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Torres Costa KC, Santana Vieira Santos V, Rezende Vaz E, Natalie Cirilo Gimenes S, Ian Veloso Correia L, Brito de Souza J, de Almeida Araújo Santos F, de Melo Rodrigues V, Ricardo Goulart L, Alonso Goulart V. A novel peptide able to reduce PLA 2 activity and modulate inflammatory cytokine production. Toxicon 2023; 231:107207. [PMID: 37364619 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are associated with inflammatory response, performing a complex process involving, specially, cytokines. The excess of pro-inflammatory cytokines induces a chronic inflammatory response and can cause several disorders in the body. Therefore, the inhibition or regulation of cytokines' signaling pathways is a target for new treatment development strategies. Thus, this study aimed to select PLA2 inhibitor mimetic peptides through phage display technology with anti-inflammatory activity. Specific mimetic peptides were selected using BpPLA2-TXI, a PLA2 isolated from Bothrops pauloensis, as a target, and γCdcPL, a PLA2 inhibitor isolated from Crotalus durissus collilineatus, which was used as a competitor during the elution step. We selected the peptide C2PD, which seems to play a pivotal role in the modulation of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10 cytokines in inflammatory cells. The C2PD showed a significant reduction in PLA2 activity. Furthermore, the synthetic peptide was tested in PBMC and showed a significant down-modulation of IL-6 and IL-1β release, whereas IL-10 responses were up-regulated. Our findings suggest that this novel peptide may be a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, mainly due to its anti-inflammatory properties and absence of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen Cristina Torres Costa
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Santa Monica Campus, Avenida João Naves de Ávila, 2121, 38.408-100, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emília Rezende Vaz
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Ian Veloso Correia
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jessica Brito de Souza
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabiana de Almeida Araújo Santos
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vivian Alonso Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Lomonte B. Lys49 myotoxins, secreted phospholipase A 2-like proteins of viperid venoms: A comprehensive review. Toxicon 2023; 224:107024. [PMID: 36632869 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Muscle necrosis is a potential clinical complication of snakebite envenomings, which in severe cases can lead to functional or physical sequelae such as disability or amputation. Snake venom proteins with the ability to directly damage skeletal muscle fibers are collectively referred to as myotoxins, and include three main types: cytolysins of the "three-finger toxin" protein family expressed in many elapid venoms, the so-called "small" myotoxins found in a number of rattlesnake venoms, and the widespread secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) molecules. Among the latter, protein variants that conserve the sPLA2 structure, but lack such enzymatic activity, have been increasingly found in the venoms of many viperid species. Intriguingly, these sPLA2-like proteins are able to induce muscle necrosis by a mechanism independent of phospholipid hydrolysis. They are commonly referred to as "Lys49 myotoxins" since they most often present, among other substitutions, the replacement of the otherwise invariant residue Asp49 of sPLA2s by Lys. This work comprehensively reviews the historical developments and current knowledge towards deciphering the mechanism of action of Lys49 sPLA2-like myotoxins, and points out main gaps to be filled for a better understanding of these multifaceted snake venom proteins, to hopefully lead to improved treatments for snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
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3
