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Lomonte B. Lys49 myotoxins, secreted phospholipase A 2-like proteins of viperid venoms: A comprehensive review. Toxicon 2023; 224:107024. [PMID: 36632869 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Muscle necrosis is a potential clinical complication of snakebite envenomings, which in severe cases can lead to functional or physical sequelae such as disability or amputation. Snake venom proteins with the ability to directly damage skeletal muscle fibers are collectively referred to as myotoxins, and include three main types: cytolysins of the "three-finger toxin" protein family expressed in many elapid venoms, the so-called "small" myotoxins found in a number of rattlesnake venoms, and the widespread secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) molecules. Among the latter, protein variants that conserve the sPLA2 structure, but lack such enzymatic activity, have been increasingly found in the venoms of many viperid species. Intriguingly, these sPLA2-like proteins are able to induce muscle necrosis by a mechanism independent of phospholipid hydrolysis. They are commonly referred to as "Lys49 myotoxins" since they most often present, among other substitutions, the replacement of the otherwise invariant residue Asp49 of sPLA2s by Lys. This work comprehensively reviews the historical developments and current knowledge towards deciphering the mechanism of action of Lys49 sPLA2-like myotoxins, and points out main gaps to be filled for a better understanding of these multifaceted snake venom proteins, to hopefully lead to improved treatments for snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
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Teixeira-Cruz JM, Martins-Ferreira J, Monteiro-Machado M, Strauch MA, de Moraes JA, Amaral LS, Valente RC, Melo PA, Quintas LEM. Heparin prevents the cytotoxic activity of Bothrops jararacussu and Apis mellifera venoms in renal cells. Toxicon 2023; 223:107011. [PMID: 36584790 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.107011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Envenomation by Bothrops snakes and Apis mellifera bee may imply systemic disorders which affect well-perfused organs such as kidneys, a process that can lead to acute renal failure. Nevertheless, there is scarce information regarding a direct renal cell effect and the putative antagonism by antivenoms. Here the cytotoxic effect of B. jararacussu and A. mellifera venoms was evaluated in the renal proximal tubule cell line LLC-PK1, as well as the antagonism of this effect by heparin. B. jararacussu venom showed significant cytotoxicity as assessed by LDH release and MTT reduction, with a sharp decline of the cell number after 180 min (>90% at 50 μg/mL). A. mellifera venom produced a much faster and potent cytotoxic activity, conferring almost no viable cells after 15 min at 25 μg/mL. Phase contrast microscopy revealed that while B. jararacussu venom induced a progressive loss of cell adhesion and detachment, A. mellifera venom promoted a rapid plasma membrane disruption and nuclear condensation suggestive of necrotic cell death. Pre-incubation of both venoms with heparin for 30 min significantly reduced cytotoxicity. Our results demonstrate direct toxicity of B. jararacussu and A. mellifera venoms toward renal cells but with distinct kinetics and cell pattern, suggesting different mechanisms of action. In addition, the antagonistic, cytoprotective effect of heparin ascribes such compound as a promising drug for preventing renal failure from envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonatha M Teixeira-Cruz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jainne Martins-Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Monteiro-Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Strauch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Vital Brazil, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Alfredo de Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana S Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raphael C Valente
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa Em Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Campus Duque de Caxias Professor Geraldo Cidade, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo M Quintas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Diversity of Phospholipases A2 from Bothrops atrox Snake Venom: Adaptive Advantages for Snakes Compromising Treatments for Snakebite Patients. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080543. [PMID: 36006204 PMCID: PMC9414272 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of snake venoms resulted in multigene toxin families that code for structurally similar isoforms eventually harboring distinct functions. PLA2s are dominant toxins in viper venoms, and little is known about the impact of their diversity on human envenomings and neutralization by antivenoms. Here, we show the isolation of three distinct PLA2s from B. atrox venom. FA1 is a Lys-49 homologue, and FA3 and FA4 are catalytic Asp-49 PLA2s. FA1 and FA3 are basic myotoxic proteins, while FA4 is an acid non-myotoxic PLA2. FA3 was the most potent toxin, inducing higher levels of edema, inflammatory nociception, indirect hemolysis, and anticoagulant activity on human, rat, and chicken plasmas. FA4 presented lower anticoagulant activity, and FA1 had only a slight effect on human and rat plasmas. PLA2s presented differential reactivities with antivenoms, with an emphasis on FA3, which was not recognized or neutralized by the antivenoms used in this study. Our findings reveal the functional and antigenic diversity among PLA2s from B. atrox venom, highlighting the importance of assessing venom variability for understanding human envenomations and treatment with antivenoms, particularly evident here as the antivenom fails to recognize FA3, the most active multifunctional toxin described.
