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Ran Q, Li A, Tan Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Chen H. Action and therapeutic targets of myosin light chain kinase, an important cardiovascular signaling mechanism. Pharmacol Res 2024; 206:107276. [PMID: 38944220 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
The global incidence of cardiac diseases is increasing, imposing a substantial socioeconomic burden on healthcare systems. The pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is complex and not fully understood, and the physiological function of the heart is inextricably linked to well-regulated cardiac muscle movement. Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is essential for myocardial contraction and diastole, cardiac electrophysiological homeostasis, vasoconstriction of vascular nerves and blood pressure regulation. In this sense, MLCK appears to be an attractive therapeutic target for cardiac diseases. MLCK participates in myocardial cell movement and migration through diverse pathways, including regulation of calcium homeostasis, activation of myosin light chain phosphorylation, and stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cell contraction or relaxation. Recently, phosphorylation of myosin light chains has been shown to be closely associated with the activation of myocardial exercise signaling, and MLCK mediates systolic and diastolic functions of the heart through the interaction of myosin thick filaments and actin thin filaments. It works by upholding the integrity of the cytoskeleton, modifying the conformation of the myosin head, and modulating innervation. MLCK governs vasoconstriction and diastolic function and is associated with the activation of adrenergic and sympathetic nervous systems, extracellular transport, endothelial permeability, and the regulation of nitric oxide and angiotensin II. Additionally, MLCK plays a crucial role in the process of cardiac aging. Multiple natural products/phytochemicals and chemical compounds, such as quercetin, cyclosporin, and ML-7 hydrochloride, have been shown to regulate cardiomyocyte MLCK. The MLCK-modifying capacity of these compounds should be considered in designing novel therapeutic agents. This review summarizes the mechanism of action of MLCK in the cardiovascular system and the therapeutic potential of reported chemical compounds in cardiac diseases by modifying MLCK processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhi Ran
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Aoshuang Li
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yuqing Tan
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100070, China.
| | - Yongkang Zhang
- Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China.
| | - Hengwen Chen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100070, China.
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Wang Y, Ye Q, Cui Y, Wu Y, Cao S, Hu F. Impact and mechanisms of drag-reducing polymers on shear stress regulation in pulmonary hypertension. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2024:CH242281. [PMID: 38905038 DOI: 10.3233/ch-242281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a refractory disease characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressure and resistance. Drag-reducing polymers (DRPs) are blood-soluble macromolecules that reduce vascular resistance by altering the blood dynamics and rheology. Our previous work indicated that polyethylene oxide (PEO) can significantly reduce the medial wall thickness and vascular resistance of the pulmonary arteries, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. METHODS This study was designed to investigate the role and mechanism of PEO on intracellular calcium [Ca2 +] i and cytoskeletal proteins of endothelial cells (ECs) induced by low shear stress (LSS) in PH. Primary Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells (PAECs) were subjected to steady LSS (1 dyn/cm2) or physiological shear stress (SS) (10 dyn/cm2) for 20 h in a BioFlux 200 flow system. Calcium influx assays were conducted to evaluate the mechanisms of PEO on [Ca2 +] i. Subsequently, taking the key protein that induces cytoskeletal remodeling, the regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation, as the breakthrough point, this study focused on the two key pathways of PEO that regulate phosphorylation of RLC: Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathways. RESULTS Our current research revealed that PEO at LSS (1 dyn/cm2) significantly suppressed LSS-induced [Ca2 +] i and the expression level of transient receptor potential channel 1(TRPC1). In addition, ECs convert LSS stimuli into the upregulation of cytoskeletal proteins, including filamentous actin (F-actin), MLCK, ROCK, p-RLC, and pp-RLC. Further experiments using pharmacological inhibitors demonstrated that PEO at the LSS downregulated cytoskeleton-related proteins mainly through the ROCK and MLCK pathways. CONCLUSIONS This study considered intracellular calcium and cytoskeleton rearrangement as entry points to study the application of PEO in the biomedical field, which has important theoretical significance and practical application value for the treatment of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongqi Cui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunjiang Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sipei Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Gao X, Bayraktutan U. TNF-α evokes blood-brain barrier dysfunction through activation of Rho-kinase and neurokinin 1 receptor. