. Additionally, replicative cellular senescence of WI-38 fibroblasts can be attenuated by CBX4. However, the mechanisms underlying this senomorphic function of CBX4 are not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of CBX4 in cellular senescence in human primary osteoarthritic chondrocytes and to identify the functional domains of CBX4 necessary for its function in modulating senescence. METHODS Chondrocytes, isolated from 6 individuals undergoing total knee replacement for OA, were transduced with wild-type CBX4, mutant CBX4, and control lentiviral constructs. Senescence-related phenotypic outcomes included the following: multiple flow cytometry-measured markers (p16INK4A, senescence-associated β-galactosidase [SA-β-gal] activity and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 [DPP4], and proliferation marker EdU), multiplex ELISA-measured markers in chondrocyte culture media (senescence-associated secretory phenotypes [SASPs], including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9), and PCR array-evaluated senescence-related genes. RESULTS Compared with control, CBX4 overexpression in OA chondrocytes decreased DPP4 expression and SASP secretion and increased chondrocyte proliferation confirming CBX4 senomorphic effects on primary human chondrocytes. Point mutations of the chromodomain domain (CDM, involved in chromatin modification) alone were sufficient to partially block the senomorphic activity of CBX4 (p16INK4A and DPP4 increased, and EdU decreased) but had minimal effect on SASP secretion. Although having no effect on p16INK4A, DPP4, and EdU, deletion of two small-ubiquitin-like-modifier-interaction motifs (CBX4 ΔSIMs) led to increased SASP secretion (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8). The combination CBX4 CDMΔSIMs altered all these measures adversely and to a greater degree than the single domain mutants. Deletion of the C-terminal (CBX4 ΔC-box) involved with transcriptional silencing of polycomb group proteins increased IL-1β slightly but significantly but altered none of the other senescence outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS CBX4 has a senomorphic effect on human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. CDM is critical for CBX4-mediated regulation of senescence. The SIMs are supportive but not indispensable for CBX4 senomorphic function while the C-box is dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiu Chen
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, 300 N Duke St, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
- Division of Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, 300 N Duke St, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Attarian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Virginia Byers Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, 300 N Duke St, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Chen F, Hou W, Yu X, Wu J, Li Z, Xu J, Deng Z, Chen G, Liu B, Yin X, Yu W, Zhang L, Xu G, Ji H, Liang C, Wang Z. CBX4 deletion promotes tumorigenesis under Kras G12D background by inducing genomic instability. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:343. [PMID: 37696812 PMCID: PMC10495400 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromobox protein homolog 4 (CBX4) is a component of the Polycomb group (PcG) multiprotein Polycomb repressive complexes 1 (PRC1), which is participated in several processes including growth, senescence, immunity, and tissue repair. CBX4 has been shown to have diverse, even opposite functions in different types of tissue and malignancy in previous studies. In this study, we found that CBX4 deletion promoted lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) proliferation and progression in KrasG12D mutated background. In vitro, over 50% Cbx4L/L, KrasG12D mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) underwent apoptosis in the initial period after Adeno-Cre virus treatment, while a small portion of survival cells got increased proliferation and transformation abilities, which we called selected Cbx4-/-, KrasG12D cells. Karyotype analysis and RNA-seq data revealed chromosome instability and genome changes in selected Cbx4-/-, KrasG12D cells compared with KrasG12D cells. Further study showed that P15, P16 and other apoptosis-related genes were upregulated in the primary Cbx4-/-, KrasG12D cells due to chromosome instability, which led to the large population of cell apoptosis. In addition, multiple pathways including Hippo pathway and basal cell cancer-related signatures were altered in selected Cbx4-/-, KrasG12D cells, ultimately leading to cancer. We also found that low expression of CBX4 in LUAD was associated with poorer prognosis under Kras mutation background from the human clinical data. To sum up, CBX4 deletion causes genomic instability to induce tumorigenesis under KrasG12D background. Our study demonstrates that CBX4 plays an emerging role in tumorigenesis, which is of great importance in guiding the clinical treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhen Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Wulei Hou
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiangtian Yu
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhengda Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jietian Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zimu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaobin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmin Liang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Zuoyun Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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Fisher ML, Balinth S, Hwangbo Y, Wu C, Ballon C, Goldberg GL, Mills AA. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote cancer stemness by inducing expression of the chromatin-modifying protein CBX4 in squamous cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2023; 44:485-496. [PMID: 37463322 PMCID: PMC10436759 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromobox-containing protein CBX4 is an important regulator of epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, and has been implicated in several cancer types. The cancer stem cell (CSC) population is a key driver of metastasis and recurrence. The undifferentiated, plastic state characteristic of CSCs relies on cues from the microenvironment. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major component of the microenvironment that can influence the CSC population through the secretion of extracellular matrix and a variety of growth factors. Here we show CBX4 is a critical regulator of the CSC phenotype in squamous cell carcinomas of the skin and hypopharynx. Moreover, CAFs can promote the expression of CBX4 in the CSC population through the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-6 activates JAK/STAT3 signaling to increase ∆Np63α-a key transcription factor that is essential for epithelial stem cell function and the maintenance of proliferative potential that is capable of regulating CBX4. Targeting the JAK/STAT3 axis or CBX4 directly suppresses the aggressive phenotype of CSCs and represents a novel opportunity for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Fisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Seamus Balinth
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yon Hwangbo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Caizhi Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Carlos Ballon
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Gary L Goldberg
- Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra University/Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Alea A Mills
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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Zhou F, Chen L, Lu P, Cao Y, Deng C, Liu G. An integrative bioinformatics investigation and experimental validation of chromobox family in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:641. [PMID: 37430195 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors. Chromobox (CBX) family plays the role of oncogenes in various malignancies. METHODS The transcriptional and protein levels of CBX family were confirmed by GEPIA, Oncomine, CCLE, and HPA database. Screening of co-expressed genes and gene function enrichment analysis were performed by GeneMANIA and DAVID 6.8. The prognostic value, immune cell infiltration and drug sensitivity analysis of CBX family in DLBCL were performed by Genomicscape, TIMER2.0, and GSCALite database. Confirmatory Tests of CBX family protein expression in DLBCL were performed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The mRNA and protein expressions of CBX1/2/3/5/6 were higher in DLBCL tissues than control groups. Enrichment analysis showed that the functions of CBX family were mainly related to chromatin remodeling, methylation-dependent protein binding, and VEGF signaling pathway. The high mRNA expressions of CBX2/3/5/6 were identified to be associated with short overall survival (OS) in DLBCL patients. Multivariate COX regression indicated that CBX3 was independent prognostic marker. Immune infiltration analysis revealed that the mRNA expressions of CBX family (especially CBX1, CBX5, and CBX6) in DLBCL were significantly correlated with the infiltration of most immune cells (including B cells, CD8 + T cells, CD4 + T cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and Treg cells). Meanwhile, there was a strong correlation between the expression levels of CBX1/5/6 and surface markers of immune cells, such as the widely studied PVR-like protein receptor/ligand and PDL-1 immune checkpoint. Notably, our study found that DLBCL cells with CBX1 over-expression were resistant to the common anti-tumor drugs, but CBX2/5 had two polarities. Finally, we confirmed the higher expressions of CBX1/2/3/5/6 in DLBCL tissues compared with control groups by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION We provided a detailed analysis of the relationship between the CBX family and the prognosis of DLBCL. Distinguished from other studies, We found that high mRNA expressions of CBX2/3/5/6 were associated with poor prognosis in DLBCL patients, and Multivariate COX regression indicated that CBX3 was independent prognostic marker. Besides, our study also found an association between the CBX family and anti-tumour drug resistance, and provided a relationship between CBX family expression and immune cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenling Zhou
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, HuangPu Da Dao Xi, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, HuangPu Da Dao Xi, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Lu
- Departpent of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, No. 139, Renmin Road, Changsha, China
| | - Yuli Cao
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, HuangPu Da Dao Xi, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuilan Deng
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, HuangPu Da Dao Xi, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Gexiu Liu