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Regner PI, Saggese MD, de Oliveira VC, Lanari LC, Desio MA, Quaglia AIE, Wiemeyer G, Capdevielle A, Zuñiga SN, de Roodt CJI, de Roodt AR. Neutralization of "Chaco eagle" (Buteogallus coronatus) serum on some activities of Bothrops spp. venoms. Toxicon 2022; 216:73-87. [PMID: 35714890 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Several species of reptiles and mammals have components in their sera that can neutralize toxic components present in snake venoms. In this manuscript, we studied the neutralizing capacity of Chaco eagle's (Buteogallus coronatus) serum. This South American bird of prey eats snakes as a regular part of its diet and has anatomical features that protect from snakes' bites. The neutralizing potency of the Chaco eagle's serum was tested on lethal, hemorrhagic, procoagulant, and phospholipase activities of the venom of "yarará grande" (Bothrops alternatus) and on phospholipase activity of "yarará ñata" (Bothrops ammodytoides) venom; both snakes are known to be the prey of Chaco eagle. Sera of crested caracara (Caracara plancus-a scavenger, omnivorous pan-American bird of prey), secretary bird (Saggitarius serpentarius-an omnivorous bird of prey from Africa that can include venomous snakes in its diet), common hen (Gallus gallus), rat (Rattus norvegicus), mouse (Mus musculus), horse (Equus caballus), and dog (Canis lupus familiaris) were also tested to compare the inhibitory capacity of neutralization. To test isologous and xenologous neutralization, sera from Bothrops alternatus and white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris), respectively, were used due to their known inhibitory activity on Bothrops venoms. As a control for the neutralization activity, antibothropic antivenom was used. Chaco eagle's serum neutralized hemorrhagic and phospholipasic activity and slightly neutralized the coagulation and the lethal activity of Bothrops spp. venom. The neutralizing capacity was present in the non-immunoglobulin fraction of the serum, which showed components of acidic characteristics and lower molecular weight than IgY, in correspondence with the characteristics of PLA2s and SVMPs inhibitors described in sera from some snakes and mammals. These studies showed that Chaco eagle's serum neutralizes all toxic activities tested at a higher level than sera from animal species in which inhibitors of snake venoms have not been described (p < 0.05), while it is lower or similar in neutralizing capacity to white-eared opossum and B. alternatus sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo I Regner
- Laboratorio de Toxinopatología, Centro de Patología Experimental y Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina; Primera Cátedra de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina; Cátedra de Medicina, Producción y Tecnologías de Fauna Acuática y Terrestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina
| | - Miguel D Saggese
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa C de Oliveira
- Laboratorio de Toxinopatología, Centro de Patología Experimental y Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina; Primera Cátedra de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina
| | - Laura C Lanari
- Área Investigación y Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Caba, Argentina
| | - Marcela A Desio
- Área Investigación y Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Caba, Argentina
| | - Agustín I E Quaglia
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Wiemeyer
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Capdevielle
- Ecoparque Buenos Aires, Ministerio de Ambiente y Espacio Público, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Carolina J I de Roodt
- Área Investigación y Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Caba, Argentina
| | - Adolfo R de Roodt
- Laboratorio de Toxinopatología, Centro de Patología Experimental y Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina; Primera Cátedra de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina; Área Investigación y Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Caba, Argentina.
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A comparative study of endogenous phospholipase A 2 inhibitors in the serum of Brazilian pit vipers. Toxicon 2022; 213:87-91. [PMID: 35487313 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This work compared the presence of phospholipase A2 inhibitors (PLIs) in the serum of 19 snake species maintained at Instituto Butantan to better understand the mechanisms of venom resistance in snakes and improve the treatment of snakebite. PLI was isolated from blood of 19 snake species by one-step chromatography and identified in all samples, besides its identity was confirmed through the interaction with both phospholipase A2 and anti-γPLI. These findings highlight the diversity of snake serum PLIs and emphasize the importance of structure-function studies.
