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Wojnar-Lason K, Tyrankiewicz U, Kij A, Kurpinska A, Kaczara P, Kwiatkowski G, Wilkosz N, Giergiel M, Stojak M, Grosicki M, Mohaissen T, Jasztal A, Kurylowicz Z, Szymonski M, Czyzynska-Cichon I, Chlopicki S. Chronic heart failure induces early defenestration of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14114. [PMID: 38391060 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
AIM Chronic heart failure (CHF) is often linked to liver malfunction and systemic endothelial dysfunction. However, whether cardio-hepatic interactions in heart failure involve dysfunction of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) is not known. Here we characterize LSECs phenotype in early and end stages of chronic heart failure in a murine model. METHODS Right ventricle (RV) function, features of congestive hepatopathy, and the phenotype of primary LSECs were characterized in Tgαq*44 mice, with cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of the Gαq protein, at the age of 4- and 12-month representative for early and end-stage phases of CHF, respectively. RESULTS 4- and 12-month-old Tgαq*44 mice displayed progressive impairment of RV function and alterations in hepatic blood flow velocity resulting in hepatic congestion with elevated GGT and bilirubin plasma levels and decreased albumin concentration without gross liver pathology. LSECs isolated from 4- and 12-month-old Tgαq*44 mice displayed significant loss of fenestrae with impaired functional response to cytochalasin B, significant changes in proteome related to cytoskeleton remodeling, and altered vasoprotective function. However, LSECs barrier function and bioenergetics were largely preserved. In 4- and 12-month-old Tgαq*44 mice, LSECs defenestration was associated with prolonged postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and in 12-month-old Tgαq*44 mice with proteomic changes of hepatocytes indicative of altered lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION Tgαq*44 mice displayed right-sided HF and altered hepatic blood flow leading to LSECs dysfunction involving defenestration, shift in eicosanoid profile, and proteomic changes. LSECs dysfunction appears as an early and persistent event in CHF, preceding congestive hepatopathy and contributing to alterations in lipoprotein transport and CHF pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Wojnar-Lason
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Urszula Tyrankiewicz
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kurpinska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kaczara
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kwiatkowski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Wilkosz
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Department of Physics of Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Giergiel
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Department of Physics of Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Stojak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Grosicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tasnim Mohaissen
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Kurylowicz
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Szymonski
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Department of Physics of Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabela Czyzynska-Cichon
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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2
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Kij A, Bar A, Czyzynska-Cichon I, Przyborowski K, Proniewski B, Mateuszuk L, Kurylowicz Z, Jasztal A, Buczek E, Kurpinska A, Suraj-Prazmowska J, Marczyk B, Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda K, Daiber A, Oelze M, Walczak M, Chlopicki S. Vascular protein disulfide isomerase A1 mediates endothelial dysfunction induced by angiotensin II in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14116. [PMID: 38400621 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
AIM Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) are involved in platelet aggregation and intravascular thrombosis, but their role in regulating endothelial function is unclear. Here, we characterized the involvement of vascular PDIA1 in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced endothelial dysfunction in mice. METHODS Endothelial dysfunction was induced in C57BL/6JCmd male mice via Ang II subcutaneous infusion, and PDIA1 was inhibited with bepristat. Endothelial function was assessed in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging and ex vivo with a myography, while arterial stiffness was measured as pulse wave velocity. Nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability was measured in the aorta (spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance) and plasma (NO2 - and NO3 - levels). Oxidative stress, eNOS uncoupling (DHE-based aorta staining), and thrombin activity (thrombin-antithrombin complex; calibrated automated thrombography) were evaluated. RESULTS The inhibition of PDIA1 by bepristat in Ang II-treated mice prevented the impairment of NO-dependent vasodilation in the aorta as evidenced by the response to acetylcholine in vivo, increased systemic NO bioavailability and the aortic NO production, and decreased vascular stiffness. Bepristat's effect on NO-dependent function was recapitulated ex vivo in Ang II-induced endothelial dysfunction in isolated aorta. Furthermore, bepristat diminished the Ang II-induced eNOS uncoupling and overproduction of ROS without affecting thrombin activity. CONCLUSION In Ang II-treated mice, the inhibition of PDIA1 normalized the NO-ROS balance, prevented endothelial eNOS uncoupling, and, thereby, improved vascular function. These results indicate the importance of vascular PDIA1 in regulating endothelial function, but further studies are needed to elucidate the details of the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Bar