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Ethnopharmacologic screening of medicinal plants used traditionally by tribal people of Madhya Pradesh, India, for the treatment of snakebites. J Herb Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Short Linear Motifs Characterizing Snake Venom and Mammalian Phospholipases A2. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040290. [PMID: 33923919 PMCID: PMC8073766 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) have sequences and structures very similar to those of mammalian group I and II secretory PLA2s, but they possess many toxic properties, ranging from the inhibition of coagulation to the blockage of nerve transmission, and the induction of muscle necrosis. The biological properties of these proteins are not only due to their enzymatic activity, but also to protein–protein interactions which are still unidentified. Here, we compare sequence alignments of snake venom and mammalian PLA2s, grouped according to their structure and biological activity, looking for differences that can justify their different behavior. This bioinformatics analysis has evidenced three distinct regions, two central and one C-terminal, having amino acid compositions that distinguish the different categories of PLA2s. In these regions, we identified short linear motifs (SLiMs), peptide modules involved in protein–protein interactions, conserved in mammalian and not in snake venom PLA2s, or vice versa. The different content in the SLiMs of snake venom with respect to mammalian PLA2s may result in the formation of protein membrane complexes having a toxic activity, or in the formation of complexes whose activity cannot be blocked due to the lack of switches in the toxic PLA2s, as the motif recognized by the prolyl isomerase Pin1.
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Abstract
Abstract
An increasing problem in the field of health protection is the emergence of drug-resistant and multi-drug-resistant bacterial strains. They cause a number of infections, including hospital infections, which currently available antibiotics are unable to fight. Therefore, many studies are devoted to the search for new therapeutic agents with bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties. One of the latest concepts is to search for this type of substances among toxins produced by venomous animals. In this approach, however, special attention is paid to snake venom because it contains molecules with antibacterial properties. Thorough investigations have shown that the phospholipases A2 (PLA2) and l-amino acids oxidases (LAAO), as well as fragments of these enzymes, are mainly responsible for the bactericidal properties of snake venoms. Some preliminary research studies also suggest that fragments of three-finger toxins (3FTx) are bactericidal. It has also been proven that some snakes produce antibacterial peptides (AMP) homologous to human defensins and cathelicidins. The presence of these proteins and peptides means that snake venoms continue to be an interesting material for researchers and can be perceived as a promising source of antibacterial agents.
