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Lin LC, Liu ZY, Yang JJ, Zhao JY, Tao H. Lipid metabolism reprogramming in cardiac fibrosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:164-175. [PMID: 37949734 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a critical pathophysiological process that occurs with diverse types of cardiac injury. Lipids are the most important bioenergy substrates for maintaining optimal heart performance and act as second messengers to transduce signals within cardiac cells. However, lipid metabolism reprogramming is a double-edged sword in the regulation of cardiomyocyte homeostasis and heart function. Moreover, lipids can exert diverse effects on cardiac fibrosis through different signaling pathways. In this review, we provide a brief overview of aberrant cardiac lipid metabolism and recent progress in pharmacological research targeting lipid metabolism alterations in cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zhi-Yan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Jian-Yuan Zhao
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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2
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Tang Y, Lin Z, Liu L, Yin L, Zhang D, Yu C, Yang C, Gong Y, Wang Y, Liu Y. Attenuated AKT signaling by miR-146a-5p interferes with chicken granulosa cell proliferation, lipid deposition and progesterone biosynthesis. Theriogenology 2024; 214:370-385. [PMID: 37995530 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones play a crucial role in the growth and maturation of poultry ovarian follicles, with progesterone secretion by granulosa cells (GC) being essential. According to our previous transcriptome analysis, it apparented that miR-146a-5p expressions were upregulated in the follicles undergoing atresia. In this study, we delved the depth to explore the underlying mechanisms by miR-146a-5p in the regulation of follicle functions in chicken. The study demonstrated that miR-146a-5p suppressed cell growth, lipids accumulation, and progesterone biosynthesis in chicken GC. Through targeting association validations, we identified delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1 (DEGS1) as capable of interacting with miR-146a-5p. Co-transfection experiments further confirmed that DEGS1 reversed the impairment of GC functions by miR-146a-5p. Moreover, we discovered that miR-146a-5p suppressed AKT phosphorylation, while DEGS1 enhanced AKT phosphorylation. Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002) studies showed that miR-146a-5p would inhibit AKT phosphorylation by governing the DEGS1/AKT pathway, which in turn regulates GC function. In summary, the findings revealed that miR-146a-5p suppressed cell growth, lipid deposition, and progesterone biosynthesis via the DEGS1/AKT pathway. These results may further enrich our understandings of how non-coding RNA regulates productive performance in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongzhen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingqian Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Donghao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunlin Yu
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaowu Yang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanrong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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3
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Du B, Zhang J, Kong L, Shi H, Zhang D, Wang X, Yang C, Li P, Yao R, Liang C, Wu L, Huang Z. Ovarian Tumor Domain-Containing 7B Attenuates Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy by Inhibiting Ubiquitination and Degradation of Krüppel-Like Factor 4. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e029745. [PMID: 38084712 PMCID: PMC10863784 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.029745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac hypertrophy (CH) is a well-established risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases and a primary cause of mortality and morbidity among older adults. Currently, no pharmacological interventions have been specifically tailored to treat CH. OTUD7B (ovarian tumor domain-containing 7B) is a member of the ovarian tumor-related protease (OTU) family that regulates many important cell signaling pathways. However, the role of OTUD7B in the development of CH is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the role of OTUD7B in CH. METHODS AND RESULTS OTUD7B knockout mice were used to assay the role of OTUD7B in CH after transverse aortic coarctation surgery. We further assayed the specific functions of OTUD7B in isolated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. We found that OTUD7B expression decreased in hypertrophic mice hearts and phenylephrine-stimulated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, OTUD7B deficiency exacerbated transverse aortic coarctation surgery-induced myocardial hypertrophy, abnormal cardiac function, and fibrosis. In cardiac myocytes, OTUD7B knockdown promoted phenylephrine stimulation-induced myocardial hypertrophy, whereas OTUD7B overexpression had the opposite effect. An immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis showed that OTUD7B directly binds to KLF4 (Krüppel-like factor 4). Additional molecular experiments showed that OTUD7B impedes KLF4 degradation by inhibiting lysine residue at 48 site-linked ubiquitination and suppressing myocardial hypertrophy by activating the serine/threonine kinase pathway. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the OTUD7B-KLF4 axis is a novel molecular target for CH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin‐Bin Du
- Cardiovascular Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jie‐Lei Zhang
- Department of EndocrinologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Ling‐Yao Kong