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, HuangPu Da Dao Xi, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao Q, Liu N, Xu T, Song K. RING finger gene 180 inhibits osteosarcoma progression through regulating chromobox homolog 4 ubiquitination. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:1246-1258. [PMID: 37095741 PMCID: PMC10193903 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2205201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is still the most common malignant bone tumor whose etiology remains largely unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase RING finger gene 180 (RNF180) in OS progression. RNF180 was significantly down-regulated in both OS tissues and cell lines. We up-regulated RNF180 using over-expression vector and knocked down RNF180 using specific short hairpin RNAs in OS cell lines. RNF180 over-expression inhibited the viability and proliferation yet promoted apoptosis in OS cells, while RNF180 knockdown showed the opposite effects. RNF180 also suppressed tumor growth and lung metastasis in mouse model, accompanied with elevated E-cadherin level and decreased ki-67 level. Besides, chromobox homolog 4 (CBX4) was predicted as a substrate of RNF180. RNF180 and CBX4 were both localized mainly in nucleus and their interaction was validated. RNF180 aggravated the decline of CBX4 level after cycloheximide treatment. RNF180 also promoted the ubiquitination of CBX4 in OS cells. Furthermore, CBX4 was significantly up-regulated in OS tissues. RNF180 also up-regulated Kruppel like factor 6 (KLF6) yet down-regulated RUNX family transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in OS, which served as downstream targets of CBX4. In addition, RNF180 inhibited migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in OS cells, which were partially abolished by CBX4 over-expression. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that RNF180 inhibits OS development via regulating CBX4 ubiquitination, and RNF180-CBX4 axis is a potential therapeutic target for OS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Joint and Sports Medicine Ward, The First Clinical Hospital affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Joint and Sports Medicine Ward, The First Clinical Hospital affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tongtong Xu
- Major of Nursing, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Keguan Song
- Department of Orthopedic Joint and Sports Medicine Ward, The First Clinical Hospital affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Wang L, Tang J. SWI/SNF complexes and cancers. Gene 2023; 870:147420. [PMID: 37031881 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to the study of genetic changes that can affect gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence, including DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodelling, X chromosome inactivation and non-coding RNA regulation. Of these, DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodelling constitute the three classical modes of epigenetic regulation. These three mechanisms alter gene transcription by adjusting chromatin accessibility, thereby affecting cell and tissue phenotypes in the absence of DNA sequence changes. In the presence of ATP hydrolases, chromatin remodelling alters the structure of chromatin and thus changes the transcription level of DNA-guided RNA. To date, four types of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complexes have been identified in humans, namely SWI/SNF, ISWI, INO80 and NURD/MI2/CHD. SWI/SNF mutations are prevalent in a wide variety of cancerous tissues and cancer-derived cell lines as discovered by next-generation sequencing technologies.. SWI/SNF can bind to nucleosomes and use the energy of ATP to disrupt DNA and histone interactions, sliding or ejecting histones, altering nucleosome structure, and changing transcriptional and regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, mutations in the SWI/SNF complex have been observed in approximately 20% of all cancers. Together, these findings suggest that mutations targeting the SWI/SNF complex may have a positive impact on tumorigenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jinglong Tang
- Adicon Medical Laboratory Center, Molecular Genetic Diagnosis Center, Pathological Diagnosis Center, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China.
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The Role of LINC01564, RAMS11, CBX4 and TOP2A in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010056. [PMID: 36672564 PMCID: PMC9855990 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common histologic type of primary liver cancers worldwide. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a major risk factor for chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and HCC. To understand the molecular pathogenesis of HCC in chronic HCV infection, many molecular markers are extensively studied, including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA). Objective: To evaluate the expression levels of lncRNAs (LINC01564, RAMS11), CBX4, and TOP2A in patients with chronic HCV infection and patients with HCC on top of chronic HCV infection and correlate these levels with the clinicopathological features of HCC. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and fifty subjects were enrolled in this study and divided into three groups: group I included 50 patients with HCC on top of chronic hepatitis C (CHC), group II included 50 patients with CHC only, and group III included 50 healthy individuals as a control group. LncRNAs relative expression level was determined by RT-PCR. Results: lncRNA (LINC01564, RAMS11), CBX4, and TOP2A relative expression levels were upregulated in both patient groups compared to controls (p < 0.001*), with the highest levels in the HCC group compared with the CHC group. Additionally, these levels were significantly positively correlated with the clinicopathological features of HCC. Conclusions: The lncRNA (LINC01564, RAMS11), CBX4, and TOP2A relative expression levels were upregulated in CHC patients—in particular, patients with HCC. Thus, these circulatory lncRNAs may be able to serve as promising noninvasive diagnostic markers for HCC associated with viral C hepatitis.
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MicroRNAs: A Link between Mammary Gland Development and Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415978. [PMID: 36555616 PMCID: PMC9786715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is among the most common cancers in women, second to skin cancer. Mammary gland development can influence breast cancer development in later life. Processes such as proliferation, invasion, and migration during mammary gland development can often mirror processes found in breast cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small, non-coding RNAs, can repress post-transcriptional RNA expression and can regulate up to 80% of all genes. Expression of miRNAs play a key role in mammary gland development, and aberrant expression can initiate or promote breast cancer. Here, we review the role of miRNAs in mammary development and breast cancer, and potential parallel roles. A total of 32 miRNAs were found to be expressed in both mammary gland development and breast cancer. These miRNAs are involved in proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and apoptosis in both processes. Some miRNAs were found to have contradictory roles, possibly due to their ability to target many genes at once. Investigation of miRNAs and their role in mammary gland development may inform about their role in breast cancer. In particular, by studying miRNA in development, mechanisms and potential targets for breast cancer treatment may be elucidated.
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Qin S, Wang Y, Wang P, Lv Q. Molecular mechanism of circRNAs in drug resistance in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:369. [PMID: 36424596 PMCID: PMC9686082 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02790-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with a poor response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The advent of molecular targeted drugs has initiated great breakthroughs in the treatment of RCC. However, drug resistance to targeted drugs has become an urgent problem. Various studies across the decades have confirmed the involvement of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in multiple pathophysiological processes and its abnormal expression in many malignant tumors. This review speculated that circRNAs can provide a new solution to drug resistance in RCC and perhaps be used as essential markers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of RCC. Through the analysis and discussion of relevant recent research, this review explored the relationship of circRNAs to and their regulatory mechanisms in drug resistance in RCC. The results indicate an association between the expression of circRNAs and the development of RCC, as well as the involvement of circRNAs in drug resistance in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qin
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Xincun Road No. 389, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Yuting Wang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Xincun Road No. 389, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Peijun Wang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Xincun Road No. 389, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Qi Lv
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Xincun Road No. 389, Shanghai, 200065 China
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CBX Family Members in Two Major Subtypes of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Comparative Bioinformatic Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12102452. [PMID: 36292141 PMCID: PMC9600067 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological function and clinical values of Chromobox (CBX) family proteins in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are still poorly investigated. This study aimed to compare the expression profiles and clinical relevance of CBXs between the two most frequent subtypes of RCC, clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC) and papillary renal cell carcinomas (pRCC), and to investigate whether CBXs would play a more or less similar role in the pathogenesis and progression of these RCC subtypes. Considering these two RCC populations in the TCGA database, we built a bioinformatics framework by integrating a computational pipeline with several online tools. CBXs showed a similar trend in ccRCC and pRCC tissues but with some features specific for each subtype. Specifically, the relative expressions of CBX3 and CBX2 were, respectively, the highest and lowest among all CBXs in both RCC subtypes. These data also found confirmation in cellular validation. Except for CBX4 and CBX8, all others were deregulated in the ccRCC subtype. CBX1, CBX6, and CBX7 were also significantly associated with the tumor stage. Further, low expression levels of CBX1, CBX5, CBX6, CBX7, and high expression of CBX8 were associated with poor prognosis. Otherwise, in the pRCC subtype, CBX2, CBX3, CBX7, and CBX8 were deregulated, and CBX2, CBX6, and CBX7 were associated with the tumor stage. In addition, in pRCC patients, low expression levels of CBX2, CBX4, and CBX7 were associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Similarly, CBX3, CBX6, and CBX7 presented the highest alteration rate in both subtypes and were found to be functionally related to histone binding, nuclear chromosomes, and heterochromatin. Furthermore, CBX gene expression levels correlated with immune cell infiltration, suggesting that CBXs might reflect the immune status of RCC subtypes. Our results highlight similarities and differences of CBXs within the two major RCC subtypes, providing new insights for future eligible biomarkers or possible molecular therapeutic targets for these diseases.
