1
|
Teofilovic B, Golocorbin-Kon S, Stilinovic N, Grujic-Letic N, Raškovic A, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H, Mikov M. Pharmacological effects of novel microvesicles of basil, on blood glucose and the lipid profile: a preclinical study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22123. [PMID: 34764416 PMCID: PMC8586354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microencapsulation represents a process that can create targeted, controlled release kinetics of drugs, thus optimizing therapeutic efficacy. Our group has investigated the impact of this technology on Wistar rats to determine pharmacological efficacy of basil extracts. Animals were treated with water extract of Ocimum basilicum in microvesicles and with combination of basil extracts and 3α,7α-dihydroxy-12-keto-5-cholanate, also known as 12-monoketocholic acid (MKC) acid in microvesicles for 7 days. Alloxan was used to induce hyperglycemia. Pharmacological effects on glycemia were evaluated by measuring blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Microvesicles were prepared using the Büchi-based microencapsulating system developed in our lab. The dose of basil extract that was orally administered in rats was 200 mg/kg and the dose of MKC acid was 4 mg/kg as per established protocols. A seven-day treatment with basil aqueous extract, as well as a combination of basil and MKC acid extract in the pharmaceutical formulation, led to a statistically significant reduction in the blood glucose concentration of animals with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia compared to pre-treatment values (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01), which indicates that basil has hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects. Microvesicles, as a pharmaceutical-technological formulation, substantially enhance the hypolipidemic action of basil extract with MKC acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Branislava Teofilovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Svetlana Golocorbin-Kon
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Stilinovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nevena Grujic-Letic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Raškovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Armin Mooranian
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stellaard F, Lütjohann D. Dynamics of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G55-G66. [PMID: 33978477 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00476.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of bile acid metabolism is normally discussed as the regulation of bile acid synthesis, which serves to compensate for intestinal loss in order to maintain a constant pool size. After a meal, bile acids start cycling in the enterohepatic circulation. Farnesoid X receptor-dependent ileal and hepatic processes lead to negative feedback inhibition of bile acid synthesis. When the intestinal bile acid flux decreases, the inhibition of synthesis is released. The degree of inhibition of synthesis and the mechanism and degree of activation are still unknown. Moreover, in humans, a biphasic diurnal expression pattern of bile acid synthesis has been documented, indicating maximal synthesis around 3 PM and 9 PM. Quantitative data on the hourly synthesis schedule as compensation for intestinal loss are lacking. In this review, we describe the classical view on bile acid metabolism and present alternative concepts that are based on the overlooked feature that bile acids transit through the enterohepatic circulation very rapidly. A daily profile of the cycling and total bile acid pool sizes and potential controlled and uncontrolled mechanisms for synthesis are predicted. It remains to be elucidated by which mechanism clock genes interact with the Farnesoid X receptor-controlled regulation of bile acid synthesis. This mechanism could become an attractive target to enhance bile acid synthesis at night, when cholesterol synthesis is high, thus lowering serum LDL-cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frans Stellaard
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yuan Y, Wang QY, Zhang J, Nie J, Zhou CG, Yi WQ, Wan LS, Chen JC. A new bile acid from the traditional chinese medicine shedan. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2020; 22:879-885. [PMID: 31535572 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2019.1656616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new bile acid tauro-16β-hydroxy-12α-sulfate-5β-cholenoic acid (1), along with six known ones (2-7), was isolated from the snake bile. Its planar structure and relative configuration were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analyses. Moreover, compound 2 showed inhibitory effect on NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages at non-cytotoxic concentration (20 μM) with inhibitory rate of 69.7%. [Formula: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Pharmaceutical Science Department of Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Pharmaceutical Science Department of Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Pharmaceutical Science Department of Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Hubei Institute for Drug Control, Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Cheng-Gao Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Pharmaceutical Science Department of Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wen-Qin Yi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Pharmaceutical Science Department of Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Luo-Sheng Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Pharmaceutical Science Department of Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jia-Chun Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Pharmaceutical Science Department of Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park SM, Kang SJ, Choi MS, Kim S, Yoon S, Oh JH. Comparative omics analyses of hepatotoxicity induced by oral azole drugs in mice liver and primary hepatocytes. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:531-541. [PMID: 31099283 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1619214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ketoconazole (KTZ) and itraconazole (ITZ) are antifungal agents that have a broad spectrum of activity against fungal pathogens. However, the therapeutic indications of many antifungal drugs, including those of the azole group, are restricted due to possible hepatotoxicity. We performed toxicogenomic analyses using in vivo and in vitro models to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the hepatotoxicity of two azole antifungal drugs. C57BL/6 male mice were treated daily with KTZ or ITZ, sacrificed at days 1 or 7, and the serum biochemistry and histopathology results showed that the KTZ-treated mice exhibited hepatotoxicity. Primary hepatocytes from C57BL/6 mice also exposed to KTZ or ITZ, and the cytotoxic effects of KTZ and ITZ were evaluated; KTZ exerted a greater cytotoxic effect than ITZ. The gene expression profiles in the livers of the 7-day-treated group and primary hepatocytes of the 24-h-treated group for both KTZ and ITZ were comparatively analyzed. Differentially expressed genes were selected based on the fold-changes and statistical significance, and the biological functions were analyzed using ingenuity pathways analysis. The results revealed that genes related to cholesterol synthesis were overexpressed in the liver in the KTZ-treated group, whereas expression of those related to acute phase injury was significantly altered in the ITZ-treated group. Causal gene analyses suggested that sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factors are key regulators that activate the transcription of target genes associated with the hepatotoxicity induced by oral KTZ. These findings enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the hepatotoxicity of azole drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se-Myo Park
- a Department of Predictive Toxicology , Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT) , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Kang
- b New Drug Discovery Laboratory , Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd , Yongin , Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Choi
- a Department of Predictive Toxicology , Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT) , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Kim
- a Department of Predictive Toxicology , Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT) , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjoo Yoon
- a Department of Predictive Toxicology , Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT) , Daejeon , Republic of Korea.,c Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology , University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Oh
- a Department of Predictive Toxicology , Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT) , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gogulamudi VR, Dubey ML, Kaul D, Atluri VSR, Sehgal R. Downregulation of host tryptophan-aspartate containing coat (TACO) gene restricts the entry and survival of Leishmania donovani in human macrophage model. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:946. [PMID: 26528242 PMCID: PMC4602155 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites of mammalian hosts. Promastigotes of Leishmania are internalized by macrophages and transformed into amastigotes in phagosomes, and replicate in phagolysosomes. Phagosomal maturation arrest is known to play a crucial role in the survival of pathogenic Leishmania within activated macrophages. Recently, tryptophan–aspartate containing coat (TACO) gene has been recognized as playing a central role in the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within human macrophages by arresting the phagosome maturation process. We postulated that a similar association of TACO gene with phagosomes would prevent the vacuole from maturation in the case of Leishmania. In this study we attempted to define the effect of TACO gene downregulation on the entry/survival of Leishmania donovani intracellularly, by treatment with Vitamin D3 (Vit.D3)/Retinoic acid (RA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA)/RA combinations in human THP-1 macrophages (in vitro). Treatment with these molecules downregulated the TACO gene in macrophages, resulting in reduced parasite load and marked reduction of disease progression in L. donovani infected macrophages. Taken together, these results suggest that TACO gene downregulation may play a role in subverting macrophage machinery in establishing the L. donovani replicative niche inside the host. Our study is the first to highlight the important role of the TACO gene in Leishmania entry, survival and to identify TACO gene downregulation as potential drug target against leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswara Reddy Gogulamudi
- Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India ; Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Mohan Lal Dubey
- Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India
| | - Deepak Kaul
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India
| | - Venkata Subba Rao Atluri