- Cardiovascular Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Hui‐Ting Shi
- Cardiovascular Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Dian‐Hong Zhang
- Cardiovascular Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xing Wang
- Cardiovascular Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Chun‐Lei Yang
- Cardiovascular Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Peng‐Cheng Li
- Cardiovascular Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Rui Yao
- Cardiovascular Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Cui Liang
- Cardiovascular Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Lei‐Ming Wu
- Cardiovascular Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhen Huang
- Cardiovascular Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
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Huang Y, Liu Q, Liu M, Xu L, Li Y, Chen Q, Guan D, Xu J, Lin C, Wang S. System pharmacology-based determination of the functional components and mechanisms in chronic heart failure treatment: an example of Zhenwu decoction. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37921741 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2274515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is the primary cause of death among patients with cardiovascular diseases, representing the advanced stage in the development of several cardiovascular conditions. Zhenwu decoction (ZWD) has gained widespread recognition as an efficacious remedy for CHF due to its potent therapeutic properties and absence of adverse effects. Nevertheless, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its actions remain elusive. This study endeavors to unravel the intricate pharmacological underpinnings of five herbs within ZWD concerning CHF through an integrated approach. Initially, pertinent data regarding ZWD and CHF were compiled from established databases, forming the foundation for constructing an intricate network of active component-target interactions. Subsequently, a pioneering method for evaluating node significance was formulated, culminating in the creation of core functional association space (CFAS). To discern vital components, a novel dynamic programming algorithm was devised and used to determine the core component group (CCG) within the CFAS. Enrichment analysis of the CCG targets unveiled the potential coordinated molecular mechanisms of ZWD, illuminating its capacity to ameliorate CHF by modulating genes and related signaling pathways involved in pathological remodeling. Notable pathways encompass PI3K-Akt, diabetic cardiomyopathy, cAMP and MAPK signaling. Concluding the computational analyses, in vitro experiments were executed to assess the effects of vanillic acid, paradol, 10-gingerol and methyl cinnamate. Remarkably, these compounds demonstrated efficacy in reducing the production of ANP and BNP within isoprenaline-induced AC 16 cells, further validating their potential therapeutic utility. This investigation underscores the efficacy of the proposed model in enhancing the precision and reliability of CCG selection within ZWD, thereby presenting a novel avenue for mechanistic inquiries, compound refinement and the secondary development of TCM herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisheng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qinwen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiyu Liu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqian Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanlin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daogang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jindong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunshui Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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5
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Xiao S, Peng K, Li C, Long Y, Yu Q. The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate in autophagy and related disorders. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:380. [PMID: 37852968 PMCID: PMC10584985 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
S1P, also referred to as sphingosine-1-phosphate, is a lipid molecule with bioactive properties involved in numerous cellular processes such as cell growth, movement, programmed cell death, self-degradation, cell specialization, aging, and immune system reactions. Autophagy is a meticulously controlled mechanism in which cells repurpose their elements to maintain cellular balance. There are five stages in autophagy: initiation, nucleation, elongation and maturation, fusion, and degradation. New research has provided insight into the complex connection between S1P and autophagy, uncovering their interaction in both normal and abnormal circumstances. Gaining knowledge about the regulatory mechanism of S1P signaling on autophagy can offer a valuable understanding of its function in well-being and illness, potentially leading to innovative therapeutic concepts for diverse ailments. Hence, this review analyzes the essential stages in mammalian autophagy, with a specific emphasis on recent research exploring the control of each stage by S1P. Additionally, it sheds light on the roles of S1P-induced autophagy in various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095#, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430030, P.R. China
| | - Kaixin Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095#, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430030, P.R. China
| | - Congxin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095#, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Long
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095#, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430030, P.R. China
| | - Qin Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095#, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430030, P.R. China.