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152706. [PMID: 37454559 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke, accompanied by neuroinflammation, impairs blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity through a complex mechanism involving activation of both RhoA/Rho kinase/myosin light chain-2 and neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). Using an in vitro model of human BBB composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC), astrocytes and pericytes, this study examined the potential contributions of these elements to BBB damage induced by elevated availability of pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α. Treatment of human BMECs with TNF-α significantly enhanced RhoA activity and the protein expressions of Rho kinase and phosphorylated Ser19MLC-2 while decreasing that of NK1R. Pharmacological inhibition of Rho kinase by Y-27632 and NK1R by CP96345 neutralised the disruptive effects of TNF-α on BBB integrity and function as ascertained by reversal of decreases in transendothelial electrical resistance and increases in paracellular flux of low molecular weight permeability marker, sodium fluorescein, respectively. Suppression of RhoA activation, mitigation of actin stress fibre formation and restoration of plasma membrane localisation of tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 appeared to contribute to the barrier-protective effects of both Y-27632 and CP96345. Attenuation of TNF-α-mediated increases in NK1R protein expression in BMEC by Y-27632 suggests that RhoA/Rho kinase pathway acts upstream to NK1R. In conclusion, specific inhibition of Rho kinase in cerebrovascular conditions, accompanied by excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, helps preserve endothelial cell morphology and inter-endothelial cell barrier formation and may serve as an important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ulvi Bayraktutan
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Khapchaev AY, Antonova OA, Kazakova OA, Samsonov MV, Vorotnikov AV, Shirinsky VP. Long-Term Experimental Hyperglycemia Does Not Impair Macrovascular Endothelial Barrier Integrity and Function in vitro. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1126-1138. [PMID: 37758312 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923080072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes implicated in vascular endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular complications. Many in vitro studies identified endothelial apoptosis as an early outcome of experimentally modeled hyperglycemia emphasizing cell demise as a significant factor of vascular injury. However, endothelial apoptosis has not been observed in vivo until the late stages of type 2 diabetes. Here, we studied the long-term (up to 4 weeks) effects of high glucose (HG, 30 mM) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro. HG did not alter HUVEC monolayer morphology, ROS levels, NO production, and exerted minor effects on the HUVEC apoptosis markers. The barrier responses to various clues were indistinguishable from those by cells cultured in physiological glucose (5 mM). Tackling the key regulators of cytoskeletal contractility and endothelial barrier revealed no differences in the histamine-induced intracellular Ca2+ responses, nor in phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain or myosin light chain phosphatase. Altogether, these findings suggest that vascular endothelial cells may well tolerate HG for relatively long exposures and warrant further studies to explore mechanisms involved in vascular damage in advanced type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asker Y Khapchaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
| | - Olga A Antonova
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Olga A Kazakova
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Samsonov
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Alexander V Vorotnikov
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Shirinsky
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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Gao X, Bayraktutan U. Substance P reversibly compromises the integrity and function of blood-brain barrier. Peptides 2023:171048. [PMID: 37390897 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance P (SP) plays a role in vasodilatation and tissue integrity through its receptor, neurokinin 1 (NK1R). However, its specific effect on blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains unknown. METHODS The impact of SP on the integrity/function of human BBB model in vitro, composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), astrocytes and pericytes, was assessed by measurements of transendothelial electrical resistance and paracellular flux of sodium fluorescein (NaF), respectively in the absence/presence of specific inhibitors targeting NK1R (CP96345), Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK; Y27632) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS; N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester). Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, was employed as a positive control. The levels of tight junction proteins, zonula occludens-1, occludin and claudin-5 alongside RhoA/ROCK/myosin regulatory light chain-2 (MLC2) and extracellular signal‑regulated protein kinase (Erk1/2) proteins were detected by western analyses. Subcellular localisations of F-actin and tight junction proteins were visualized by immunocytochemistry. Flow cytometry was used to detect transient calcium release. RESULTS Exposure to SP increased RhoA, ROCK2 and phosphorylated serine-19 MLC2 protein levels and Erk1/2 phosphorylation in BMECs which were abolished by CP96345. These increases were independent of the changes in intracellular calcium availability. SP perturbed BBB in a time-dependent fashion through induction of stress fibres. Changes in tight junction protein dissolution or relocalisation were not involved in SP-mediated BBB breakdown. Inhibition of NOS, ROCK and NK1R mitigated the effect of SP on BBB characteristics and stress fibre formation. CONCLUSION SP promoted a reversible decline in BBB integrity independent of tight junction proteins expression or localisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ulvi Bayraktutan
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Li L, Xin J, Wang H, Wang Y, Peng W, Sun N, Huang H, Zhou Y, Liu X, Lin Y, Fang J, Jing B, Pan K, Zeng Y, Zeng D, Qin X, Bai Y, Ni X. Fluoride disrupts intestinal epithelial tight junction integrity through intracellular calcium-mediated RhoA/ROCK signaling and myosin light chain kinase. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 257:114940. [PMID: 37099960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is a common contaminant of groundwater and agricultural commodity, which poses challenges to animal and human health. A wealth of research has demonstrated its detrimental effects on intestinal mucosal integrity; however, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. This study aimed to investigate the role of the cytoskeleton in fluoride-induced barrier dysfunction. After sodium fluoride (NaF) treatment of the cultured Caco-2 cells, both cytotoxicity and cytomorphological changes (internal vacuoles or massive ablation) were observed. NaF lowered transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and enhanced paracellular permeation of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 4 (FD-4), indicating Caco-2 monolayers hyperpermeability. In the meantime, NaF treatment altered both the expression and distribution of the tight junction protein ZO-1. Fluoride exposure increased myosin light chain II (MLC2) phosphorylation and triggered actin filament (F-actin) remodeling. While inhibition of myosin II by Blebbistatin blocked NaF-induced barrier failure and ZO-1 discontinuity, the corresponding agonist Ionomycin had effects comparable to those of fluoride, suggesting that MLC2 serves as an effector. Given the mechanisms upstream of p-MLC2 regulation, further studies demonstrated that NaF activated RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), strikingly increasing the expression of both. Pharmacological inhibitors (Rhosin, Y-27632 and ML-7) reversed NaF-induced barrier breakdown and stress fiber formation. The role of intracellular calcium ions ([Ca2+]i) in NaF effects on Rho/ROCK pathway and MLCK was investigated. We found that NaF elevated [Ca2+]i, whereas chelator BAPTA-AM attenuated increased RhoA and MLCK expression as well as ZO-1 rupture, thus, restoring barrier function. Collectively, abovementioned results suggest that NaF induces barrier impairment via Ca2+-dependent RhoA/ROCK pathway and MLCK, which in turn triggers MLC2 phosphorylation and rearrangement of ZO-1 and F-actin. These results provide potential therapeutic targets for fluoride-induced intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxin Li
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinge Xin
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hesong Wang
- Baiyun Branch, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Peng
- Baiyun Branch, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haonan Huang
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanxi Zhou
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingmei Liu
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang Qin
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yang Bai
- Baiyun Branch, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xueqin Ni
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Hollósi A, Pászty K, Bunta BL, Bozó T, Kellermayer M, Debreczeni ML, Cervenak L, Baccarini M, Varga A. BRAF increases endothelial cell stiffness through reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22478. [PMID: 35916021 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200344r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and its connection to endothelial cell-cell junctions determine the barrier function of endothelial cells. The proper regulation of barrier opening/closing is necessary for the normal function of vessels, and its dysregulation can result in chronic and acute inflammation leading to edema formation. By using atomic force microscopy, we show here that thrombin-induced permeability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, associated with actin stress fiber formation, stiffens the cell center. The depletion of the MEK/ERK kinase BRAF reduces thrombin-induced permeability prevents stress fiber formation and cell stiffening. The peripheral actin ring becomes stabilized by phosphorylated myosin light chain, while cofilin is excluded from the cell periphery. All these changes can be reverted by the inhibition of ROCK, but not of the MEK/ERK module. We propose that the balance between the binding of cofilin and myosin to F-actin in the cell periphery, which is regulated by the activity of ROCK, determines the local dynamics of actin reorganization, ultimately driving or preventing stress fiber formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hollósi