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bertolotti M, Crosignani A, Del Puppo M. The use of stable and radioactive sterol tracers as a tool to investigate cholesterol degradation to bile acids in humans in vivo. Molecules 2012; 17:1939-68. [PMID: 22343367 PMCID: PMC6268360 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17021939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of cholesterol homeostasis represent important risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Different clinical-experimental approaches have been devised to study the metabolism of cholesterol and particularly the synthesis of bile acids, its main catabolic products. Most evidence in humans has derived from studies utilizing the administration of labeled sterols; these have several advantages over in vitro assay of enzyme activity and expression, requiring an invasive procedure such as a liver biopsy, or the determination of fecal sterols, which is cumbersome and not commonly available. Pioneering evidence with administration of radioactive sterol derivatives has allowed to characterize the alterations of cholesterol metabolism and degradation in different situations, including spontaneous disease conditions, aging, and drug treatment. Along with the classical isotope dilution methodology, other approaches were proposed, among which isotope release following radioactive substrate administration. More recently, stable isotope studies have allowed to overcome radioactivity exposure. Isotope enrichment studies during tracer infusion has allowed to characterize changes in the degradation of cholesterol via the "classical" and the "alternative" pathways of bile acid synthesis. Evidence brought by tracer studies in vivo, summarized here, provides an exceptional tool for the investigation of sterol metabolism, and integrate the studies in vitro on human tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bertolotti
- Divisone di Geriatria, Dipartimento di Medicina, Endocrinologia, Metabolismo e Geriatria, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Nuovo Ospedale Civile, Via Giardini 1355, Modena 41126, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Inhibitory effects of bile acids and synthetic farnesoid X receptor agonists on rotavirus replication. J Virol 2011; 85:12570-7. [PMID: 21957312 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05839-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (group A rotaviruses) are the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and children worldwide. Currently, an antiviral drug is not available and information on therapeutic targets for antiviral development is limited for rotavirus infection. Previously, it was shown that lipid homeostasis is important in rotavirus replication. Since farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and its natural ligands bile acids (such as chenodeoxycholic acid [CDCA]) play major roles in cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, we examined the effects of bile acids and synthetic FXR agonists on rotavirus replication in association with cellular lipid levels. In a mouse model of rotavirus infection, effects of oral administration of CDCA on fecal rotavirus shedding were investigated. The results demonstrate the following. First, the intracellular contents of triglycerides were significantly increased by rotavirus infection. Second, CDCA, deoxycholic acid (DCA), and other synthetic FXR agonists, such as GW4064, significantly reduced rotavirus replication in cell culture in a dose-dependent manner. The reduction of virus replication correlated positively with activation of the FXR pathway and reduction of cellular triglyceride contents (r(2) = 0.95). Third, oral administration of CDCA significantly reduced fecal virus shedding in mice (P < 0.05). We conclude that bile acids and FXR agonists play important roles in the suppression of rotavirus replication. The inhibition mechanism is proposed to be the downregulation of lipid synthesis induced by rotavirus infection.
Collapse
|
8
|
Naran S, Abrams P, de Oliveira PQ, Hughes SJ. Bile salts differentially sensitize esophageal squamous cells to CD95 (Fas/Apo-1 receptor) mediated apoptosis. J Surg Res 2010; 171:504-9. [PMID: 20934723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of nonacidic reflux contents on the pathophysiology of Barrett's esophagus remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that esophageal squamous epithelium differs from Barrett's columnar epithelium in response to bile salts with respect to subsequent changes in the cell surface expression of CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) and sensitivity to CD95-mediated apoptosis. METHODS Immortalized esophageal squamous cells (HET-1A) and Barrett's esophagus cells (BAR-T), and esophageal adenocarcinoma cells (Flo-1) were treated with toxic and nontoxic bile salts at concentrations observed in gastroesophageal refluxate. CD95 cell-surface expression and apoptotic response to activating anti-CD95 antibody treatment was determined by FACScan analysis. RESULTS Bile salt exposure resulted in a dose-dependent increase in CD95 cell-surface expression in HET-1A cells, but not BAR-T or Flo-1 cells. This response occurred rapidly, within a time-frame inconsistent with de novo protein synthesis and was blocked by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition. Surprisingly, PKC inhibition in Flo-1 cells resulted in an increase in CD95 cell surface expression. Following bile salt exposure, a corresponding increase in the induction of CD95-mediated apoptosis was observed in HET-1A cells; PKC inhibition sensitized Flo-1 cells to apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that esophageal squamous cells are sensitized to CD95-mediated apoptosis following bile salt exposure. This differential response, compared with columnar epithelial cells, could exert a selection pressure that contributes to the pathophysiology of Barrett's esophagus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Naran