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Wang Y, Li X, Qi M, Li X, Zhang F, Wang Y, Wu J, Shu L, Fan S, Li Y, Li Y. Pharmacological effects and mechanisms of YiYiFuZi powder in chronic heart disease revealed by metabolomics and network pharmacology. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1203208. [PMID: 37426419 PMCID: PMC10327484 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1203208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: YiYiFuZi powder (YYFZ) is a classical formula in Chinese medicine, which is commonly used clinically for the treatment of Chronic Heart Disease (CHD), but it's pharmacological effects and mechanism of action are currently unclear. Methods: An adriamycin-induced CHD model rat was established to evaluate the pharmacological effects of YYFZ on CHD by the results of inflammatory factor level, histopathology and echocardiography. Metabolomic studies were performed on rat plasma using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS to screen biomarkers and enrich metabolic pathways; network pharmacology analysis was also performed to obtain the potential targets and pathways of YYFZ for the treatment of CHD. Results: The results showed that YYFZ significantly reduced the levels of TNF-α and BNP in the serum of rats, alleviated the disorder of cardiomyocyte arrangement and inflammatory cell infiltration, and improved the cardiac function of rats with CHD. The metabolomic analysis identified a total of 19 metabolites, related to amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and other metabolic pathways. Network pharmacology showed that YYFZ acts through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and Ras signaling pathway. Discussion: YYFZ treatment of CHD modulates blood metabolic pattern and several protein phosphorylation cascades but importance specific changes for therapeutic effect require further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Wang
- School of Chinese Materia, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Chinese Materia, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Qi
- TIPRHUYA Advancing Innovative Medicines Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaokai Li
- School of Chinese Materia, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuyu Wang
- School of Chinese Materia, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Junke Wu
- School of Chinese Materia, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lexin Shu
- School of Chinese Materia, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Simiao Fan
- School of Chinese Materia, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- School of Chinese Materia, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yubo Li
- School of Chinese Materia, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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7
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SphK-produced S1P in somatic cells is indispensable for LH-EGFR signaling-induced mouse oocyte maturation. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:963. [PMID: 36396932 PMCID: PMC9671891 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Germ cell division and differentiation require intimate contact and interaction with the surrounding somatic cells. Luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factors to promote oocyte maturation and developmental competence by activating EGF receptor (EGFR) in somatic cells. Here, we showed that LH-EGFR signaling-activated sphingosine kinases (SphK) in somatic cells. The activation of EGFR by EGF increased S1P and calcium levels in cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs), and decreased the binding affinity of natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) for natriuretic peptide type C (NPPC) to release the cGMP-mediated meiotic arrest. These functions of EGF were blocked by the SphK inhibitor SKI-II, which could be reversed by the addition of S1P. S1P also activated the Akt/mTOR cascade reaction in oocytes and promoted targeting protein for Xklp2 (TPX2) accumulation and oocyte developmental competence. Specifically depleting Sphk1/2 in somatic cells reduced S1P levels and impaired oocyte meiotic maturation and developmental competence, resulting in complete female infertility. Collectively, SphK-produced S1P in somatic cells serves as a functional transmitter of LH-EGFR signaling from somatic cells to oocytes: acting on somatic cells to induce oocyte meiotic maturation, and acting on oocytes to improve oocyte developmental competence.
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Zhao J, Wu Q, Yang T, Nie L, Liu S, Zhou J, Chen J, Jiang Z, Xiao T, Yang J, Chu C. Gaseous signal molecule SO 2 regulates autophagy through PI3K/AKT pathway inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improves myocardial fibrosis in rats with type II diabetes. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 26:541-556. [PMID: 36302628 PMCID: PMC9614393 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2022.26.6.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is a key link in the occurrence and development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Its etiology is complex, and the effect of drugs is not good. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is an important cause of myocardial fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gaseous signal molecule sulfur dioxide (SO2) on diabetic myocardial fibrosis and its internal regulatory mechanism. Masson and TUNEL staining, Western-blot, transmission electron microscopy, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence staining, and flow cytometry were used in the study, and the interstitial collagen deposition, autophagy, apoptosis, and changes in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways were evaluated from in vivo and in vitro experiments. The results showed that diabetic myocardial fibrosis was accompanied by cardiomyocyte apoptosis and down-regulation of endogenous SO2-producing enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AAT)1/2. However, exogenous SO2 donors could up-regulate AAT1/2, reduce apoptosis of cardiomyocytes induced by diabetic rats or high glucose, inhibit phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT protein, up-regulate autophagy, and reduce interstitial collagen deposition. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the gaseous signal molecule SO2 can inhibit the PI3K/AKT pathway to promote cytoprotective autophagy and inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis to improve myocardial fibrosis in diabetic rats. The results of this study are expected to provide new targets and intervention strategies for the prevention and treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiong Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China,School of Pharmaceutical Science of University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Liangui Nie