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12
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Fang X, Pan A. MiR-507 inhibits the progression of gastric carcinoma via targeting CBX4-mediated activation of Wnt/β-catenin and HIF-1α pathways. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:2021-2028. [PMID: 35819589 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastric carcinoma (GC) is a common malignant disease with high morbidity and mortality. MiR-507 has been confirmed as a tumor inhibitor which can suppress the progression of multiple cancers while its role in GC remains unknown. METHODS In this study, the expression levels of miR-507 in the GC tissues and cells were observed by qRT-PCR, and CCK-8 assay, transwell asssay and TUNEL assay were used to observe the function of miR-507 on GC. The miRNA database and dual-luciferase reporter assay were used to investigate the downstream target of miR-507. Moreover, the activities of Wnt/β-catenin and HIF-1α pathways were observed by western blot. RESULTS The results showed that miR-507 was significantly downregulated in GC tissues and cell lines, and miR-507 upregulation effectively inhibited the proliferation and invasion and induced the apoptosis of GC cells. CBX4 was a downstream target of miR-507, and CBX4 could reverse the effects of miR-507 on the GC cells. Moreover, it was determined that miR-507 could inhibit CBX4 expression to suppress the activation of Wnt/β-catenin and HIF-1α pathways. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, it suggests that miR-507 could inhibit the progression of GC via regulating CBX4-mediated activation of Wnt/β-catenin and HIF-1α pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, 34 Yanguan Lane, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anping Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, 34 Yanguan Lane, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China.
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13
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Expression and Prognostic Value of Chromobox Family Proteins in Esophageal Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091582. [PMID: 36140750 PMCID: PMC9498422 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common human malignant tumors worldwide. Chromobox (CBX) family proteins are significant components of epigenetic regulatory complexes. It is reported that CBXs play critical roles in the oncogenesis and development of various tumors. Nonetheless, their functions and specific roles in EC remain vague and obscure. Methods and Materials: We used multiple bioinformatics tools, including Oncomine, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2), UALCAN, Kaplan–Meier plotter, cBioPortal, Metascape, TIMER2 and TISIDB, to investigate the expression profile, gene alterations and prognostic roles of CBX family proteins, as well as their association with clinicopathologic parameters, immune cells and immune regulators. In addition, RT-qPCR, Western blot, CCK8, colony formation, wound healing and transwell assays were performed to investigate the biological functions of CBX3 in EC cells. Results: CBX3 and CBX5 were overexpressed in EC compared to normal tissues. Survival analysis revealed that high expression of CBX1 predicted worse disease-free survival (DFS) in EC patients. Functionally, CBXs might participate in mismatch repair, spliceosome, cell cycle, the Fanconi anemia pathway, tight junction, the mRNA surveillance pathway and the Hippo signaling pathway in EC development. Furthermore, CBXs were related to distinct immune cells infiltration and immune regulators. Additionally, depletion of CBX3 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of EC cells. Conclusions: Our study comprehensively investigated the expression pattern, prognostic value, and gene alterations of CBXs in EC, as well as their relationships with clinicopathologic variables, immune cells infiltration and immune regulators. These results suggested that CBX family proteins, especially CBX3, might be potential biomarkers in the progression of EC.
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14
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Shi Y, Zhang D, Chen J, Jiang Q, Song S, Mi Y, Wang T, Ye Q. Interaction between BEND5 and RBPJ suppresses breast cancer growth and metastasis via inhibiting Notch signaling. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:4233-4244. [PMID: 35844785 PMCID: PMC9274485 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.70866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High frequent metastasis is the major cause of breast cancer (BC) mortality among women. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying BC metastasis remain largely unknown. Here, we identified six hub BC metastasis driver genes (BEND5, HSD11B1, NEDD9, SAA2, SH2D2A and TNFSF4) through bioinformatics analysis, among which BEND5 is the most significant gene. Low BEND5 expression predicted advanced stage and shorter overall survival in BC patients. Functional experiments showed that BEND5 could suppress BC growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, BEND5 inhibits Notch signaling via directly interacting with transcription factor RBPJ/CSL. BEN domain of BEND5 interacts with the N-terminal domain (NTD) domain of RBPJ, thus preventing mastermind like transcriptional coactivator (MAML) from forming a transcription activation complex with RBPJ. Our study provides a novel insight into regulatory mechanisms underlying Notch signaling and suggests that BEND5 may become a promising target for BC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhu Shi
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Deyu Zhang
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Qiwei Jiang
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Songze Song
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Yue Mi
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Oncology, The fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Qinong Ye
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
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15
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Li J, Xu Z, Zhou L, Hu K. Expression profile and prognostic values of Chromobox family members in human glioblastoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:1910-1931. [PMID: 35210369 PMCID: PMC8908931 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and deadly malignant primary brain tumor. Chromobox (CBX) family proteins are essential components of the epigenetic regulatory complex and are involved in the occurrence and development of various cancers. However, the roles of CBX members in GBM is little known. In this analysis, we synthesized several mainstream bioinformatics databases to comprehensively explore the expression profiles, prognostic implications, genetic alterations, immune infiltration, and potential biological functions of the CBXs in GBM, and cell experiments were also conducted to investigate the role of CBX8 in GBM. We found that the elevated mRNA expression of CBX2/3/5/8 and reduced mRNA expression of CBX6/7 were found in GBM. The protein levels of CBX2/3/5/8 were elevated in GBM tissues, whereas the protein levels of CBX6/7 showed no significant difference. The upregulated expression of CBX2/3/8 was found to be both correlated with the tumor grade and recurrent status. The overexpression of CBX3/8 and underexpression of CBX6 mRNA were associated with the poor prognosis. These findings suggested that CBX3 and CBX8 might be useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in GBM. Further cell experiment results supported that CBX8 promoted the proliferation of glioma cells. Moreover, a high genetic alteration rate of CBXs (37%) was found in GBM and to varying degrees. The expression of CBXs was significantly related to the immune cells infiltration. CBX7 methylation level was significantly increased in GBM tissues. Our results may provide novel ideas to find potential prognostic markers and new therapeutic targets among CBX family members in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanni Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Kuan Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
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16
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CBX4 Regulates Replicative Senescence of WI-38 Fibroblasts. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5503575. [PMID: 35251476 PMCID: PMC8890863 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5503575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is characterized by cell cycle arrest and senescence-associated secretory phenotypes. Cellular senescence can be caused by various stress stimuli such as DNA damage, oxidative stress, and telomere attrition and is related to several chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and osteoarthritis. Chromobox homolog 4 (CBX4) has been shown to alleviate cellular senescence in human mesenchymal stem cells and is considered a possible target for senomorphic treatment. Here, we explored whether CBX4 expression is associated with replicative senescence in WI-38 fibroblasts, a classic human senescence model system. We also examined whether and how regulation of CBX4 modifies the senescence phenotype and functions as an antisenescence target in WI-38. During the serial culture of the WI-38 primary fibroblast cell line to a senescent state, we found increased expression of senescence markers, including senescence β-galactosidase (SA-βgal) activity, protein expression of p16, p21, and DPP4, and decreased proliferation marker EdU; moreover, CBX4 protein expression declined. With knockdown of CBX4, SA-βgal activity and p16 protein expression increased, and EdU decreased. With the activation of CBX4, SA-βgal activity, p16, and DPP4 protein decreased. In addition, CBX4 knockdown increased, while CBX4 activation decreased, gene expression of both CDKN2A (encoding the p16 protein) and DPP4. Genes related to DNA damage and cell cycle pathways were regulated by CBX4. These results demonstrate that CBX4 can regulate replicative senescence in a manner consistent with a senomorphic agent.