- Department of Surgery, Section of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang L, Huang X, Meng Z, Dong B, Shiah S, Moore DD, Huang W. Significance and mechanism of CYP7a1 gene regulation during the acute phase of liver regeneration. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 23:137-45. [PMID: 19056864 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7a1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the classic pathway of bile acid synthesis. Expression of CYP7a1 is regulated by a negative feedback pathway of bile acid signaling. Previous studies have suggested that bile acid signaling is also required for normal liver regeneration, and CYP7a1 expression is strongly repressed after 70% partial hepatectomy (PH). Both the effect of CYP7a1 suppression on liver regrowth and the mechanism by which 70% PH suppresses CYP7a1 expression are unknown. Here we show that liver-specific overexpression of an exogenous CYP7a1 gene impaired liver regeneration after 70% PH, which was accompanied by increased hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury. CYP7a1 expression was initially suppressed after 70% PH in an farnesoid X receptor/ small heterodimer partner-independent manner; however, both farnesoid X receptor and small heterodimer partner were required to regulate CYP7a1 expression at the later stage of liver regeneration. c-Jun N-terminus kinase and hepatocyte growth factor signaling pathways are activated during the acute phase of liver regeneration. We determined that hepatocyte growth factor and c-Jun N-terminus kinase pathways were involved in the suppressing of the CYP7a1 expression in the acute phase of live regeneration. Taken together, our results provide the significance that CYP7a1 suppression is required for liver protection after 70% PH and there are two distinct phases of CYP7a1 gene regulation during liver regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Zhang
- Department of Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Effect of stevioside and sodium salt of monoketocholic acid on glycemia in normoglycemic and diabetic rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2008; 33:17-22. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03191014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
11
|
Bertolotti M, Gabbi C, Anzivino C, Crestani M, Mitro N, Del Puppo M, Godio C, De Fabiani E, Macchioni D, Carulli L, Rossi A, Ricchi M, Loria P, Carulli N. Age-related changes in bile acid synthesis and hepatic nuclear receptor expression. Eur J Clin Invest 2007; 37:501-8. [PMID: 17537158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data highlighted the role of nuclear receptors in the transcriptional regulation of the limiting enzyme of bile acid synthesis, cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, in cellular and animal models. This study was designed to analyze the effects of age on cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and related nuclear receptor expression in human livers. DESIGN Surgical liver biopsies were obtained in 23 patients requiring operation on the gastrointestinal tract. mRNA levels of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and related nuclear receptors and co-activators were assayed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Serum levels of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, a marker of bile acid synthesis, were assayed by gas-liquid chromatography:mass spectrometry. RESULTS Ageing was inversely correlated with serum 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and with cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase mRNA levels (r = -0.44 and r = -0.45 on a semi-log scale, respectively, P < 0.05). Among different nuclear factors, cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase mRNA best correlated with hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 (r = 0.55 on a log scale, P < 0.05); hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 levels were also inversely correlated with age (r = -0.64 on a semi-log scale, P < 0.05). Age was inversely correlated with serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels, which were directly correlated with hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase expression. No suppressive effect of short heterodimer partner expression on cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase was observed. CONCLUSIONS Ageing associates with reduced bile acid synthesis, possibly related to decreased hepatic expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 and consequently of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. Age-related modifications of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis might play a role. These findings may help to elucidate the pathophysiology of age-related modifications of cholesterol metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bertolotti
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mikov M, Fawcett JP, Kuhajda K, Kevresan S. Pharmacology of bile acids and their derivatives: Absorption promoters and therapeutic agents. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2006; 31:237-51. [PMID: 17136862 DOI: 10.1007/bf03190714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of bile acids in pharmacotherapy is reviewed in this article. The therapeutic use of bile has been recognized since ancient times. Previously bile acids were the standard treatment for gallstones where chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid were effective in promoting the dissolution of cholesterol gallstones. Today their therapeutic role looks set to expand enormously. Bile acids as absorption promoters have the potential to aid intestinal, buccal, transdermal, ocular, nasal, rectal and pulmonary absorption of various drugs at concentrations that are non-toxic. Keto derivatives of cholic acid, such as 3a,7a,dihydroxy-12-keto-5alpha-cholic acid (sodium salt and methyl ester) are potential modifiers of blood-brain barrier transport and have been shown to promote quinine uptake, enhance the analgesic effect of morphine and prolong the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital. They have also been shown to be hypoglycaemic. Bile acids as therapeutic agents have the potential to produce beneficial effects in sexually transmitted diseases, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, gallstones, digestive tract diseases, cystic fibrosis, cancer and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mikov