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Ferraz CR, Arrahman A, Xie C, Casewell NR, Lewis RJ, Kool J, Cardoso FC. Multifunctional Toxins in Snake Venoms and Therapeutic Implications: From Pain to Hemorrhage and Necrosis. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Sivaraman T, Sreedevi NS, Meenatchisundaram S, Vadivelan R. Antitoxin activity of aqueous extract of Cyclea peltata root against Naja naja venom. Indian J Pharmacol 2018; 49:275-281. [PMID: 29326487 PMCID: PMC5754934 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_708_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Snakebites are a significant and severe global health problem. Till date, anti-snake venom serum is the only beneficial remedy existing on treating the snakebite victims. As antivenom was reported to induce early or late adverse reactions to human beings, snake venom neutralizing potential for Cyclea peltata root extract was tested for the present research by ex vivo and in vivo approaches on Naja naja toxin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ex vivo evaluation of venom toxicity and neutralization assays was carried out. The root extracts from C. peltata were used to evaluate the Ex vivo neutralization tests such as acetylcholinesterase, protease, direct hemolysis assay, phospholipase activity, and procoagulant activity. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis from root extracts of C. peltata was done to investigate the bioactive compounds. RESULTS: The in vivo calculation of venom toxicity (LD50) of N. naja venom remained to be 0.301 μg. C. peltata root extracts were efficiently deactivated the venom lethality, and effective dose (ED50) remained to be 7.24 mg/3LD50 of N. naja venom. C. peltata root extract was found effective in counteracting all the lethal effects of venom. GC-MS analysis of the plant extract revealed the presence of antivenom compounds such as tetradecanoic and octadecadienoic acid which have neutralizing properties on N. naja venom. CONCLUSION: The result from the ex vivo and in vivo analysis indicates that C. peltata plant root extract possesses significant compounds such as tetradecanoic acid hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, and octadecadienoic acid which can counteract the toxins present in N. naja.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thulasi Sivaraman
- Department of Microbiology, Nehru Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N S Sreedevi
- Department of Microbiology, Nehru Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Meenatchisundaram
- Department of Microbiology, Nehru Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Vadivelan
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
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Salvador GH, dos Santos JI, Borges RJ, Fontes MR. Structural evidence for a fatty acid-independent myotoxic mechanism for a phospholipase A2-like toxin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:473-481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Diniz-Sousa R, Caldeira CAS, Kayano AM, Paloschi MV, Pimenta DC, Simões-Silva R, Ferreira AS, Zanchi FB, Matos NB, Grabner FP, Calderon LA, Zuliani JP, Soares AM. Identification of the Molecular Determinants of the Antibacterial Activity of LmutTX, a Lys49 Phospholipase A2
Homologue Isolated from Lachesis muta muta
Snake Venom (Linnaeus, 1766). Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 122:413-423. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Diniz-Sousa
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Experimental Biology Posgraduate Program (PGBIOEXP); Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
| | - Cleópatra A. S. Caldeira
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Posgraduate Program; Rede BIONORTE; Manaus Brazil
| | - Anderson M. Kayano
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
| | - Mauro V. Paloschi
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Experimental Biology Posgraduate Program (PGBIOEXP); Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology Applied to Heath; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
| | - Daniel. C. Pimenta
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory; Butantan Institute; Sao Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Simões-Silva
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
| | - Amália S. Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
| | - Fernando B. Zanchi
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Experimental Biology Posgraduate Program (PGBIOEXP); Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Posgraduate Program; Rede BIONORTE; Manaus Brazil
| | - Najla B. Matos
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Experimental Biology Posgraduate Program (PGBIOEXP); Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Microbiology Laboratory; Research Center on Tropical Medicine of Rondonia (CEPEM); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo A. Calderon
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Experimental Biology Posgraduate Program (PGBIOEXP); Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Posgraduate Program; Rede BIONORTE; Manaus Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Zuliani
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Experimental Biology Posgraduate Program (PGBIOEXP); Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Posgraduate Program; Rede BIONORTE; Manaus Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology Applied to Heath; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Experimental Biology Posgraduate Program (PGBIOEXP); Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Posgraduate Program; Rede BIONORTE; Manaus Brazil
- Sao Lucas Universitary Center (UNISL); Porto Velho RO Brazil
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PLA 2-like proteins myotoxic mechanism: a dynamic model description. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15514. [PMID: 29138410 PMCID: PMC5686144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15614-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) proteins contribute to the development of muscle necrosis in Viperidae snake bites and are not efficiently neutralized by current antivenom treatments. The toxic mechanisms of PLA2-like proteins are devoid of catalytic activity and not yet fully understood, although structural and functional experiments suggest a dimeric assembly and that the C-terminal residues are essential to myotoxicity. Herein, we characterized the functional mechanism of bothropic PLA2-like structures related to global and local measurements using the available models in the Protein Data Bank and normal mode molecular dynamics (NM-MD). Those measurements include: (i) new geometric descriptions between their monomers, based on Euler angles; (ii) characterizations of canonical and non-canonical conformations of the C-terminal residues; (iii) accessibility of the hydrophobic channel; (iv) inspection of ligands; and (v) distance of clustered residues to toxin interface of interaction. Thus, we described the allosteric activation of PLA2-like proteins and hypothesized that the natural movement between monomers, calculated from NM-MD, is related to their membrane disruption mechanism, which is important for future studies of the inhibition process. These methods and strategies can be applied to other proteins to help understand their mechanisms of action.