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Pászty
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Levente Bunta
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bozó
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Kellermayer
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Lídia Debreczeni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Cervenak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Manuela Baccarini
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Varga
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Tuning of Liver Sieve: The Interplay between Actin and Myosin Regulatory Light Chain Regulates Fenestration Size and Number in Murine Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179850. [PMID: 36077249 PMCID: PMC9456121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) facilitate the efficient transport of macromolecules and solutes between the blood and hepatocytes. The efficiency of this transport is realized via transcellular nanopores, called fenestrations. The mean fenestration size is 140 ± 20 nm, with the range from 50 nm to 350 nm being mostly below the limits of diffraction of visible light. The cellular mechanisms controlling fenestrations are still poorly understood. In this study, we tested a hypothesis that both Rho kinase (ROCK) and myosin light chain (MLC) kinase (MLCK)-dependent phosphorylation of MLC regulates fenestrations. We verified the hypothesis using a combination of several molecular inhibitors and by applying two high-resolution microscopy modalities: structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We demonstrated precise, dose-dependent, and reversible regulation of the mean fenestration diameter within a wide range from 120 nm to 220 nm and the fine-tuning of the porosity in a range from ~0% up to 12% using the ROCK pathway. Moreover, our findings indicate that MLCK is involved in the formation of new fenestrations—after inhibiting MLCK, closed fenestrations cannot be reopened with other agents. We, therefore, conclude that the Rho-ROCK pathway is responsible for the control of the fenestration diameter, while the inhibition of MLCK prevents the formation of new fenestrations.
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Shutova MS, Boehncke WH. Mechanotransduction in Skin Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132026. [PMID: 35805110 PMCID: PMC9265324 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the process of mechanotransduction, the cells in the body perceive and interpret mechanical stimuli to maintain tissue homeostasis and respond to the environmental changes. Increasing evidence points towards dysregulated mechanotransduction as a pathologically relevant factor in human diseases, including inflammatory conditions. Skin is the organ that constantly undergoes considerable mechanical stresses, and the ability of mechanical factors to provoke inflammatory processes in the skin has long been known, with the Koebner phenomenon being an example. However, the molecular mechanisms and key factors linking mechanotransduction and cutaneous inflammation remain understudied. In this review, we outline the key players in the tissue’s mechanical homeostasis, the available data, and the gaps in our current understanding of their aberrant regulation in chronic cutaneous inflammation. We mainly focus on psoriasis as one of the most studied skin inflammatory diseases; we also discuss mechanotransduction in the context of skin fibrosis as a result of chronic inflammation. Even though the role of mechanotransduction in inflammation of the simple epithelia of internal organs is being actively studied, we conclude that the mechanoregulation in the stratified epidermis of the skin requires more attention in future translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S. Shutova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Department of Dermatology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Wolf-Henning Boehncke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Department of Dermatology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Chen X, Chen J, Li X, Yu Z. Activation of mTOR mediates hyperglycemia-induced renal glomerular endothelial hyperpermeability via the RhoA/ROCK/pMLC signaling pathway. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2021; 13:105. [PMID: 34627341 PMCID: PMC8501565 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-021-00723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperglycemia is associated with albuminuria and renal glomerular endothelial dysfunction in patients with diabetic nephropathy. The mTOR and RhoA/ROCK signaling pathways are involved in glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) regulation, but their role in high glucose (HG)-induced GFB dysfunction in human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs) has not been investigated. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of HG-induced GFB dysfunction in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS HRGECs were cultured in vitro and exposed to HG. The horseradish peroxidase-albumin leakage and transendothelial electrical resistance of the endothelial monolayer were measured after HG treatment with or without rapamycin preincubation. A fluorescence probe was used to study the distribution of F-actin reorganization. The phosphorylation levels of myosin light chain (MLC) and mTOR were measured via western blotting. RhoA activity was evaluated via GTPase activation assay. The effects of blocking mTOR or the RhoA/ROCK pathway on endothelial permeability and MLC phosphorylation under HG conditions were observed. RESULTS HG exposure induced F-actin reorganization and increased MLC phosphorylation, leading to EC barrier disruption. This effect was attenuated by treatment with rapamycin or Y-27632. Phospho-MLC (pMLC) activation in HRGECs was mediated by RhoA/ROCK signaling. mTOR and RhoA/ROCK inhibition or knockdown attenuated pMLC activation, F-actin reorganization and barrier disruption that occurred in response to HG exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that HG stimulation upregulated RhoA expression and activity through an mTOR-dependent pathway, leading to MLC-mediated endothelial cell cytoskeleton rearrangement and glomerular endothelial barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang, 337000, Jiangxi, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Clinical College of Gannan Medical University, Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Jianhui Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang, 337000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xianfan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang, 337000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zengpu Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang, 337000, Jiangxi, China
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Halder D, Mallick D, Chatterjee A, Jana SS. Nonmuscle Myosin II in cancer cell migration and mechanotransduction. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 139:106058. [PMID: 34400319 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a key step of cancer metastasis, immune-cell navigation, homing of stem cells and development. What adds complexity to it is the heterogeneity of the tissue environment that gives rise to a vast diversity of migratory mechanisms utilized by cells. A majority of cell motility mechanisms reported elsewhere largely converge in depicting the importance of the activity and complexity of actomyosin networks in the cell. In this review, we highlight the less discussed functional diversity of these actomyosin complexes and describe in detail how the major cellular actin-binding molecular motor proteins, nonmuscle myosin IIs are regulated and how they participate and mechanically reciprocate to changes in the microenvironment during cancer cell migration and tumor progression. Understanding the role of nonmuscle myosin IIs in the cancer cell is important for designing efficient therapeutic strategies to prevent cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdatta Halder
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel(2)
| | - Ditipriya Mallick
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Ananya Chatterjee
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Siddhartha S Jana
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India.
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12
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The role of actomyosin in the regulation of syndecan-1 in hyperosmosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129975. [PMID: 34343643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The endothelial glycocalyx is susceptible to high concentration of glucose and sodium in the blood. These challenges often involve an increase in osmotic pressure which may independently alters the glycocalyx components. The glycocalyx anchors on the cell membrane via core proteins that link with the actin cytoskeleton. This study aims to investigate the role of actomyosin in the osmoregulation of syndecan-1, a core protein that bears abundant sugar chains of the glycocalyx. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were incubated with mannitol-based hyperosmotic medium up to 2 h. The surface expression of syndecan-1 and the actin cytoskeleton were analysed by confocal microscopy, either without or with cytoskeletal manipulation. RESULTS Syndecan-1 expression was compromised when hyperosmotic challenge was prolonged for 2 h, with the normalised intensity substantially dropped to 65.78 ± 2.07% at +200 mOsm. The reduction is associated with a sustained actin hyper-polymerisation, including significant increases in cortex coverage and cytoskeletal tension. Disassembling the cortex by cytochalasin D restores syndecan-1 in hyperosmosis. Inhibition of ROCK, rather than MLCK and myosin II ATPase activity, prevents the reduction of syndecan-1. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that prolonged hyperosmotic stress disrupts the integrity of syndecan-1 through an aberrant cortex polymerisation. Our results provide new evidence in the interplay between the glycocalyx and the actin. It helps us better interpret the regulation of the glycocalyx, moving towards a goal of protecting and restoring the glycocalyx under healthy and diseased conditions.