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17
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Hu K, Yao L, Xu Z, Yan Y, Li J. Prognostic Value and Therapeutic Potential of CBX Family Members in Ovarian Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:832354. [PMID: 35155439 PMCID: PMC8829121 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.832354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ovarian cancer (OV) is one of the common malignant tumors and has a poor prognosis. Chromobox (CBX) family proteins are critical components of epigenetic regulation complexes that repress target genes transcriptionally via chromatin modification. Some studies have investigated the function specifications among several CBXs members in multiple cancer types, however, little is known about the functions and prognostic roles of distinct CBXs family proteins in ovarian cancer. Methods: In this study, several bioinformatics databases and in vitro experiments were used to analyze the expression profiles, prognostic values, and therapeutic potential of the CBXs family (CBX1-8) in ovarian cancer. Results: It was found that higher expression of CBX3/8 and lower expression of CBX1/6/7 were detected in OV tissues. CBX2/4/5/8 were significantly correlated with individual cancer stages of OV. The expression of CBX1/2/3 were all significantly associated with worse overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) for OV patients, whereas the expression of other five CBXs members showed either irrelevant (CBX5 and CBX8) or inconsistent (CBX4, CBX6, and CBX7) results for both OS and PFS in OV. These results showed that only CBX3 had consistent results in expression and prognosis. Further cell experiments also showed that CBX3 promoted the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. CBX3 was highly expressed in chemoresistant OV tissues. These results indicated that CBX3 was the most likely prognostic indicator and new therapeutic target in OV. Furthermore, gene enrichment analysis suggests that the CBXs family was primarily involved in mast cell activation and mast cell mediated immunity. Individual CBXs members were associated with varying degrees of the infiltration of immune cells, especially B cells. Finally, a high genetic alteration rate of CBXs family (39%) was observed in OV. The low methylation status of CBX3/8 in OV may be associated with their high expression levels. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings exhibited the pivotal value of CBXs family members (especially CBX3) in the prognosis and chemoresistance of ovarian cancer. Our results may provide new insight to explore new prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Juanni Li, ; Yuanliang Yan,
| | - Juanni Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Juanni Li, ; Yuanliang Yan,
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18
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Kukkula A, Ojala VK, Mendez LM, Sistonen L, Elenius K, Sundvall M. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting the SUMO Pathway in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4402. [PMID: 34503213 PMCID: PMC8431684 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is a dynamic and reversible post-translational modification, characterized more than 20 years ago, that regulates protein function at multiple levels. Key oncoproteins and tumor suppressors are SUMO substrates. In addition to alterations in SUMO pathway activity due to conditions typically present in cancer, such as hypoxia, the SUMO machinery components are deregulated at the genomic level in cancer. The delicate balance between SUMOylation and deSUMOylation is regulated by SENP enzymes possessing SUMO-deconjugation activity. Dysregulation of SUMO machinery components can disrupt the balance of SUMOylation, contributing to the tumorigenesis and drug resistance of various cancers in a context-dependent manner. Many molecular mechanisms relevant to the pathogenesis of specific cancers involve SUMO, highlighting the potential relevance of SUMO machinery components as therapeutic targets. Recent advances in the development of inhibitors targeting SUMOylation and deSUMOylation permit evaluation of the therapeutic potential of targeting the SUMO pathway in cancer. Finally, the first drug inhibiting SUMO pathway, TAK-981, is currently also being evaluated in clinical trials in cancer patients. Intriguingly, the inhibition of SUMOylation may also have the potential to activate the anti-tumor immune response. Here, we comprehensively and systematically review the recent developments in understanding the role of SUMOylation in cancer and specifically focus on elaborating the scientific rationale of targeting the SUMO pathway in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Kukkula
- Cancer Research Unit, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (V.K.O.); (K.E.)
| | - Veera K. Ojala
- Cancer Research Unit, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (V.K.O.); (K.E.)
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Lourdes M. Mendez
- Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Lea Sistonen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Klaus Elenius
- Cancer Research Unit, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (V.K.O.); (K.E.)
- Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Sundvall
- Cancer Research Unit, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (V.K.O.); (K.E.)
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
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Long Noncoding RNA MIR100HG Knockdown Attenuates Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression by Regulating MicroRNA-146b-5p/Chromobox 6. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2021; 2021:6832518. [PMID: 34381502 PMCID: PMC8352691 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6832518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately ninety percent of primary liver cancer. This study attempted to investigate the effects of the long noncoding RNA MIR100HG (MIR100HG) in HCC and the underlying molecular mechanism. Materials and Methods qRT-PCR was implemented to analyze the expression of MIR100HG, microRNA-146b-5p (miR-146b-5p), and Chromobox 6 (CBX6). The correlation between MIR100HG and clinicopathological features of HCC patients was assessed. Additionally, the effects of MIR100HG knockdown on HCC cell viability, migration, and invasion were explored. The interactions among MIR100HG, miR-146b-5p, and CBX6 were confirmed. Furthermore, rescue experiments were conducted to investigate whether MIR100HG knockdown modulates HCC cell behaviors through modulating the miR-146b-5p/CBX6 axis. Results The expression of MIR100HG and CBX6 was enhanced, while miR-146b-5p was inhibited in HCC cells. High MIR100HG expression was positively associated with the TNM tumor stage and Edmondson-Steiner grading in HCC patients. MIR100HG knockdown considerably reduced the HCC cell viability, migration, and invasion. In addition, MIR100HG directly targeted miR-146b-5p, and miR-146b-5p directly targeted CBX6 in HCC cells. Moreover, miR-146b-5p suppression or CBX6 elevation evidently rescued the suppressed viability, migration, and invasion of HCC cells caused by MIR100HG knockdown. Conclusions Knockdown of MIR100HG inhibited the viability, migration, and invasion of HCC cells by targeting the miR-146b-5p/CBX6 axis, offering a potential therapeutic target for HCC therapy.
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20
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Zhu Y, Pu Z, Li Z, Lin Y, Li N, Peng F. Comprehensive Analysis of the Expression and Prognosis Value of Chromobox Family Members in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:700528. [PMID: 34395271 PMCID: PMC8357267 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.700528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) accounts for 80% of all renal cancers and has a poor prognosis. Chromobox (CBX) family protein expression has been reported in a variety of human malignancies, but the roles of CBXs in ccRCC remain unclear. In this study, by using ONCOMINE, UALCAN, GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, cBioPortal, and TIMER, we found the transcriptional levels of CBX3 and CBX4 in ccRCC tissues were significantly higher than those in normal kidney tissues, whereas the transcriptional levels of CBX1, CBX5, CBX6, and CBX7 were significantly reduced in ccRCC tissues. The promoters of CBX2, CBX3, CBX4, CBX5, CBX6, CBX7, and CBX8 were hypermethylated, whereas the CBX1 promoter was hypomethylated in ccRCC. The expression of CBX1, CBX3, CBX4, CBX5, CBX6, and CBX7 was significantly associated with clinicopathological parameters in ccRCC patients. ccRCC patients with high expression levels of CBX3, CBX4, and CBX8 and low expression levels of CBX1, CBX5, CBX6, and CBX7 showed a strong association with poor overall survival. Genetic alterations in CBXs were correlated with poor overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with ccRCC. Moreover, we found significant associations between the expression of CBXs and infiltration of immune cells (B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells). Our results provide novel insights into the development of CBX-based biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhangya Pu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenfen Li
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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21
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Fan C, Ma X, Wang Y, Lv L, Zhu Y, Liu H, Liu Y. A NOTCH1/LSD1/BMP2 co-regulatory network mediated by miR-137 negatively regulates osteogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:417. [PMID: 34294143 PMCID: PMC8296522 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs have been recognized as critical regulators for the osteoblastic lineage differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs). Previously, we have displayed that silencing of miR-137 enhances the osteoblastic differentiation potential of hASCs partly through the coordination of lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD1), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD4). However, still numerous molecules involved in the osteogenic regulation of miR-137 remain unknown. This study aimed to further elucidate the epigenetic mechanisms of miR-137 on the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs. Methods Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to validate the binding to the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of NOTCH1 by miR-137. To further identify the role of NOTCH1 in miR-137-modulated osteogenesis, tangeretin (an inhibitor of NOTCH1) was applied to treat hASCs which were transfected with miR-137 knockdown lentiviruses, then together with negative control (NC), miR-137 overexpression and miR-137 knockdown groups, the osteogenic capacity and possible downstream signals were examined. Interrelationships between signaling pathways of NOTCH1-hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1), LSD1 and BMP2-SMADs were thoroughly investigated with separate knockdown of NOTCH1, LSD1, BMP2, and HES1. Results We confirmed that miR-137 directly targeted the 3′ UTR of NOTCH1 while positively regulated HES1. Tangeretin reversed the effects of miR-137 knockdown on osteogenic promotion and downstream genes expression. After knocking down NOTCH1 or BMP2 individually, we found that these two signals formed a positive feedback loop as well as activated LSD1 and HES1. In addition, LSD1 knockdown induced NOTCH1 expression while suppressed HES1. Conclusions Collectively, we proposed a NOTCH1/LSD1/BMP2 co-regulatory signaling network to elucidate the modulation of miR-137 on the osteoblastic differentiation of hASCs, thus providing mechanism-based rationale for miRNA-targeted therapy of bone defect. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02495-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Fan
- Department of General Dentistry II, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China. .,National Center of Stomatology, Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China. .,Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing, China. .,NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaohan Ma
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuejun Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Longwei Lv
- National Center of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yunsong Liu
- National Center of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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22