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabela Czyzynska-Cichon
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Przyborowski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Proniewski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Mateuszuk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Kurylowicz
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Buczek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kurpinska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Suraj-Prazmowska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Brygida Marczyk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Andreas Daiber
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1, The Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Oelze
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1, The Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria Walczak
- Department of Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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3
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Sternak M, Stojak M, Banasik T, Kij A, Bar A, Pacia MZ, Wojnar-Lason K, Chorazy N, Mohaissen T, Marczyk B, Czyzynska-Cichon I, Berkimbayeva Z, Mika A, Chlopicki S. Vascular ATGL-dependent lipolysis and the activation of cPLA 2-PGI 2 pathway protect against postprandial endothelial dysfunction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:125. [PMID: 38467757 PMCID: PMC10927860 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is involved in lipolysis and displays a detrimental pathophysiological role in cardio-metabolic diseases. However, the organo-protective effects of ATGL-induced lipolysis were also suggested. The aim of this work was to characterize the function of lipid droplets (LDs) and ATGL-induced lipolysis in the regulation of endothelial function. ATGL-dependent LDs hydrolysis and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2)-derived eicosanoids production were studied in the aorta, endothelial and smooth muscle cells exposed to exogenous oleic acid (OA) or arachidonic acid (AA). Functional effects of ATGL-dependent lipolysis and subsequent activation of cPLA2/PGI2 pathway were also studied in vivo in relation to postprandial endothelial dysfunction.The formation of LDs was invariably associated with elevated production of endogenous AA-derived prostacyclin (PGI2). In the presence of the inhibitor of ATGL or the inhibitor of cytosolic phospholipase A2, the production of eicosanoids was reduced, with a concomitant increase in the number of LDs. OA administration impaired endothelial barrier integrity in vitro that was further impaired if OA was given together with ATGL inhibitor. Importantly, in vivo, olive oil induced postprandial endothelial dysfunction that was significantly deteriorated by ATGL inhibition, cPLA2 inhibition or by prostacyclin (IP) receptor blockade.In summary, vascular LDs formation induced by exogenous AA or OA was associated with ATGL- and cPLA2-dependent PGI2 production from endogenous AA. The inhibition of ATGL resulted in an impairment of endothelial barrier function in vitro. The inhibition of ATGL-cPLA2-PGI2 dependent pathway resulted in the deterioration of endothelial function upon exposure to olive oil in vivo. In conclusion, vascular ATGL-cPLA2-PGI2 dependent pathway activated by lipid overload and linked to LDs formation in endothelium and smooth muscle cells has a vasoprotective role by counterbalancing detrimental effects of lipid overload on endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sternak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow, Poland.
| | - M Stojak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow, Poland
| | - T Banasik
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Bar
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Z Pacia
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow, Poland
| | - K Wojnar-Lason
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow, Poland
- Medical College, Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University, Grzegorzecka 16, Krakow, Poland
| | - N Chorazy
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Poland
| | - T Mohaissen
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow, Poland
| | - B Marczyk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow, Poland
| | - I Czyzynska-Cichon
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow, Poland
| | - Z Berkimbayeva
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Mika
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, Gdansk, Poland
| | - S Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow, Poland.
- Medical College, Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University, Grzegorzecka 16, Krakow, Poland.