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Garrido-Casado M, Asensio-Juárez G, Vicente-Manzanares M. Nonmuscle Myosin II Regulation Directs Its Multiple Roles in Cell Migration and Division. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2021; 37:285-310. [PMID: 34314591 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-042721-105528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) is a multimeric protein complex that generates most mechanical force in eukaryotic cells. NMII function is controlled at three main levels. The first level includes events that trigger conformational changes that extend the complex to enable its assembly into filaments. The second level controls the ATPase activity of the complex and its binding to microfilaments in extended NMII filaments. The third level includes events that modulate the stability and contractility of the filaments. They all work in concert to finely control force generation inside cells. NMII is a common endpoint of mechanochemical signaling pathways that control cellular responses to physical and chemical extracellular cues. Specific phosphorylations modulate NMII activation in a context-dependent manner. A few kinases control these phosphorylations in a spatially, temporally, and lineage-restricted fashion, enabling functional adaptability to the cellular microenvironment. Here, we review mechanisms that control NMII activity in the context of cell migration and division. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Garrido-Casado
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Gloria Asensio-Juárez
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
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Yao L, Chen L, Chen B, Tang Y, Zhao Y, Liu S, Xu H. Toxic effects of TiO 2 NPs in the blood-milk barrier of the maternal dams and growth of offspring. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111762. [PMID: 33396082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are amongst the most frequently used nanomaterial in everyday consumer products, and their widespread applications have raised concerns of the consequent deleterious effects on human health, particularly to vulnerable populations, such as lactating females remains elusive. Therefore, this study was initiated to investigate the detrimental effects and toxic mechanisms induced by TiO2 NPs in maternal dams and offspring during the lactation period. Dams were randomly divided into three groups. The water (Control; Group I) and TiO2 NPs (100 mg/kg; Group II) were orally administered from postnatal day 1-20, respectively. The results indicated that TiO2 NPs could cause toxicity in the dams, such as pathological damages to mammary gland tissues. The excessive accumulation of TiO2 NPs could induce oxidative stress in the mammary gland, leading to the dysfunctional blood-milk barrier; besides, TiO2 NPs could also be transferred to offspring via breastfeeding, causing abnormal development of infant. We further accessed the possible underlying molecular mechanism; for this, we orally administered TiO2 NPs with vitamin E (100 mg/kg; Group III). The results revealed that toxicity induced by TiO2 NPs was rescued. Collectively, this study presented the deleterious pathological effects of oral exposure to TiO2 NPs in the mammary gland tissues and blood-milk barrier via the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in dams and developmental concerns in offspring. However, the administration of VE could mitigate the toxic effects induced by the TiO2 NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Bolu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yizhou Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shanji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Ghosh I, Singh RK, Mishra M, Kapoor S, Jana SS. Switching between blebbing and lamellipodia depends on the degree of non-muscle myosin II activity. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.248732. [PMID: 33298514 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells can adopt both mesenchymal and amoeboid modes of migration through membrane protrusive activities, namely formation of lamellipodia and blebbing. How the molecular players control the transition between lamellipodia and blebs is yet to be explored. Here, we show that addition of the ROCK inhibitor Y27632 or low doses of blebbistatin, an inhibitor of non-muscle myosin II (NMII) ATPase activity and filament partitioning, induces blebbing to lamellipodia conversion (BLC), whereas addition of low doses of ML7, an inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), induces lamellipodia to blebbing conversion (LBC) in human MDA-MB-231 cells. Similarly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of ROCK and MLCK induces BLC and LBC, respectively. Interestingly, both blebs and lamellipodia membrane protrusions are able to maintain the ratio of phosphorylated to unphosphorylated regulatory light chain at cortices when MLCK and ROCK, respectively, are inhibited either pharmacologically or genetically, suggesting that MLCK and ROCK activities are interlinked in BLC and LBC. Such BLCs and LBCs are also inducible in other cell lines, including MCF7 and MCF10A. These studies reveal that the relative activity of ROCK and MLCK, which controls both the ATPase activity and filament-forming property of NMII, is a determining factor in whether a cell exhibits blebbing or lamellipodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Ghosh
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Raman K Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India.,Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Manjari Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Siddhartha S Jana
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
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