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Wu M, Yang L, Hou X, Wang Z, Zhang J. Human Polycomb Protein 2 (hPC2) as a Novel Independent Prognostic Marker in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:5775-5784. [PMID: 34321924 PMCID: PMC8312507 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s308884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Human polycomb protein 2(hPC2) is a vital component of polycomb repressive complex 1(PRC1). It plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and progression. However, whether HPC2 expression affects the prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is currently unclear. In the present study, we investigated the expression of hPC2and elucidated its clinical prognostic significance in NPC. Patients and Methods The expression of hPC2 in 180 NPCs samples was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and evaluated by H-score staining intensity. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine cut-off values of hPC2 expression. The chi-square test, Kaplan–Meier (Log rank test), and the Cox proportional hazards model were utilized to analyze the data. Results We found hPC2 is highly expressed in 48.3% of NPC specimens, which significantly correlated with T stage (p=0.032), N stage (p=0.006), and clinical stage (p=0.003). Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that NPCs with high hPC2 expression tended to have a lower cumulative rates of overall survival (OS, p<0.001), recurrence-free survival (RFS, p=0.001), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS, p=0.003). In the NPCs subgroup, T3–T4, N2–N3, and stages III–IV, high hPC2 expression also had a prognostic impact on worse outcome in terms of OS, RFS, and DMFS. More importantly, multivariate analyses demonstrated that hPC2 expression was an independent prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio [HR], 95% (confidence interval [CI]), p=0.001), RFS (HR, 95% CI, p=0.018), and DMFS (HR, 95% CI, p=0.022). Conclusion We present evidence that high expression of hPC2 correlated with poorer prognosis in NPC. hPC2 could serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and might be a promising therapeutic target for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wu
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Otorhinolaryngology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Otorhinolaryngology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Hou
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Otorhinolaryngology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Otorhinolaryngology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
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23
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He M, Yue L, Wang H, Yu F, Yu M, Ni P, Zhang K, Chen S, Duan G, Zhang R. Evaluation of the prognostic value of CBXs in gastric cancer patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12375. [PMID: 34117289 PMCID: PMC8196000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobox (CBX) proteins were suggested to exert epigenetic regulatory and transcriptionally repressing effects on target genes and might play key roles in the carcinogenesis of a variety of carcinomas. Nevertheless, the functions and prognostic significance of CBXs in gastric cancer (GC) remain unclear. The current study investigated the roles of CBXs in the prognosis of GC using the Oncomine, The Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), UALCAN, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and cBioPortal databases. CBX1/2/3/4/5 were significantly upregulated in GC tissues compared with normal tissues, and CBX7 was downregulated. Multivariate analysis showed that high mRNA expression levels of CBX3/8 were independent prognostic factors for prolonged OS in GC patients. In addition, the genetic mutation rate of CBXs was 37% in GC patients, and genetic alterations in CBXs showed no association with OS or disease-free survival (DFS) in GC patients. These results indicated that CBX3/8 can be prognostic biomarkers for the survival of GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya He
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Limin Yue
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Feiyan Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Mingyang Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Peng Ni
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Longhua District, No.3 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 570216, China. .,Department of Experimentation Center, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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24
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CBX7 suppresses urinary bladder cancer progression via modulating AKR1B10-ERK signaling. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:537. [PMID: 34035231 PMCID: PMC8149849 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The chromobox (CBX) proteins mediate epigenetic gene silencing and have been implicated in the cancer development. By analyzing eight CBX family members in TCGA dataset, we found that chromobox 7 (CBX7) was the most strikingly downregulated CBX family member in urinary bladder cancer (UBC), as compared to normal tissues. Though dysregulation of CBX7 has been reported in multiple cancers, its specific role and clinical relevance in UBC remain unclear. Herein, we found that frequent downregulation of CBX7 in UBC specimens, which was due to its promoter hypermethylation, was correlated with poor prognosis. The ectopic expression of CBX7 suppressed UBC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and cancer stemness, whereas CBX7 depletion promoted cancer cell aggressiveness. Importantly, CBX7 overexpression in UBC cells inhibited tumorigenicity, whereas CBX7 depletion promoted the tumor development, indicating its tumor-suppressive role in UBC. Using RNA-seq and chromosome immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, we identified aldo-keto reductase family 1 member 10 (AKR1B10) as a novel downstream target of CBX7, which was negatively modulated by CBX7 in a PRC1-dependent manner and involved in stimulating ERK signaling. Consistently, AKR1B10 overexpression induced cancer cell aggressiveness, whereas suppression of AKR1B10 by siRNA or its small molecular inhibitor, oleanolic acid, reversed the CBX7 deficiency-induced cellular effects. AKR1B10 overexpression was negatively associated with CBX7 downregulation and predicted poor clinical outcomes in UBC patients. Taken together, our results indicate that CBX7 functions as a tumor suppressor to downregulate AKR1B10 and further inactivates ERK signaling. This CBX7/AKR1B10/ERK signaling axis may provide a new therapeutic strategy against UBC.
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25
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Yuan C, Chang K, Xu C, Li Q, Du Z. High expression of DLL3 is associated with a poor prognosis and immune infiltration in invasive breast cancer patients. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101080. [PMID: 33915517 PMCID: PMC8093948 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown the prognostic value of delta like canonical Notch ligand 3 (DLL3) in patients with different types of tumors, but the role and predictive value of DLL3 in invasive breast cancer (IBC) have not been reported. In this study, we explored the prognostic ability and potential ways of DLL3 in IBC patients. METHODS We retrospectively enrolled 130 IBC patients from a single institution from 2004 to 2019 for bioinformatics and statistical analysis. The Cancer Genome Atlas breast invasive carcinoma (TCGA-BRCA) cohort was used for verification. RESULTS High expression of DLL3 was associated with overall survival (OS) in IBC patients (P = 0.023). Multivariate analysis further showed that DLL3 expression was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.15; P = 0.017). Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) with the area under the curve (0.786) demonstrated that DLL3 expression can predict the survival outcome of IBC patients. Furthermore, the expression of DLL3 was related to a variety of tumor infiltrating immune cells (TIICs), particularly T cells regulatory (Tregs). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) results indicated that DLL3 was closely related to p53 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS High expression of DLL3 was associated with poor prognosis and immune cell infiltration in IBC patients. Moreover, P53 signaling pathway may be the key pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yuan
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kaili Chang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenyue Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingquan Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zunguo Du
- Department of pathology, Huashan hospital, Fudan university, No.12 Middle Urumqi road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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26
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Sun S, Zane A, Fulton C, Philipoom J. Statistical and bioinformatic analysis of hemimethylation patterns in non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:268. [PMID: 33711952 PMCID: PMC7953768 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07990-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation is an epigenetic event involving the addition of a methyl-group to a cytosine-guanine base pair (i.e., CpG site). It is associated with different cancers. Our research focuses on studying non-small cell lung cancer hemimethylation, which refers to methylation occurring on only one of the two DNA strands. Many studies often assume that methylation occurs on both DNA strands at a CpG site. However, recent publications show the existence of hemimethylation and its significant impact. Therefore, it is important to identify cancer hemimethylation patterns. Methods In this paper, we use the Wilcoxon signed rank test to identify hemimethylated CpG sites based on publicly available non-small cell lung cancer methylation sequencing data. We then identify two types of hemimethylated CpG clusters, regular and polarity clusters, and genes with large numbers of hemimethylated sites. Highly hemimethylated genes are then studied for their biological interactions using available bioinformatics tools. Results In this paper, we have conducted the first-ever investigation of hemimethylation in lung cancer. Our results show that hemimethylation does exist in lung cells either as singletons or clusters. Most clusters contain only two or three CpG sites. Polarity clusters are much shorter than regular clusters and appear less frequently. The majority of clusters found in tumor samples have no overlap with clusters found in normal samples, and vice versa. Several genes that are known to be associated with cancer are hemimethylated differently between the cancerous and normal samples. Furthermore, highly hemimethylated genes exhibit many different interactions with other genes that may be associated with cancer. Hemimethylation has diverse patterns and frequencies that are comparable between normal and tumorous cells. Therefore, hemimethylation may be related to both normal and tumor cell development. Conclusions Our research has identified CpG clusters and genes that are hemimethylated in normal and lung tumor samples. Due to the potential impact of hemimethylation on gene expression and cell function, these clusters and genes may be important to advance our understanding of the development and progression of non-small cell lung cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-07990-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Sun
- Department of Mathematics, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA.
| | - Austin Zane
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Carolyn Fulton
- Department of Mathematics, Schreiner University, Kerrville, TX, USA
| | - Jasmine Philipoom
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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27
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SUMO E3 ligase CBX4 regulates hTERT-mediated transcription of CDH1 and promotes breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Biochem J 2021; 477:3803-3818. [PMID: 32926159 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
hTERT, the catalytic component of the human telomerase enzyme, is regulated by post-translational modifications, like phosphorylation and ubiquitination by multiple proteins which remarkably affects the overall activity of the enzyme. Here we report that hTERT gets SUMOylated by SUMO1 and polycomb protein CBX4 acts as the SUMO E3 ligase of hTERT. hTERT SUMOylation positively regulates its telomerase activity which can be inhibited by SENP3-mediated deSUMOylation. Interestingly, we have established a new role of hTERT SUMOylation in the repression of E-cadherin gene expression and consequent triggering on the epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) program in breast cancer cells. We also observed that catalytically active CBX4, leads to retention of hTERT/ZEB1 complex onto E-cadherin promoter leading to its repression through hTERT-SUMOylation. Further through wound healing and invasion assays in breast cancer cells, we showed the tumor promoting ability of hTERT was significantly compromised upon overexpression of SUMO-defective mutant of hTERT. Thus our findings establish a new post-translational modification of hTERT which on one hand is involved in telomerase activity maintenance and on the other hand plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression thereby promoting migration and invasion of breast cancer cells.