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Nouwade K, Tfaili S, Prost B, Dakroub H, Solgadi A, Libong D, Paul JL, Fournier N, Chaminade P. Comprehensive analysis of oxylipins using reverse phase liquid chromatography and data dependent acquisition workflow on LTQ-Orbitrap® Velos Pro. Talanta 2024; 266:124921. [PMID: 37454517 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins - involved in inflammatory processes - are reported in several diseases, in biological, pharmacological, and physiological fields. To face the structural complexity of oxylipins, the study of isomers and isobars species relied on Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) and Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) in tandem mass spectrometry such as triple quadrupole, quadrupole-Time of Flight (TOF). Unfortunately, false positive signals in cellular matrix could occur using MRM or SRM mode since the MS/MS spectrum of each molecule is not acquired with the previous mode to help molecule confirmation. Using the versatile ability of LTQ-Orbitrap® Velos Pro mass spectrometer, we developed a novel method based on data dependent acquisition (DDA) workflow for oxylipins analysis. To reach sufficient data points per peak and a better sensitivity to quantify oxylipins traces, an optimization of the acquisition frequency was carried out both on linear trap and Orbitrap analyzers. A segmentation of the chromatographic profile and an optimization of the collision energies by HCD (higher energy collision dissociation) for each eicosanoid increased the acquisition frequency significantly and the detection threshold: around 2 pg for some prostanoids and 0.02-2 pg for some leukotrienes and oxidized species. We validated our method in terms of specificity (RSD <10%), sensitivity, accuracy and precision. The intra and inter-day accuracy were between 86.56% and 114.93%. Besides, a relative standard deviation less than 15% as intra- and inter-day precision were obtained for almost all molecules. A linear range between 2.5 and 12,500 pg was reached. DDA approach on LTQ-Orbitrap® constitutes an alternative to MRM mode on triple quadrupole for eicosanoids quantification in complex matrices. Finally, this method helped us to compare for the first time the amount of prostanoids released by J774 and THP-1 macrophages under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodjo Nouwade
- Lip(Sys)(2) - Chimie Analytique Pharmaceutique, UFR Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Sana Tfaili
- Lip(Sys)(2) - Chimie Analytique Pharmaceutique, UFR Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
| | - Bastien Prost
- UMS-IPSIT SAMM Facility, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, Ingénierie et Plateformes au Service de l'Innovation Thérapeutique, UFR Pharmacie, Orsay, France
| | - Hani Dakroub
- Lip(Sys)(2) - Equipe «athérosclérose et macrophages: impact des phospholipides et des fonctions mitochondriales sur le trafic et l'efflux du cholestérol cellulaire», UFR Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Audrey Solgadi
- UMS-IPSIT SAMM Facility, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, Ingénierie et Plateformes au Service de l'Innovation Thérapeutique, UFR Pharmacie, Orsay, France
| | - Danielle Libong
- Lip(Sys)(2) - Chimie Analytique Pharmaceutique, UFR Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France; UMS-IPSIT SAMM Facility, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, Ingénierie et Plateformes au Service de l'Innovation Thérapeutique, UFR Pharmacie, Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Louis Paul
- Lip(Sys)(2) - Equipe «athérosclérose et macrophages: impact des phospholipides et des fonctions mitochondriales sur le trafic et l'efflux du cholestérol cellulaire», UFR Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Natalie Fournier
- Lip(Sys)(2) - Equipe «athérosclérose et macrophages: impact des phospholipides et des fonctions mitochondriales sur le trafic et l'efflux du cholestérol cellulaire», UFR Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Chaminade
- Lip(Sys)(2) - Chimie Analytique Pharmaceutique, UFR Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France; UMS-IPSIT SAMM Facility, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, Ingénierie et Plateformes au Service de l'Innovation Thérapeutique, UFR Pharmacie, Orsay, France
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5
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Wang Y, Li L, Li F, Yu K, Liu X, Wang Z, Xie T, Chen J, Wang X, Feng Q, Huang Y. Action Mechanism of Zhuang Medicine Jin-mu Granules Against Chronic Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Explored Using Comprehensive Network Pharmacology and Metabolomics. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221111034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zhuang Medicine Jin-mu Granules (ZMJG) are prescriptions derived from the Zhuang nationality, which is the largest minority among 56 ethnic groups in China. They have been widely used in the treatment of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (CPID) in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region for clearing away heat and toxins, removing dampness and poisoning. CPID is a common gynecological disease of female reproductive organs and surrounding tissues and is characterized by persistent and recurrent symptoms, causing serious physical and psychological damage to the patient. Preliminary research found that ZMJG have beneficial effects on CPID model rats, but the metabolic mechanism underlying their protective effects is unclear. In this study, we used the strategy of combining network pharmacology, pharmacodynamic, and metabolomic approaches to investigate the molecular mechanisms and potential targets of ZMJG for the treatment of CPID. First, a network diagram of “medicinal materials-components-targets-pathways” based on network pharmacology was constructed to obtain a preliminary understanding of the biologically active compounds and related targets of ZMJG and clarify their molecular mechanism in CPID. Subsequently, the in vivo efficacy of ZMJG was verified in a rat model. Furthermore, we analyzed the corresponding metabolomics profile to explore the differentially induced metabolic markers and elucidate the metabolic mechanism by which ZMJG treat CPID. The results show that the therapeutic effect of ZMJG on CPID is mediated through multiple pathways, metabolic pathways, and multi-component multi-target modes, providing a detailed theoretical basis for the development and clinical application of ZMJG and a new research idea for the treatment of CPID in Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Linjie Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Kai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Tanfang Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoxun Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiao Feng
- Guangxi International Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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6
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Kontogianni VG, Gerothanassis IP. Analytical and Structural Tools of Lipid Hydroperoxides: Present State and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2022; 27:2139. [PMID: 35408537 PMCID: PMC9000705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono- and polyunsaturated lipids are particularly susceptible to peroxidation, which results in the formation of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs) as primary nonradical-reaction products. LOOHs may undergo degradation to various products that have been implicated in vital biological reactions, and thus in the pathogenesis of various diseases. The structure elucidation and qualitative and quantitative analysis of lipid hydroperoxides are therefore of great importance. The objectives of the present review are to provide a critical analysis of various methods that have been widely applied, and more specifically on volumetric methods, applications of UV-visible, infrared, Raman/surface-enhanced Raman, fluorescence and chemiluminescence spectroscopies, chromatographic methods, hyphenated MS techniques, NMR and chromatographic methods, NMR spectroscopy in mixture analysis, structural investigations based on quantum chemical calculations of NMR parameters, applications in living cells, and metabolomics. Emphasis will be given to analytical and structural methods that can contribute significantly to the molecular basis of the chemical process involved in the formation of lipid hydroperoxides without the need for the isolation of the individual components. Furthermore, future developments in the field will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki G. Kontogianni
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis P. Gerothanassis
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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7
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Mohaissen T, Proniewski B, Targosz-Korecka M, Bar A, Kij A, Bulat K, Wajda A, Blat A, Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda K, Grosicki M, Tworzydlo A, Sternak M, Wojnar-Lason K, Rodrigues-Diez R, Kubisiak A, Briones A, Marzec KM, Chlopicki S. Temporal relationship between systemic endothelial dysfunction and alterations in erythrocyte function in a murine model of chronic heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2610-2624. [PMID: 34617995 PMCID: PMC9491865 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Endothelial dysfunction (ED) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) are both
prognostic factors in heart failure (HF), but the relationship between them is not
clear. In this study, we used a unique mouse model of chronic HF driven by
cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of activated Gαq protein (Tgαq*44 mice) to
characterize the relationship between the development of peripheral ED and the
occurrence of structural nanomechanical and biochemical changes in red blood cells
(RBCs). Methods and results Systemic ED was detected in vivo in 8-month-old Tgαq*44 mice, as
evidenced by impaired acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in the aorta and increased
endothelial permeability in the brachiocephalic artery. ED in the aorta was associated
with impaired nitric oxide (NO) production in the aorta and diminished systemic NO
bioavailability. ED in the aorta was also characterized by increased superoxide and