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Rodrigues CFB, Zdenek CN, Serino-Silva C, de Morais-Zani K, Grego KF, Bénard-Valle M, Neri-Castro E, Alagón A, Tanaka-Azevedo AM, Fry BG. BoaγPLI from Boa constrictor Blood is a Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor of Venom PLA 2 Pathophysiological Actions. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:907-914. [PMID: 34165686 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of venom in predation exerts a corresponding selection pressure for the evolution of venom resistance. One of the mechanisms related to venom resistance in animals (predators or prey of snakes) is the presence of molecules in the blood that can bind venom toxins, and inhibit their pharmacological effects. One such toxin type are venom phospholipase A2s (PLA2s), which have diverse effects including anticoagulant, myotoxic, and neurotoxic activities. BoaγPLI isolated from the blood of Boa constrictor has been previously shown to inhibit venom PLA2s that induced myotoxic and edematogenic activities. Recently, in addition to its previously described and very potent neurotoxic effect, the venoms of American coral snakes (Micrurus species) have been shown to have anticoagulant activity via PLA2 toxins. As coral snakes eat other snakes as a major part of their diet, neonate Boas could be susceptible to predation by this sympatric species. Thus, this work aimed to ascertain if BoaγPLI provided a protective effect against the anticoagulant toxicity of venom from the model species Micrurus laticollaris in addition to its ability shown previously against other toxin types. Using a STA R Max coagulation analyser robot to measure the effect upon clotting time, and TEG5000 thromboelastographers to measure the effect upon clot strength, we evaluated the ability of BoaγPLI to inhibit M. laticollaris venom. Our results indicate that BoaγPLI is efficient at inhibiting the M. laticollaris anticoagulant effect, reducing the time of coagulation (restoring them closer to non-venom control values) and increasing the clot strength (restoring them closer to non-venom control values). These findings demonstrate that endogenous PLA2 inhibitors in the blood of non-venomous snakes are multi-functional and provide broad resistance against a myriad of venom PLA2-driven toxic effects including coagulotoxicity, myotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. This novel form of resistance could be evidence of selective pressures caused by predation from venomous snakes and stresses the need for field-based research aimed to expand our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of such chemical arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades Em Biotecnologia, USP, IPT e Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christina N Zdenek
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades Em Biotecnologia, USP, IPT e Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades Em Biotecnologia, USP, IPT e Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Melisa Bénard-Valle
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Edgar Neri-Castro
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades Em Biotecnologia, USP, IPT e Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Grieg Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Serino-Silva C, Morais-Zani K, Hikari Toyama M, Toyama DDO, Gaeta HH, Rodrigues CFB, Aguiar WDS, Tashima AK, Grego KF, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Purification and characterization of the first γ-phospholipase inhibitor (γPLI) from Bothrops jararaca snake serum. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193105. [PMID: 29505564 PMCID: PMC5837083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are enzymes acting on the cell membrane phospholipids resulting in fatty acids and lysophospholipids and deconstructing the cell membrane. This protein is commonly found in snake venoms, causing tissue inflammation in the affected area. Evidence indicates that snakes have natural resistance to their own venom due to protective properties in plasma, that inhibit the action of proteins present in their venom. Given that, this study aimed to purify and characterize a γPLI from Bothrops jararaca serum, named γBjPLI. PLA2 inhibitor was isolated using two chromatographic steps: an ion exchange column (DEAE), followed by an affinity column (crotoxin coupled to a CNBr-activated Sepharose resin). The purity and biochemical characterization of the isolated protein were analyzed by RP-HPLC, SEC, SDS-PAGE, circular dichroism and mass spectrometry. The ability to inhibit PLA2 was determined by enzymatic activity, neutralization of paw edema and myonecrosis. The protein purity was confirmed by RP-HPLC and SEC, whilst an apparent molecular mass of 25 kDa and 20 kDa was obtained by SDS-PAGE, under reducing and non-reducing conditions, respectively. According to mass spectrometry analysis, this protein showed 72% and 68% of coverage when aligned to amino acid sequences of two proteins already described as PLIs. Thus, the inhibitory activity of enzymatic, edema and myonecrotic activities by γBjPLI suggests a role of this inhibitor for protection of these snakes against self-envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Serino-Silva
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas - Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.,Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Karen Morais-Zani