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Functional and structural studies of a Phospholipase A2-like protein complexed to zinc ions: Insights on its myotoxicity and inhibition mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:3199-3209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Inflammatory Action of Secretory Phospholipases A2 from Snake Venoms. TOXINS AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6452-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Almeida J, Lancellotti M, Soares A, Calderon L, Ramírez D, González W, Marangoni S, Da Silva S. CoaTx-II, a new dimeric Lys49 phospholipase A2 from Crotalus oreganus abyssus snake venom with bactericidal potential: Insights into its structure and biological roles. Toxicon 2016; 120:147-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Fernandes CA, Borges RJ, Lomonte B, Fontes MR. A structure-based proposal for a comprehensive myotoxic mechanism of phospholipase A2-like proteins from viperid snake venoms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:2265-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Crystal structure of phospholipase PA2-Vb, a protease-activated receptor agonist from theTrimeresurus stejnegerisnake venom. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4604-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gopi K, Renu K, Jayaraman G. Inhibition of Naja naja venom enzymes by the methanolic extract of Leucas aspera and its chemical profile by GC-MS. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:667-673. [PMID: 28962280 PMCID: PMC5598287 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the anti-ophidian properties of ethnomedicinal herb Leucas aspera against Indian cobra, Naja naja venom enzymes. Methods Methanolic extract of Leucas aspera was evaluated, in vitro, for its ability to inhibit the major enzyme activities of Naja naja venom including protease, phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase and hemolytic factors. The type of phytochemicals present in the extract was analyzed. Also, the major phytoconstituents in the extract was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results Venom protease and hyaluronidase activities (two isoforms) were completely (100%) neutralized by the L. aspera methanolic extract at ratio of 1:50 w/w (venom: plant extract) and venom hemolytic activity was also completely neutralized at a ratio of 1:80 w/w by the plant extract. However, the extract failed to neutralize phospholipase A2 activity even at the highest concentration used. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, acidic compounds, flavonoids, steroids and cardiac glycosides in the extract. GC–MS analysis indicated that a total of 14 compounds were present in the extract. The major bioactive constituents were found to be 6-octadecenoic acid (32.47%), n-hexadecanoic acid (25.97%), and 17-octadecen-14-yn-1-ol (14.22%) along with the minor constituents, sitosterol (2.45%) and stigmasterol (2%), which was previously reported to exhibit antivenom activity. Conclusion The results obtained demonstrate for the first time that the methanolic extract of Leucas aspera possesses anti-venom activity and could be considered as a potential source for the anti-ophidian metabolites.
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Fernandes CA, Comparetti EJ, Borges RJ, Huancahuire-Vega S, Ponce-Soto LA, Marangoni S, Soares AM, Fontes MR. Structural bases for a complete myotoxic mechanism: Crystal structures of two non-catalytic phospholipases A2-like from Bothrops brazili venom. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2772-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Salvador GH, Cavalcante WL, dos Santos JI, Gallacci M, Soares AM, Fontes MR. Structural and functional studies with mytoxin II from Bothrops moojeni reveal remarkable similarities and differences compared to other catalytically inactive phospholipases A2-like. Toxicon 2013; 72:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lomonte B, Rangel J. Snake venom Lys49 myotoxins: From phospholipases A2 to non-enzymatic membrane disruptors. Toxicon 2012; 60:520-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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