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Shengquan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Zhentao Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Longhua Central Hospital Affiliated Guang-dong Medical University, Shenzhen 518000, China,Ting Xiao, E-mail:
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China,Jun Yang, E-mail:
| | - Chun Chu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China,Correspondence Chun Chu, E-mail:
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9
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Vaspin Ameliorates Cardiac Remodeling by Suppressing Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B Pathway to Improve Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 80:442-452. [PMID: 36067399 PMCID: PMC9439695 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore whether vaspin could alleviate cardiac remodeling through attenuating oxidative stress in heart failure rats and to determine the associated signaling pathway. Cardiac remodeling was induced by myocardial infarction, transverse aortic constriction, or angiotensin (Ang) II infusion in vivo, and the neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) and neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (NRCFs) were treated with Ang II. Vaspin treatment alleviated fibrosis in myocardial infarction, transverse aortic constriction, and Ang II-treated rats. The Ang II-induced increases of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in NRCMs and Ang II-induced increases of collagen I and collagen III in NRCFs were reduced after vaspin treatment. Vaspin administration inhibited the Ang II-induced increases of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway, superoxide anions, malondialdehyde, and NADPH oxidases activity in NRCMs and NRCFs. The overexpression of PI3K, Akt, or NADPH oxidases 1 reversed the attenuating effects of vaspin on Ang II-induced elevation of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in NRCMs, as well as Ang II-induced increases of collagen I and collagen III in NRCFs. The administration of wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor) or MK2206 (Akt inhibitor) inhibited the oxidative stress induced by Ang II in NRCMs and NRCFs. The above results suggest that vaspin can alleviate cardiac dysfunction and remodeling in heart failure rats. Vaspin attenuates Ang II-induced hypertrophy of NRCMs and fibrosis of NRCFs through suppressing PI3K/Akt pathway to alleviate oxidative stress.
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10
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Menko AS, Walker JL. The Pro-Fibrotic Response to Lens Injury Is Signaled in a PI3K Isoform-Specific Manner. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1181. [PMID: 36139020 PMCID: PMC9496593 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling inputs that function to integrate biochemical and mechanical cues from the extracellular environment to alter the wound-repair outcome to a fibrotic response remain poorly understood. Here, using a clinically relevant post-cataract surgery wound healing/fibrosis model, we investigated the role of Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) class I isoforms as potential signaling integrators to promote the proliferation, emergence and persistence of collagen I-producing alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA+) myofibroblasts that cause organ fibrosis. Using PI3K isoform specific small molecule inhibitors, our studies revealed a requisite role for PI3K p110α in signaling the CD44+ mesenchymal leader cell population that we previously identified as resident immune cells to produce and organize a fibronectin-EDA rich provisional matrix and transition to collagen I-producing αSMA+ myofibroblasts. While the PI3K effector Akt was alone insufficient to regulate myofibroblast differentiation, our studies revealed a role for Rac, another potential PI3K effector, in this process. Our studies further uncovered a critical role for PI3K p110α in signaling the proliferation of CD44+ leader cells, which is important to the emergence and expansion of myofibroblasts. Thus, these studies identify activation of PI3K p110α as a critical signaling input following wounding to the development and progression of fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sue Menko
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Janice L. Walker
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Wu Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Li L, Wang R, Jiang S. Human umbilical cord-derived stem cell sheets improve left ventricular function in rat models of ischemic heart failure. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 925:174994. [PMID: 35513020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) are among the most promising cell therapy sources used to treat ischemic heart disease. Cell sheet engineering has been used to transplant stem cells and improve their therapeutic effectiveness. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of UC-MSC sheets in the treatment of chronic ischemic heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS Flow cytometric analysis showed that UC-MSCs were positive for CD73, CD90, and CD105. UC-MSC sheets were produced from UC-MSCs using temperature-responsive culture dishes. Afterward, these sheets were transplanted onto the epicardial surface at the infarct heart in rat models of chronic ischemic heart failure. At four weeks after the transplantation, echocardiography analysis revealed that the cardiac function of the UC-MSC sheets group was significantly better than that of the suspension and myocardial infarction (MI) only groups. Furthermore, histological examinations revealed that the left ventricular remodeling was attenuated compared with the suspension and MI-only groups. In the UC-MSC slice group, the neovascular den and cell size in the infarct margin region were was significantly improved than in the suspension and MI-only groups. Also, the UC-MSC sheets inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in chronic ischemic heart failure. CONCLUSIONS UC-MSC sheets can maintain cardiac function and attenuate ventricular remodeling in chronic ischemic heart failure, indicating that this strategy would be a promising therapeutic option in the clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbin Wu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China; Division of Adult Cardiac Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Huajun Zhang
