Chitosan-coated Selenium nanoparticles enhance the efficiency of stem cells in the neuroprotection of streptozotocin-induced neurotoxicity in male rats

Unravelling the in vitro and in vivo potential of selenium nanoparticles in Alzheimer's disease: A bioanalytical review

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain. Current therapies have limited efficacy, prompting the search for novel treatments. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have emerged as promising candidates for AD therapy due to their unique physicochemical properties and potential therapeutic effects. This review provides an overview of SeNPs and their potential application in AD treatment, as well as the main bioanalytical techniques applied in this field. SeNPs possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making them potential candidates to combat the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation associated with AD. Moreover, SeNPs have shown the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), allowing them to target brain regions affected by AD pathology. Various methods for synthesizing SeNPs are explored, including chemical, physical and biological synthesis approaches. Based on the employment of algae, yeast, fungi, and plants, green methods offer a promising and biocompatible alternative for SeNPs production. In vitro studies have demonstrated the potential of SeNPs in reducing beta-amyloid aggregation and inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation, providing evidence of their neuroprotective effects on neuronal cells. In vivo studies using transgenic mouse models and AD-induced symptoms have shown promising results, with SeNPs treatment leading to cognitive improvements and reduced amyloid plaque burden in the hippocampus. Looking ahead, future trends in SeNPs research involve developing innovative brain delivery strategies to enhance their therapeutic potential, exploring alternative animal models to complement traditional mouse studies, and investigating multi-targeted SeNPs formulations to address multiple aspects of AD pathology. Overall, SeNPs represent a promising avenue for AD treatment, and further research in this field may pave the way for effective and much-needed therapeutic interventions for individuals affected by this debilitating disease.

Bio-synthesized selenium nanoparticles ameliorate Brain oxidative stress in Parkinson disease rat models

AIM

Parkinson disease (PD) is a prevalent central nervous system degenerative condition that impacts elderly people. Recent clinical and experimental study findings have established oxidative stress as one of the main pathogeneses of PD. Selenium, a trace metals with antioxidant effects, might reverse the neurobehavioral impairments and oxidative stress in rats. Thus, the goal of this study was to ascertain if Selenium Nano Particles (SeNPs) are also effective to protect brain cells from oxidative stress or not.

MAIN METHODS

SeNPs were synthesized utilizing Ascorbic acid and chitosan as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Next, eight groups (N: 6) of male Wistar rats were randomly assigned and injected by different dosage (0.1, 0,2, and 0.3 mg/kg) of Se and SeNP. Finally, to ascertain the protective benefits of SeNP on PD rats, behavioral evaluation, clinical symptoms, antioxidant activity, and oxidant levels were examined.

KEY FINDINGS

According to the findings, PD rats' motor functions had developed by SeNP injection. Higher MDA levels and inhibited antioxidant activities (SOD, CAT, and GPX) in lesion group are highlighting the significant role of oxidative stress in dopaminergic neuron death and neurobehavioral abnormalities. SeNP also protect against oxidative stress as compared to the lesion group. The levels of MDA had greatly reduced while the activities of enzymes, TAC, and SeNP both had significantly increased.

SIGNIFICANCE

By enhancing antioxidant activity, administration of SeNP can reduce the hazardous consequences of oxidative stress.

Nanotherapeutic and Stem Cell Therapeutic Strategies in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Promising Therapeutic Approach

Neurodegeneration is characterized by progressive, disabling, and incurable neurological disorders with the massive loss of specific neurons. As one of the most promising potential therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases, stem cell therapy exerts beneficial effects through different mechanisms, such as direct replacement of damaged or lost cells, secretion of neurotrophic and growth factors, decreased neuroinflammation, and activation of endogenous stem cells. However, poor survival and differentiation rates of transplanted stem cells, insufficient homing ability, and difficulty tracking after transplantation limit their further clinical use. The rapid development of nanotechnology provides many promising nanomaterials for biomedical applications, which already have many applications in neurodegenerative disease treatment and seem to be able to compensate for some of the deficiencies in stem cell therapy, such as transport of stem cells/genes/drugs, regulating stem cell differentiation, and real-time tracking in stem cell therapy. Therefore, nanotherapeutic strategies combined with stem cell therapy is a promising therapeutic approach to treating neurodegenerative diseases. The present review systematically summarizes recent advances in stem cell therapeutics and nanotherapeutic strategies and highlights how they can be combined to improve therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Understanding the Therapeutic Approaches for Neuroprotection