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28
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van Wijnen AJ, Bagheri L, Badreldin AA, Larson AN, Dudakovic A, Thaler R, Paradise CR, Wu Z. Biological functions of chromobox (CBX) proteins in stem cell self-renewal, lineage-commitment, cancer and development. Bone 2021; 143:115659. [PMID: 32979540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulatory proteins support mammalian development, cancer, aging and tissue repair by controlling many cellular processes including stem cell self-renewal, lineage-commitment and senescence in both skeletal and non-skeletal tissues. We review here our knowledge of epigenetic regulatory protein complexes that support the formation of inaccessible heterochromatin and suppress expression of cell and tissue-type specific biomarkers during development. Maintenance and formation of heterochromatin critically depends on epigenetic regulators that recognize histone 3 lysine trimethylation at residues K9 and K27 (respectively, H3K9me3 and H3K27me3), which represent transcriptionally suppressive epigenetic marks. Three chromobox proteins (i.e., CBX1, CBX3 or CBX5) associated with the heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) complex are methyl readers that interpret H3K9me3 marks which are mediated by H3K9 methyltransferases (i.e., SUV39H1 or SUV39H2). Other chromobox proteins (i.e., CBX2, CBX4, CBX6, CBX7 and CBX8) recognize H3K27me3, which is deposited by Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2; a complex containing SUZ12, EED, RBAP46/48 and the methyl transferases EZH1 or EZH2). This second set of CBX proteins resides in PRC1, which has many subunits including other polycomb group factors (PCGF1, PCGF2, PCGF3, PCGF4, PCGF5, PCGF6), human polyhomeotic homologs (HPH1, HPH2, HPH3) and E3-ubiquitin ligases (RING1 or RING2). The latter enzymes catalyze the subsequent mono-ubiquitination of lysine 119 in H2A (H2AK119ub). We discuss biological, cellular and molecular functions of CBX proteins and their physiological and pathological activities in non-skeletal cells and tissues in anticipation of new discoveries on novel roles for CBX proteins in bone formation and skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - Leila Bagheri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - Amr A Badreldin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - A Noelle Larson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - Christopher R Paradise
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Zhong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
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29
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Wang Z, Fang Z, Chen G, Liu B, Xu J, Li F, Li F, Liu H, Zhang H, Sun Y, Tian G, Chen H, Xu G, Zhang L, Hu L, Ji H. Chromobox 4 facilitates tumorigenesis of lung adenocarcinoma through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Neoplasia 2020; 23:222-233. [PMID: 33387960 PMCID: PMC7797484 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromobox 4 (CBX4) is a core component of polycomb-repressive complex 1 with important roles in cancer biology and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant expression of CBX4 has been implicated in several human malignancies. However, its role and underlying mechanisms in the tumorigenesis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) have not been defined in vivo. Here, we found that expression of CBX4 was frequently up-regulated in human LUAD samples and correlated with poor patient survival. Importantly, genetic ablation of CBX4 greatly dampened lung tumor formation and improved survival in the KrasG12D/P53L/L (KP) autochthonous mouse model of LUAD. In addition, CBX4 depletion significantly inhibited proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of KP mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Moreover, ectopic CBX4 expression clearly promoted proliferation and anchorage-independent growth in both human and mouse LUAD cells, whereas silencing of CBX4 exerted opposite effects. Mechanistically, CBX4 promoted growth of LUAD cells through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Furthermore, expression levels of CBX4 were positively correlated with β-catenin in human LUAD samples. In conclusion, our data suggest that CBX4 plays an oncogenic role via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and could serve as a potential therapeutic target in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaobin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihua Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiquan Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoliang Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongbin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China.
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30
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Identification of the Roles of Chromobox Family Members in Gastric Cancer: A Study Based on Multiple Datasets. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5306509. [PMID: 33344640 PMCID: PMC7732380 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5306509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background As the important components in polycomb repressive complexes 1 (PRC1) and heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), Chromobox (CBX) family members are involved in epigenetic regulatory function, transcriptional repression, and other cellular metabolisms. Increasing studies have indicated significant associations between CBX and tumorigenesis, which is a progression in different types of cancers. However, the information about the roles of each CBX in gastric cancer is extremely limited. Methods We explored CBX mRNA expression, corrections with clinicopathological parameters, protein expression, prognostic values, enrichment analysis with several databases including Oncomine, Human Protein Atlas, UALCAN, Kaplan-Meier plotter, cBioPortal, GeneMANIA, and Enrichr. Results In our study, comparing to the normal tissues, higher mRNA expression of CBX1/2/3/4/5/8 and lower mRNA expression of CBX7 were found in GC tissues while upregulations of CBX1/2/3/4/5/8 and downregulations of CBX7 were indicated to be significantly correlated to the nodal metastasis status and individual cancer stages in GC patients. As for protein level, the expression of CBX2/3/4/5/6 was higher and the expression of CBX7 was lower in the GC tissues than those in the normal. What is more, higher mRNA expression of CBX1/5/6/8 and lower mRNA expression of CBX7 were markedly correlated to poor outcomes of OS and FP in GC patients. Besides, high mutation rate of CBXs (42%) was observed in GC patients. Conclusions We suggest that CBX5/7 may serve as potential therapeutic targets for GC while CBX1/8 may serve as potential prognostic indicators for GC.
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Li X, Gou J, Li H, Yang X. Bioinformatic analysis of the expression and prognostic value of chromobox family proteins in human breast cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17739. [PMID: 33082469 PMCID: PMC7576141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromobox (CBX) family proteins control chromatin structure and gene expression. However, the functions of CBXs in cancer progression, especially breast cancer, are inadequately studied. We assessed the significance of eight CBX proteins in breast cancer. We performed immunohistochemistry and bioinformatic analysis of data from Oncomine, GEPIA Dataset, bcGenExMiner, Kaplan–Meier Plotter, and cBioPortal. We compared mRNA and protein expression levels of eight CBX proteins between breast tumor and normal tissue. The expression difference of CBX7 was the greatest, and CBX7 was downregulated in breast cancer tissues compared with normal breast tissues. The expression of CBX2 was strongly associated with tumor stage. We further analyzed the association between the eight CBX proteins and the following clinicopathological features: menopause age, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER-2 receptor status, nodal status, P53 status, triple-negative status, and the Scarff–Bloom–Richardson grade (SBR) and Nottingham prognostic index (NPI). Survival analysis in the Kaplan–Meier Plotter database showed that the eight CBX proteins were significantly associated with prognosis. Moreover, CBX genes in breast cancer patients had a high net alteration frequency of 57%. There were significant co-expression correlations between the following CBX protein pairs: CBX4 positively with CBX8, CBX6 positively with CBX7, and CBX2 negatively with CBX7. We also analyzed the Gene Ontology enrichment of the CBX proteins, including biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. CBX 1/2/3/5/8 may be oncogenes for breast cancer, whereas CBX 6 and 7 may be tumor suppressors for breast cancer. All eight CBX proteins may be predictive for prognosis. Clinical trials are needed to confirm the significance of the eight CBX proteins in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhe Gou
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjiang Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Lin K, Zhu J, Hu C, Bu F, Luo C, Zhu X, Zhu Z. Comprehensive analysis of the prognosis for chromobox family in gastric cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 11:932-951. [PMID: 33209489 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-20-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chromobox (CBX) family proteins are a class of transcriptional repressors involved in epigenetic regulation and developmental processes of various tumors, including gastric cancer. However, the function and prognosis of different CBXs in gastric cancer remain unknown. Methods This study addresses this issue by synthesizing several mainstream databases (Oncomine, GEPIA2, cBioportal, and Kaplan-Meier plotter, among others) that currently contain many tumor samples and provide very reliable analysis results, investigating the role of CBXs in the prognosis of gastric cancer. Results The mRNA of CBX1/2/3/4/5/8 was highly expressed in gastric cancer, the mRNA of CBX7 was lowly expressed in gastric cancer, and the mRNA expression of CBX6 was not significantly different in CRC. Besides, high and low CBXs mRNA expression correlated with cancer stage, node metastasis status, H. pylori infection status, and tumor grade in CRC patients. We found that high mRNA expression of CBX4/5/6/7/8 was significantly associated with worse overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (FP), and post-progression survival (PPS) in a large number of CRC patients. High mRNA expression of CBX3 was significantly associated with better OS and FP. We also found that none of the eight CBXs family genes had a mutation rate of less than 5% in gastric cancer, and the highest mutation rate was in CBX3 (14%). Conclusions These results suggest that CBX3/4/5/6/7/8 could be a prognostic biomarker in gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Cegui Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fanqin Bu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhengming Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Ma T, Ma N, Chen JL, Tang FX, Zong Z, Yu ZM, Chen S, Zhou TC. Expression and prognostic value of Chromobox family members in gastric cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 11:983-998. [PMID: 33209492 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-20-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Chromobox (CBX) protein family, which is a crucial part of the epigenetic regulatory complex, plays an important role in the occurrence and development of cancer; however, the function and prognostic value of CBX family members in gastric cancer is not clear. Methods we investigated the relationship between CBX members and gastric cancer using a range of tools and databases: Oncomine, Kaplan-Meier plotter, cBioPortal, ULCAN, Metascape, and GEPIA. Results The results showed that, relative to normal gastric tissue, mRNA expression levels of CBX1-6 were significantly higher in gastric cancer tissue, whereas the level of CBX7 was significantly lower. Furthermore, overexpression of CBX3-6 and underexpression of CBX7 mRNAs was significantly related to the poor prognosis and survival of gastric cancer patients, making these CBX family members useful biomarkers. Finally, overexpression of CBX1 mRNA was significantly related to the poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients treated with adjuvant 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Conclusions The members of the CBX family can be used as prognosis and survival biomarkers for gastric cancer and CBX1 may be a biomarker for choosing the chemotherapy regimen of gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Lin Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Xin Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhuo-Min Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tai-Cheng Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