- Division of Adult Cardiac Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Shuling Wang
- Division of Adult Cardiac Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Libing Li
- Division of Adult Cardiac Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Division of Adult Cardiac Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Shengli Jiang
- Division of Adult Cardiac Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Network Pharmacology-Based Strategy for Predicting Therapy Targets of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium on Myocardial Hypertrophy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4293265. [PMID: 35281609 PMCID: PMC8906983 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4293265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective Through a network pharmacology method, we screened the main active compounds of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP), constructed a drug-ingredient-disease-target network, explored the molecular mechanism of its treatment of myocardial hypertrophy, and validated it by using molecular biology approach. Methods Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) and GeneCards were utilised to collect the effective component in CRP and the targets of CRP and myocardial hypertrophy. The STRING database constructed the protein interaction network. The drug-ingredient-disease-target network was outlined by the Cytoscape 3.9.0 software. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted using the Metascape database. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were utilised to determine the mRNA and protein level of the critical targets of CRP therapy for myocardial hypertrophy. Results We found that five practical components of CRP exerted therapeutic effects on myocardial hypertrophy by modulating 41 targets. Further analysis revealed that naringenin was the essential active compound in CRP that regulated myocardial hypertrophy. In addition, we showed that the active compounds of CRP might exert antihypertrophy effects via regulating essential target proteins such as AKT1-, MAPK3-, PPARA-, PPARG-, and ESR1-mediated signaling pathways such as cell proliferation, nuclear receptor activation, and oxidative stress. The molecular biology experiments demonstrated that naringenin inhibited the mRNA level of NPPA and NPPB induced by Ang II and regulated related targets such as AKT1, MAPK3, PPARA, PPARG, and ESR1. Conclusion CRP could inhibit myocardial hypertrophy through multitarget and multiapproach.
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Shi R, Zhang Z, Zhu A, Xiong X, Zhang J, Xu J, Sy MS, Li C. Targeting Type I Collagen for Cancer Treatment. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:665-683. [PMID: 35225360 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Collagen is the most abundant protein in animals. Interactions between tumor cells and collagen influence every step of tumor development. Type I collagen is the main fibrillar collagen in the extracellular matrix and is frequently up-regulated during tumorigenesis. The binding of type I collagen to its receptors on tumor cells promotes tumor cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis. Type I collagen also regulates the efficacy of tumor therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Furthermore, type I collagen fragments are diagnostic markers of metastatic tumors and have prognostic value. Inhibition of type I collagen synthesis has been reported to have anti-tumor effects in animal models. However, collagen has also been shown to possess anti-tumor activity. Therefore, the roles that type I collagen plays in tumor biology are complex and tumor type-dependent. In this review, we discuss the expression and regulation of synthesis of type I collagen, as well as the role up-regulated type I collagen plays in various stages of cancer progression. We also discuss the role of collagen in tumor therapy. Finally, we highlight several recent approaches targeting type I collagen for cancer treatment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Shi
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ankai Zhu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Xiong
- Department of Operating Room, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Chaoyang Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, Guangzhou, China
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MiRNA-29b and miRNA-497 Modulate the Expression of Carboxypeptidase X Member 2, a Candidate Gene Associated with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042263. [PMID: 35216380 PMCID: PMC8880112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a major risk factor for adverse cardiovascular events. Recently, a novel candidate gene encoding the carboxypeptidase X member 2 (CPXM2) was found to be associated with hypertension-induced LVH. CPXM2 belongs to the M14 family of metallocarboxypeptidases, yet it lacks detectable enzyme activity, and its function remains unknown. Here, we investigated the impact of micro (mi)RNA-29b, miRNA-195, and miRNA-497 on the posttranscriptional expression control of CPXM2. Candidate miRNAs for CPXM2 expression control were identified in silico. CPXM2 expression in rat cardiomyocytes (H9C2) was characterized via real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Direct miRNA/target mRNA interaction was analysed by dual luciferase assay. CPXM2 was expressed in H9C2 and co-localised with z-disc associated protein PDZ and LIM domain 3 (Pdlim3). Transfection of H9C2 with miRNA-29b, miRNA-195, and miRNA-497 led to decreased levels of CPXM2 mRNA and protein, respectively. Results of dual luciferase assays revealed that miRNA-29b and miRNA-497, but not miRNA-195, directly regulated CPXM2 expression on a posttranscriptional level via binding to the 3′UTR of CPXM2 mRNA. We identified two miRNAs capable of the direct posttranscriptional expression control of CPXM2 expression in rat cardiomyocytes. This novel data may help to shed more light on the—so far—widely unexplored expression control of CPXM2 and its potential role in LVH.