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gowda GAN, Ijare OB, Somashekar BS, Sharma A, Kapoor VK, Khetrapal CL. Single-Step analysis of individual conjugated bile acids in human bile using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Lipids 2006; 41:591-603. [PMID: 16981437 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1H and 13C NMR spectra of intact human bile were assigned using one-dimensional (1H and 13C) and two-dimensional (1H-1H and 1H-13C) experiments. Individual conjugated bile acids--glycocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, and taurochenodeoxycholic acid--were identified. The bile acids were quantified accurately and individually in a single step by using distinct and characteristic amide signals. Making use of 13C NMR, the study also suggests a way to analyze unconjugated bile acids separately, if present. Chemical shift assignments and rapid single-step analysis of individual conjugated bile acids from intact bile presented herein may have immense utility in the study of bile acid metabolism and deeper understanding of hepatobiliary diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Nagana Gowda
- Centre of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow-226 014, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dawson PA, Gardiner B, Grimmond S, Markovich D. Transcriptional profile reveals altered hepatic lipid and cholesterol metabolism in hyposulfatemic NaS1 null mice. Physiol Genomics 2006; 26:116-24. [PMID: 16621889 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00300.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfate plays an essential role in human growth and development, and its circulating levels are maintained by the renal Na+-SO42- cotransporter, NaS1. We previously generated a NaS1 knockout (Nas1-/-) mouse, an animal model for hyposulfatemia, that exhibits reduced growth and liver abnormalities including hepatomegaly. In this study, we investigated the hepatic gene expression profile of Nas1-/- mice using oligonucleotide microarrays. The mRNA expression levels of 92 genes with known functional roles in metabolism, cell signaling, cell defense, immune response, cell structure, transcription, or protein synthesis were increased (n = 51) or decreased (n = 41) in Nas1-/- mice when compared with Nas1+/+ mice. The most upregulated transcript levels in Nas1-/- mice were found for the sulfotransferase genes, Sult3a1 (approximately 500% increase) and Sult2a2 (100% increase), whereas the metallothionein-1 gene, Mt1, was among the most downregulated genes (70% decrease). Several genes involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism, including Scd1, Acly, Gpam, Elov16, Acsl5, Mvd, Insig1, and Apoa4, were found to be upregulated (> or = 30% increase) in Nas1-/- mice. In addition, Nas1-/- mice exhibited increased levels of hepatic lipid (approximately 16% increase), serum cholesterol (approximately 20% increase), and low-density lipoprotein (approximately 100% increase) and reduced hepatic glycogen (approximately 50% decrease) levels. In conclusion, these data suggest an altered lipid and cholesterol metabolism in the hyposulfatemic Nas1-/- mouse and provide new insights into the metabolic state of the liver in Nas1-/- mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Anthony Dawson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rolo AP, Palmeira CM. Diabetes and mitochondrial function: role of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 212:167-78. [PMID: 16490224 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 632] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia resulting from uncontrolled glucose regulation is widely recognized as the causal link between diabetes and diabetic complications. Four major molecular mechanisms have been implicated in hyperglycemia-induced tissue damage: activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms via de novo synthesis of the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG), increased hexosamine pathway flux, increased advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation, and increased polyol pathway flux. Hyperglycemia-induced overproduction of superoxide is the causal link between high glucose and the pathways responsible for hyperglycemic damage. In fact, diabetes is typically accompanied by increased production of free radicals and/or impaired antioxidant defense capabilities, indicating a central contribution for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the onset, progression, and pathological consequences of diabetes. Besides oxidative stress, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated a link between various disturbances in mitochondrial functioning and type 2 diabetes. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and decreases in mtDNA copy number have been linked to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The study of the relationship of mtDNA to type 2 diabetes has revealed the influence of the mitochondria on nuclear-encoded glucose transporters, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and nuclear-encoded uncoupling proteins (UCPs) in beta-cell glucose toxicity. This review focuses on a range of mitochondrial factors important in the pathogenesis of diabetes. We review the published literature regarding the direct effects of hyperglycemia on mitochondrial function and suggest the possibility of regulation of mitochondrial function at a transcriptional level in response to hyperglycemia. The main goal of this review is to include a fresh consideration of pathways involved in hyperglycemia-induced diabetic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anabela P Rolo
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Department of Zoology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|