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marcos Hikari Toyama
- Instituto de Biociências do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daniela de Oliveira Toyama
- Instituto de Biociências do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Henrique Hessel Gaeta
- Instituto de Biociências do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas - Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.,Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Wéslei da Silva Aguiar
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas - Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Molecular cloning and structural modelling of gamma-phospholipase A2 inhibitors from Bothrops atrox and Micrurus lemniscatus snakes. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:525-532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vieira SM, da Rocha SLG, Neves-Ferreira AGDC, Almeida RV, Perales J. Heterologous expression of the antimyotoxic protein DM64 in Pichia pastoris. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005829. [PMID: 28759578 PMCID: PMC5552330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation is a neglected condition that constitutes a public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries, including Brazil. Interestingly, some animals are resistant to snake envenomation due to the presence of inhibitory glycoproteins in their serum that target toxic venom components. DM64 is an acidic glycoprotein isolated from Didelphis aurita (opossum) serum that has been characterized as an inhibitor of the myotoxicity induced by bothropic toxins bearing phospholipase A2 (PLA2) structures. This antitoxic protein can serve as an excellent starting template for the design of novel therapeutics against snakebite envenomation, particularly venom-induced local tissue damage. Therefore, the aim of this work was to produce a recombinant DM64 (rDM64) in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and to compare its biological properties with those of native DM64. Yeast fermentation in the presence of Pefabloc, a serine protease inhibitor, stimulated cell growth (~1.5-fold), increased the rDM64 production yield approximately 10-fold and significantly reduced the susceptibility of rDM64 to proteolytic degradation. P. pastoris fermentation products were identified by mass spectrometry and Western blotting. The heterologous protein was efficiently purified from the culture medium by affinity chromatography (with immobilized PLA2 myotoxin) and/or an ion exchange column. Although both native and recombinant DM64 exhibit different glycosylation patterns, they show very similar electrophoretic mobilities after PNGase F treatment. rDM64 formed a noncovalent complex with myotoxin II (Lys49-PLA2) from Bothrops asper and displayed biological activity that was similar to that of native DM64, inhibiting the cytotoxicity of myotoxin II by 92% at a 1:1 molar ratio. Snakebite envenomation causes medical emergencies that, depending on the species responsible for the bite, involve different organs and tissues. Envenomation by snakebite is a worldwide problem, and Brazil presents a high incidence of Bothrops bites. Bothrops venoms cause pathological alterations with prominent local effects, such as edema, blistering, hemorrhage, dermonecrosis and myonecrosis, usually followed by poor tissue regeneration and permanent sequelae. Bleeding, coagulopathy, cardiovascular shock and renal failure are typical systemic effects of these venoms. The clinical treatment for snakebite envenoming is intravenous administration of the specific antivenom. However, serotherapy does not efficiently protect against local tissue damage. Additional challenges faced by classical antivenom therapy include the wide antigenic variation of venoms across species and even within the same snake species and the frequent occurrence of adverse reactions that are associated with the administration of immunobiologicals. The development of new effective toxin inhibitors based on the structure of natural antiophidic proteins is an attractive therapeutic alternative. DM64 is a myotoxin inhibitor that was isolated from opossum serum, and its expression as a recombinant protein is paramount to the characterization of its structure-function relationship, an essential step toward the development of alternative strategies to better manage bothropic snakebite envenomations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Martins Vieira
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Toxins (INCTTOX), CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Surza Lucia Gonçalves da Rocha
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Toxins (INCTTOX), CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ana Gisele da Costa Neves-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Toxins (INCTTOX), CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JP); (AGCNF)
| | - Rodrigo Volcan Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Proteins, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Toxins (INCTTOX), CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JP); (AGCNF)
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Santos-Filho NA, Santos CT. Alpha-type phospholipase A 2 inhibitors from snake blood. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017; 23:19. [PMID: 28344595 PMCID: PMC5364564 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