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PCAT6 May Be a Whistler and Checkpoint Target for Precision Therapy in Human Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236101. [PMID: 34885209 PMCID: PMC8656686 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer-associated transcript 6 (PCAT6), as a newly discovered carcinogenic long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), is abnormally expressed in multiple diseases. With the accumulation of studies on PCAT6, we have a deeper understanding of its biological functions and mechanisms. Therefore, in this review, the various molecular mechanisms by which PCAT6 promotes multiple tumorigenesis and progression are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, its potential diagnostic, prognostic, and immunotherapeutic values are also clarified. Abstract LncRNAs are involved in the occurrence and progressions of multiple cancers. Emerging evidence has shown that PCAT6, a newly discovered carcinogenic lncRNA, is abnormally elevated in various human malignant tumors. Until now, PCAT6 has been found to sponge various miRNAs to activate the signaling pathways, which further affects tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cycle, apoptosis, radioresistance, and chemoresistance. Moreover, PCAT6 has been shown to exert biological functions beyond ceRNAs. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics of PCAT6 in a variety of human malignancies and describe the biological mechanisms by which PCAT6 can facilitate tumor progression. Finally, we discuss its diagnostic and prognostic values and clinical applications in various human malignancies.
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Sun P, Wang Y, Ding Y, Luo J, Zhong J, Xu N, Zhang Y, Xie W. Canagliflozin attenuates lipotoxicity in cardiomyocytes and protects diabetic mouse hearts by inhibiting the mTOR/HIF-1α pathway. iScience 2021; 24:102521. [PMID: 34142035 PMCID: PMC8188479 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipotoxicity plays an important role in the development of diabetic heart failure (HF). Canagliflozin (CAN), a marketed sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, has significantly beneficial effects on HF. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects and mechanism of CAN in the hearts of C57BL/6J mice induced by high-fat diet/streptozotocin (HFD/STZ) for 12 weeks in vivo and in HL-1 cells (a type of mouse cardiomyocyte line) induced by palmitic acid (PA) in vitro. The results showed that CAN significantly ameliorated heart functions and inflammatory responses in the hearts of the HFD/STZ-induced diabetic mice. CAN significantly attenuated the inflammatory injury induced by PA in the HL-1 cells. Furthermore, CAN seemed to bind to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and then inhibit mTOR phosphorylation and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression. These results indicated that CAN might attenuate lipotoxicity in cardiomyocytes by inhibiting the mTOR/HIF-1α pathway and then show protective effects on diabetic hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Sun
- Open FIESTA Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomic, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Lab in Health Science and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Open FIESTA Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomic, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Lab in Health Science and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yipei Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomic, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Lab in Health Science and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jingyi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomic, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Lab in Health Science and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- Open FIESTA Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomic, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Lab in Health Science and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Naihan Xu
- Open FIESTA Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomic, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Lab in Health Science and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yaou Zhang
- Open FIESTA Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomic, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Lab in Health Science and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weidong Xie
- Open FIESTA Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomic, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Lab in Health Science and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Corresponding author
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