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Li D, Liu Y, Hao S, Chen B, Li A. Mining database for the clinical significance and prognostic value of CBX family in skin cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23537. [PMID: 32860274 PMCID: PMC7755763 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is one of the most aggressive malignancies with high invasiveness. Chromobox (CBX) family are involved in the regulation of the tumorigenesis, progression, invasion, and apoptosis of many malignancies. METHODS The clinical significance and prognostic value of CBX family in SKCM were analyzed via a series of databases, including ONCOMINE, GEPIA, UALCAN, TIMER, GSCALite, DAVID 6.8, GeneMANIA, and LinkedOmics. RESULTS We found that the level of CBX2, CBX3, CBX5, and CBX6 was upregulated while the level of CBX7 and CBX8 was downregulated in tumor tissues in SKCM. Moreover, the mRNA expression of CBX1 and CBX2 was significantly associated with the pathological stage in SKCM. Prognosis analysis revealed that SKCM patients with high CBX5 level and low CBX7 level had a poor prognosis. Immune infiltrations analysis revealed that the expression of CBX family was associated with the abundance of certain immune cells in SKCM. We also found that CBX family were associated with the activation of cell cycle pathway and DNA damage response, and the inhibition of apoptosis pathway. Moreover, enrichment analysis revealed that CBX family and correlated genes were enriched in chromatin modification, PcG protein complex, transcription coactivator activity, protein binding, and RNA splicing. Several Kinase targets (ATM, CDK1, and PLK1) and miRNA targets (MIR-331, MIR-296, and MIR-496) of CBX family were also identified. CONCLUSION Our study may uncover CBX family-associated molecular mechanisms involved in the tumorigenesis and progression of SKCM and provide additional choice for the prognosis and therapy biomarker for SKCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Li
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Center, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - YiRan Liu
- The Third Institute of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shuai Hao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Huangdao District Central Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Huangdao District Central Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - AnHai Li
- Department of Dermatology, Qingdao Huangdao District Central Hospital, Qingdao, China
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Morrugares R, Correa-Sáez A, Moreno R, Garrido-Rodríguez M, Muñoz E, de la Vega L, Calzado MA. Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of the NOTCH1 intracellular domain by dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2621-2639. [PMID: 31605148 PMCID: PMC7320039 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NOTCH proteins constitute a receptor family with a widely conserved role in cell cycle, growing and development regulation. NOTCH1, the best characterised member of this family, regulates the expression of key genes in cell growth and angiogenesis, playing an essential role in cancer development. These observations provide a relevant rationale to propose the inhibition of the intracellular domain of NOTCH1 (Notch1-IC) as a strategy for treating various types of cancer. Notch1-IC stability is mainly controlled by post-translational modifications. FBXW7 ubiquitin E3 ligase-mediated degradation is considered one of the most relevant, being the previous phosphorylation at Thr-2512 residue required. In the present study, we describe for the first time a new regulation mechanism of the NOTCH1 signalling pathway mediated by DYRK2. We demonstrate that DYRK2 phosphorylates Notch1-IC in response to chemotherapeutic agents and facilitates its proteasomal degradation by FBXW7 ubiquitin ligase through a Thr-2512 phosphorylation-dependent mechanism. We show that DYRK2 regulation by chemotherapeutic agents has a relevant effect on the viability, motility and invasion capacity of cancer cells expressing NOTCH1. In summary, we reveal a novel mechanism of regulation for NOTCH1 which might help us to better understand its role in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Morrugares
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n. 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Correa-Sáez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n. 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rita Moreno
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, James Arrott Drive, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Martín Garrido-Rodríguez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n. 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
- Innohealth Group, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n. 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Laureano de la Vega
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, James Arrott Drive, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Marco A Calzado
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n. 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.
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Li J, Huang C, Zou Y, Ye J, Yu J, Gui Y. CircTLK1 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma by sponging miR-136-5p. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:103. [PMID: 32503552 PMCID: PMC7275467 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel type of noncoding RNA (ncRNA), are covalently linked circular configurations that form via a loop structure. Accumulating evidence indicates that circRNAs are potential biomarkers and key regulators of tumor development and progression. However, the precise roles of circRNAs in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remain unknown. METHODS Through circRNA high-throughput sequencing of RCC cell lines, we identified the circRNA TLK1 (circTLK1) as a novel candidate circRNA derived from the TLK1 gene. qRT-PCR detected the mRNA, circRNA and miRNA expression levels in RCC tissues and cells. Loss-of function experiments were executed to detect the biological roles of circTLK1 in the RCC cell phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. RNA-FISH, RNA pull-down, dual-luciferase reporter, western blot and immunohistochemistry assays were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of circTLK1. RESULTS circTLK1 is overexpressed in RCC, and expression is positively correlated with distant metastasis and unfavorable prognosis. Silencing circTLK1 significantly inhibited RCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. circTLK1 was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm and positively regulated CBX4 expression by sponging miR-136-5p. Forced CBX4 expression reversed the circTLK1 suppression-induced phenotypic inhibition of RCC cells. Moreover, CBX4 expression was positively correlated with VEGFA expression in RCC tissues. CBX4 knockdown significantly inhibited VEGFA expression in RCC cells. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings demonstrate that circTLK1 plays a critical role in RCC progression by sponging miR-136-5p to increase CBX4 expression. circTLK1 may act as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for RCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/secondary
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Ligases/genetics
- Ligases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Polycomb-Group Proteins/genetics
- Polycomb-Group Proteins/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- RNA, Circular/genetics
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfa Li
- grid.440601.70000 0004 1798 0578Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen-Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Chenchen Huang
- grid.440601.70000 0004 1798 0578Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen-Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518000 China
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XAnhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000 Anhui Province China
| | - Yifan Zou
- grid.263488.30000 0001 0472 9649Department of Urology, The Affliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Jing Ye
- grid.440601.70000 0004 1798 0578Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen-Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Jing Yu
- grid.440601.70000 0004 1798 0578Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Yaoting Gui
- grid.440601.70000 0004 1798 0578Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen-Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518000 China
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XAnhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000 Anhui Province China
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Zhao J, Yang T, Li L. LncRNA FOXP4-AS1 Is Involved in Cervical Cancer Progression via Regulating miR-136-5p/CBX4 Axis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2347-2355. [PMID: 32256085 PMCID: PMC7094166 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s241818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cervical cancer (CC) is a major health threat to women worldwide. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has been reported to play crucial roles in regulating carcinogenesis, including CC. Methods In this work, levels of lncRNA forkhead box P4 antisense RNA 1 (FOXP4-AS1) in CC cell lines and normal cell lines were analyzed with quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) method. Effects of FOXP4-AS1 on CC cellular behaviors including proliferation, migration, and invasion were explored. Bioinformatic prediction tools and luciferase activity reporter assay were conducted to explore the downstream molecules for FOXP4-AS1. Results We found FOXP4-AS1 expression was significantly higher in CC cell lines than in normal cell line. Functionally, force FOXP4-AS1 expression increased CC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while FOXP4-AS1 knockdown caused opposite effects. Mechanistically, we found FOXP4-AS1 acts as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for microRNA-136-5p (miR-136-5p) to regulate chromobox 4 (CBX4) expression. Discussion These findings indicated FOXP4-AS1 plays an oncogenic role in CC, which may provide novel therapeutic biomarker against CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