It is of popular and scientific knowledge that toxins from snake venom (among them the PLA2 and myotoxins) are neutralized by various compounds, such as antibodies and proteins purified from animal blood. Venomous and nonvenomous snakes have PLA2 inhibitory proteins, called PLIs, in their blood serum. One hypothesis that could explain the presence of these PLIs in the serum of venomous snakes would be self-protection against the enzymes of their own venom, which eventually could reach the circulatory system. However, the presence of PLIs in non-venomous snakes suggests that their physiological role might not be restricted to protection against PLA2 toxins, but could be extended to other functions, as in the innate immune system and local regulation of PLA2s. The present study aimed to review the currently available literature on PLA2 and myotoxin alpha inhibitors present in snake plasma, thus helping to improve the research on these molecules. Furthermore, this review includes current information regarding the mechanism of action of these inhibitors in an attempt to better understand their application, and proposes the use of these molecules as new models in snakebite therapy. These molecules may help in the neutralization of different types of phospholipases A2 and myotoxins, complementing the conventional serum therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norival A. Santos-Filho
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Araraquara, SP Brazil
| | - Claudia T. Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Araraquara, SP Brazil
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10
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Rocha SL, Neves-Ferreira AG, Trugilho MR, Angulo Y, Lomonte B, Valente RH, Domont GB, Perales J. Screening for target toxins of the antiophidic protein DM64 through a gel-based interactomics approach. J Proteomics 2017; 151:204-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Endogenous phospholipase A 2 inhibitors in snakes: a brief overview. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2016; 22:37. [PMID: 28031735 PMCID: PMC5175389 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-016-0092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood plasma of numerous snake species naturally comprises endogenous phospholipase A2 inhibitors, which primarily neutralize toxic phospholipases A2 that may eventually reach their circulation. This inhibitor type is generally known as snake blood phospholipase A2 inhibitors (sbPLIs). Most, if not all sbPLIs are oligomeric glycosylated proteins, although the carbohydrate moiety may not be essential for PLA2 inhibition in every case. The presently known sbPLIs belong to one of three structural classes – namely sbαPLI, sbβPLI or sbγPLI – depending on the presence of characteristic C-type lectin-like domains, leucine-rich repeats or three-finger motifs, respectively. Currently, the most numerous inhibitors described in the literature are sbαPLIs and sbγPLIs, whereas sbβPLIs are rare. When the target PLA2 is a Lys49 homolog or an Asp49 myotoxin, the sbPLI is denominated a myotoxin inhibitor protein (MIP). In this brief overview, the most relevant data on sbPLIs will be presented. Representative examples of sbαPLIs and sbγPLIs from two Old World – Gloydius brevicaudus and Malayopython reticulatus – and two New World – Bothrops alternatus and Crotalus durissus terrificus – snake species will be emphasized.
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rBaltMIP, a recombinant alpha-type myotoxin inhibitor from Bothrops alternatus (Rhinocerophis alternatus) snake, as a potential candidate to complement the antivenom therapy. Toxicon 2016; 124:53-62. [PMID: 28327300 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 inhibitors (PLIs) are important targets in the search and development of new drugs. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of an alpha-type phospholipase A2 inhibitor from Bothrops alternatus (Rhinocerophis alternatus) snake in its recombinant form (rBaltMIP) to complement the conventional antivenom therapy. Biochemical experiments showed that rBaltMIP presented pI 5.8 and molecular masses of ∼21 kDa by SDS-PAGE and 19.57 kDa by MALDI/TOF MS. After tryptic peptides sequencing, the results were compared with other PLIs available in databases, showing 100% identity between rBaltMIP and its native inhibitor BaltMIP and from 92% to 96% identity with other inhibitors. Myotoxic activities of BthTX-I and BthTX-II toxins were measured via plasma CK levels, showing myotoxic effective concentrations (EC50) of 0.1256 μg/μL and 0.6183 μg/μL, respectively. rBaltMIP neutralized the myotoxicity caused by these two toxins up to 65%, without promoting primary antibody response against itself. Nevertheless, this recombinant PLI was immunogenic when standard immunization protocol with Freud's adjuvant was used. In paw edema assays, EC50 of 0.02581 μg/μL and 0.02810 μg/μL, respectively, were observed with edema reductions of up to 40% by rBaltMIP, suggesting its use as an additional antivenom. In addition, myotoxicity neutralization experiments with the myotoxin BthTX-I showed that rBaltMIP was more effective in inhibiting muscle damage than the conventional antivenom. Thus, considering the severity of envenomations due to Bothrops alternatus (Rhinocerophis alternatus) and the low neutralization of their local effects (such as myotoxicity) by the current antivenoms, rBaltMIP is a promising molecule for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for clinical applications.