The term "neurodegenerative disorders" refers to a group of illnesses in which deterioration of nerve structure and function is a prominent feature. Cognitive capacities such as memory and decision-making deteriorate as a result of neuronal damage. The primary difficulty that remains is safeguarding neurons since they do not proliferate or regenerate spontaneously and are therefore not substituted by the body after they have been damaged. Millions of individuals throughout the world suffer from neurodegenerative diseases. Various pathways lead to neurodegeneration, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, calcium ion overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species generation, and apoptosis. Although different treatments and therapies are available for neuroprotection after a brain injury or damage, the obstacles are inextricably connected. Several studies have revealed the pathogenic effects of hypothermia, different breathed gases, stem cell treatments, mitochondrial transplantation, multi-pharmacological therapy, and other therapies that have improved neurological recovery and survival outcomes after brain damage. The present review highlights the use of therapeutic approaches that can be targeted to develop and understand significant therapies for treating neurodegenerative diseases.

The effects of polyvinyl alcohol-coated selenium nanoparticles on memory impairment in rats

Some mineral elements exert beneficial neuroprotection, especially in the form of nanoparticles. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-coated SeNPs (PVA-SeNPs) on Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a rat model of AD. Twenty-eight rats were randomly divided into four groups of seven rats: control, Alz, Alz + Se, and Alz + Se-PV groups. PVA-SeNPs and SeNPs were chemically synthesized and orally administrated (0.4 mg/kg) to the AD rats for one month. AD was induced by an intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The memory function was assessed by the novel object recognition (NOR) and passive avoidance learning (PAL) tests. The expression of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and stress oxidative markers (MDA and TAC), and the number of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques were assessed using ELISA kits, biochemical methods, and Congo red staining, respectively. The results of the behavioral tests showed that the discrimination index in the NOR test increased in the Alz + PVA-SeNPs group compared to the Alz group. Memory performance in the PAL task improved in the PVA-SeNPs and SeNPs groups compared to the Alz group. The level of the BDNF in both of the Alz treatment groups (PVA-SeNPs and SeNPs) showed a significant increase compared to the Alz group. MDA levels and Aβ plaques decreased in both NPs-treated Alz groups, while TAC levels decreased in all Alz groups. PVA-SeNPs were more effective than SeNPs in the improvement of the cognition deficit. The results suggest that PVA-SeNPs improve the cognition and memory deficit induced by an ICV injection of STZ through a decrease in the number of Aβ plaques and malondialdehyde levels and an increase in the BDNF levels.

Role of Nanotechnology and Their Perspectives in the Treatment of Kidney Diseases

Nanoparticles (NPs) are differing in particle size, charge, shape, and compatibility of targeting ligands, which are linked to improved pharmacologic characteristics, targetability, and bioavailability. Researchers are now tasked with developing a solution for enhanced renal treatment that is free of side effects and delivers the medicine to the active spot. A growing number of nano-based medication delivery devices are being used to treat renal disorders. Kidney disease management and treatment are currently causing a substantial global burden. Renal problems are multistep processes involving the accumulation of a wide range of molecular and genetic alterations that have been related to a variety of kidney diseases. Renal filtration is a key channel for drug elimination in the kidney, as well as a burgeoning topic of nanomedicine. Although the use of nanotechnology in the treatment of renal illnesses is still in its early phases, it offers a lot of potentials. In this review, we summarized the properties of the kidney and characteristics of drug delivery systems, which affect a drug’s ability should focus on the kidney and highlight the possibilities, problems, and opportunities.