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Jiang N, Niu G, Pan YH, Pan W, Zhang MF, Zhang CZ, Shen H. CBX4 transcriptionally suppresses KLF6 via interaction with HDAC1 to exert oncogenic activities in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. EBioMedicine 2020; 53:102692. [PMID: 32113161 PMCID: PMC7044754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulation of polycomb chromobox (CBX) proteins that mediate epigenetic gene silencing contributes to the progression of human cancers. Yet their roles in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remain to be explored. Methods The expression of CBX4 and its clinical significance were determined by qRT-PCR, western blot, immunohistochemistry and statistical analyses. The biological function of CBX4 in ccRCC tumor growth and metastasis and the underlying mechanism were investigated using in vitro and in vivo models. Findings CBX4 exerts oncogenic activities in ccRCC via interaction with HDAC1 to transcriptionally suppress tumor suppressor KLF6. CBX4 expression is increased in ccRCC and correlated with poor prognosis in two independent cohorts containing 840 patients. High CBX4 expression is significantly associated with Fuhrman grade and tumor lymph node invasion. CBX4 overexpression promotes tumor growth and metastasis, whereas CBX4 knockdown results in the opposite phenotypes. Mechanistically, CBX4 downregulates KLF6 via repressing the transcriptional activity of its promoter. Further studies show that CBX4 physically binds to HDAC1 to maintain its localization on the KLF6 promoter. Ectopic expression of KLF6 or disruption of CBX4-HDAC1 interaction attenuates CBX4-mediated cell growth and migration. Furthermore, CBX4 depletion markedly enhances the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi)-induced cell apoptosis and suppression of tumor growth. Interpretation Our data suggest CBX4 as an oncogene with prognostic potential in ccRCC. The newly identified CBX4/HDAC1/KLF6 axis may represent a potential therapeutic target for the clinical intervention of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Gang Niu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ying-Hua Pan
- Department of Rheumatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510600, China
| | - Wenwei Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mei-Fang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Chris Zhiyi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China; Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Huimin Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Chen Y, Du J, Wang Y, Shi H, Jiang Q, Wang Y, Zhang H, Wei Y, Xue W, Pu Z, Gao Y, Li D, Feng Y, Yan J, Zhang J. MicroRNA-497-5p Induces Cell Cycle Arrest Of Cervical Cancer Cells In S Phase By Targeting CBX4. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:10535-10545. [PMID: 31849480 PMCID: PMC6910861 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s210059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose miR-497-5p can inhibit cervical cancer cell proliferation. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Methods Bioinformatics was used to analyze the target genes of miR-497-5p. qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to analyze mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to analyze the direct binding between miR-497-5p and 3'-untranslated region of CBX4. Cell viability was measured with MTT assay. Flow cytometry was performed to detect cell cycle distribution. Results Here, using bioinformatics methods we firstly found that miR-497-5p regulated cervical carcinoma proliferation by targeting polycomb chromobox4 (CBX4). Expression of miR-497-5p in cervical carcinoma tissues was negatively correlated with CBX4. A binding region of miR-497-5p in 3'-untranslated region of CBX4 was predicted. Further experiments confirmed that miR-497-5p directly targeted CBX4. Besides, RNA interference of CBX4 inhibited cervical cancer cell proliferation, arrested cells at S phase and reduced the expression of CDK2 and Cyclin A2 proteins. The use of miR-497-5p inhibitor compromised CBX4 interference RNAs induced cycle arrest of cervical cancer cells. Cells co-transfected with miR-497-5p inhibitors and CBX4 interference RNAs had a higher proliferation rate than CBX4 inference RNA-transfected cells. Conclusion All together, the present study demonstrates that miR-497-5p inhibits cervical cancer cells proliferation by directly targeting CBX4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyu Jiang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangfeng Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huahua Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yameng Wei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanjuan Xue
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Pu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Feng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of CBX4 and CBX7 Decrease the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6436825. [PMID: 31211140 PMCID: PMC6532305 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6436825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The chromobox (CBX) proteins CBX2, CBX4, CBX6, CBX7, and CBX8, also known as Polycomb (Pc) proteins, are canonical components of the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1). Abundant evidence indicates that abnormal expression of Pc proteins is associated with a variety of tumors, but their role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we performed a case-control study to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CBX genes and HCC. Methods Nine SNPs on CBX genes (rs7217395, rs2036316 of CBX2; rs3764374, rs1285251, rs2289728 of CBX4; rs7292074 of CBX6; and rs710190, rs139394, rs5750753 of CBX7) were screened and genotyped using MassARRAY technology in 334 HCC cases and 321 controls. The association between SNPs and their corresponding gene expressions was analyzed through bioinformatics methods using the Ensembl database and Blood eQTL browser online tools. Results The results indicated that rs2289728 (G>A) of CBX4 (P = 0.03, OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.33-0.94) and rs139394 (C>A) of CBX7 (P = 0.02, OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.33-0.90) decreased the risk of HCC. Interaction between rs2036316 and HBsAg increased the risk of HCC (P = 0.02, OR = 6.88, 95% CI: 5.20-9.11), whereas SNP-SNP interaction between rs710190 and rs139394 reduced the risk of HCC (P = 0.03, OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.12-0.91). Gene expression analyses showed that the rs2289728 A allele and the rs139394 A allele significantly reduced CBX4 and CBX7 expression, respectively. Conclusion Our findings suggest that CBX4 rs2289728 and CBX7 rs139394 are protective SNPs against HCC. The two SNPs may reduce the risk of HCC while suppressing the expression of CBX4 and CBX7.
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CBX6 is negatively regulated by EZH2 and plays a potential tumor suppressor role in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:197. [PMID: 30655550 PMCID: PMC6336801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36560-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobox 6 (CBX6) is a subunit of Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) that mediates epigenetic gene repression and acts as an oncogene or tumor suppressor in a cancer type-dependent manner. The specific function of CBX6 in breast cancer is currently undefined. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset led to the identification of CBX6 as a consistently downregulated gene in breast cancer. We provided evidence showing enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) negatively regulated CBX6 expression in a Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2)-dependent manner. Exogenous overexpression of CBX6 inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation, and induced cell cycle arrest along with suppression of migration and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro. Microarray analyses revealed that CBX6 governs a complex gene expression program. Moreover, CBX6 induced significant downregulation of bone marrow stromal cell antigen-2 (BST2), a potential therapeutic target, via interactions with its promoter region. Our collective findings support a tumor suppressor role of CBX6 in breast cancer.
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In silico identification of microRNAs predicted to regulate N-myristoyltransferase and Methionine Aminopeptidase 2 functions in cancer and infectious diseases. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194612. [PMID: 29579063 PMCID: PMC5868815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein myristoylation is a key protein modification carried out by N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) after Methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) removes methionine from the amino-terminus of the target protein. Protein myristoylation by NMT augments several signaling pathways involved in a myriad of cellular processes, including developmental pathways and pathways that when dysregulated lead to cancer or immune dysfunction. The emerging evidence pointing to NMT-mediated myristoylation as a major cellular regulator underscores the importance of understanding the framework of this type of signaling event. Various studies have investigated the role that myristoylation plays in signaling dysfunction by examining differential gene or protein expression between normal and diseased states, such as cancers or following HIV-1 infection, however no study exists that addresses the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of myristoylation. By performing a large scale bioinformatics and functional analysis of the miRNAs that target key genes involved in myristoylation (NMT1, NMT2, MetAP2), we have narrowed down a list of promising candidates for further analysis. Our condensed panel of miRNAs identifies 35 miRNAs linked to cancer, 21 miRNAs linked to developmental and immune signaling pathways, and 14 miRNAs linked to infectious disease (primarily HIV). The miRNAs panel that was analyzed revealed several NMT-targeting mRNAs (messenger RNA) that are implicated in diseases associated with NMT signaling alteration, providing a link between the realms of miRNA and myristoylation signaling. These findings verify miRNA as an additional facet of myristoylation signaling that must be considered to gain a full perspective. This study provides the groundwork for future studies concerning NMT-transcript-binding miRNAs, and will potentially lead to the development of new diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for several important diseases.
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