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Structural and evolutionary insights into endogenous alpha-phospholipase A 2 inhibitors of Latin American pit vipers. Toxicon 2016; 112:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Santos-Filho NA, Lorenzon EN, Ramos MAS, Santos CT, Piccoli JP, Bauab TM, Fusco-Almeida AM, Cilli EM. Synthesis and characterization of an antibacterial and non-toxic dimeric peptide derived from the C-terminal region of Bothropstoxin-I. Toxicon 2015; 103:160-8. [PMID: 26160494 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are among the leading global causes of death, increasing the search for novel antibacterial agents. Among these, biologically active peptides are an excellent research tool. Using solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), this work aimed to synthesize the peptide derived from the C-terminal region of Bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I) (p-BthTX-I, sequence: KKYRYHLKPFCKK), and its disulfide-linked dimeric form, obtained via air oxidation (p-BthTX-I)2. Two other peptides were synthesized to evaluate the dimerization effect on antimicrobial activity. In both sequences, the cysteine (Cys) residue was replaced by the serine (Ser) residue, differing, however, in their C-terminus position. The antimicrobial activity of the peptides against gram-negative (Escherichia (E.) coli) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus (S.) aureus) bacteria and yeast (Candida (C.) albicans) was evaluated. Interestingly, only peptides containing the Cys residue showed antimicrobial activity, suggesting the importance of Cys residue and its dimerization for the observed activity. Apparently, p-BthTX-I and (p-BthTX-I)2 did not promote lysis or form pores and were not able to interact with membranes. Furthermore, they neither showed antifungal activity against C. albicans nor toxicity against erythrocytes, epithelial cells, or macrophages, indicating a potential specificity against prokaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esteban N Lorenzon
- Instituto de Química, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus A S Ramos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia T Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia P Piccoli
- Instituto de Química, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Tais M Bauab
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana M Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Cilli
- Instituto de Química, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Santos-Filho NA, Boldrini-França J, Santos-Silva LK, Menaldo DL, Henrique-Silva F, Sousa TS, Cintra ACO, Mamede CCN, Oliveira F, Arantes EC, Antunes LMG, Cilli EM, Sampaio SV. Heterologous expression and biochemical and functional characterization of a recombinant alpha-type myotoxin inhibitor from Bothrops alternatus snake. Biochimie 2014; 105:119-28. [PMID: 25047442 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Venomous and non-venomous snakes possess phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitory proteins (PLIs) in their blood serum. This study shows the expression and biochemical and functional characterization of a recombinant alpha inhibitor from Bothrops alternatus snake, named rBaltMIP. Its expression was performed in Pichia pastoris heterologous system, resulting in an active recombinant protein. The expressed inhibitor was tested regarding its ability to inhibit the phospholipase activity of different PLA2s, showing slight inhibitions especially at the molar ratios of 1:1 and 1:3 (PLA2:PLI). rBaltMIP was also effective in decreasing the myotoxic activity of the tested toxins at molar ratios greater than 1:0.4 (myotoxin:PLI). The inhibition of the myotoxic activity of different Asp49 (BthTX-II and PrTX-III) and Lys49 (BthTX-I and PrTX-I) myotoxins was also performed without the prior incubation of myotoxins/inhibitor in order to analyze the real possibility of using snake plasma inhibitors or recombinant inhibitors as therapeutic agents for treating envenomations. As a result, rBaltMIP was able to significantly inhibit the myotoxicity of Lys49 myotoxins. Histopathological analysis of the gastrocnemius muscles of mice showed that the myotoxins are able to induce severe damage to the muscle fibers of experimental animals by recruiting a large number of leukocyte infiltrates, besides forming an intense accumulation of intercellular fluid, leading to local edema. When those myotoxins were incubated with rBaltMIP, a reduction of the damage site could be observed. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity of Asp49 PLA2s and Lys49 PLA2-like enzymes on C2C12 cell lines was decreased, as shown by the higher cell viabilities after preincubation with rBaltMIP. Heterologous expression would enable large-scale obtainment of rBaltMIP, thus allowing further investigations for the elucidation of possible mechanisms of inhibition of snake PLA2s, which have not yet been fully clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norival A Santos-Filho
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Johara Boldrini-França
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ludier K Santos-Silva
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCAR, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo L Menaldo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Henrique-Silva
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCAR, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago S Sousa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Adélia C O Cintra
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla C N Mamede
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Fábio Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lusânia M Greggi Antunes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Cilli
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Gimenes SNC, Ferreira FB, Silveira ACP, Rodrigues RS, Yoneyama KAG, Izabel dos Santos J, Fontes MRDM, de Campos Brites VL, Santos ALQ, Borges MH, Lopes DS, Rodrigues VM. Isolation and biochemical characterization of a γ-type phospholipase A2 inhibitor from Crotalus durissus collilineatus snake serum. Toxicon 2014; 81:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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