eicosanoid production. In 4- to 6-month-old Tgαq*44 mice, RBC size and membrane
composition displayed alterations that did not result in significant changes in their
nanomechanical and functional properties. However, 8-month-old Tgαq*44 mice presented
greatly accentuated structural and size changes and increased RBC stiffness. In
12-month-old Tgαq*44 mice, the erythropathy was featured by severely altered RBC shape
and elasticity, increased RDW, impaired RBC deformability, and increased oxidative
stress (gluthatione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) ratio). Moreover, RBCs taken from
12-month-old Tgαq*44 mice, but not from 12-month-old FVB mice, coincubated with aortic
rings from FVB mice, induced impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation and this effect
was partially reversed by an arginase inhibitor [2(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid]. Conclusion In the Tgαq*44 murine model of HF, systemic ED accelerates erythropathy and,
conversely, erythropathy may contribute to ED. These results suggest that erythropathy
may be regarded as a marker and a mediator of systemic ED in HF. RBC arginase and
possibly other RBC-mediated mechanisms may represent novel therapeutic targets for
systemic ED in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Mohaissen
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St, Krakow, 30-348 Poland.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., Krakow, 30-688 Poland
| | - Bartosz Proniewski
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St, Krakow, 30-348 Poland
| | - Marta Targosz-Korecka
- Faculty of Physics, Institute of Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 11 Lojasiewicza St., Krakow, 30-348 Poland
| | - Anna Bar
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St, Krakow, 30-348 Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St, Krakow, 30-348 Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bulat
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St, Krakow, 30-348 Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wajda
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St, Krakow, 30-348 Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2Gronostajowa St, Krakow, 30-387 Poland
| | - Aneta Blat
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St, Krakow, 30-348 Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2Gronostajowa St, Krakow, 30-387 Poland
| | - Karolina Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St, Krakow, 30-348 Poland.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., Krakow, 30-688 Poland
| | - Marek Grosicki
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St, Krakow, 30-348 Poland
| | - Anna Tworzydlo
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St, Krakow, 30-348 Poland
| | - Magdalena Sternak
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St, Krakow, 30-348 Poland
| | - Kamila Wojnar-Lason
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St, Krakow, 30-348 Poland.,Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka St, Krakow, 31-531 Poland
| | - Raquel Rodrigues-Diez
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research IdiPAZ Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, CV, Spain,; Ciber
| | - Agata Kubisiak
- Faculty of Physics, Institute of Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 11 Lojasiewicza St., Krakow, 30-348 Poland
| | - Ana Briones
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research IdiPAZ Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, CV, Spain,; Ciber
| | - Katarzyna M Marzec
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St, Krakow, 30-348 Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St, Krakow, 30-348 Poland.,Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka St, Krakow, 31-531 Poland
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8
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Kij A, Bar A, Przyborowski K, Proniewski B, Mateuszuk L, Jasztal A, Kieronska-Rudek A, Marczyk B, Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda K, Tworzydlo A, Enggaard C, Hansen PBL, Jensen B, Walczak M, Chlopicki S. Thrombin Inhibition Prevents Endothelial Dysfunction and Reverses 20-HETE Overproduction without Affecting Blood Pressure in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168664. [PMID: 34445374 PMCID: PMC8395447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) induces hypertension and endothelial dysfunction, but the involvement of thrombin in these responses is not clear. Here, we assessed the effects of the inhibition of thrombin activity by dabigatran on Ang II-induced hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in mice with a particular focus on NO- and 20-HETE-dependent pathways. As expected, dabigatran administration significantly delayed thrombin generation (CAT assay) in Ang II-treated hypertensive mice, and interestingly, it prevented endothelial dysfunction development, but it did not affect elevated blood pressure nor excessive aortic wall thickening. Dabigatran’s effects on endothelial function in Ang II-treated mice were evidenced by improved NO-dependent relaxation in the aorta in response to acetylcholine in vivo (MRI measurements) and increased systemic NO bioavailability (NO2− quantification) with a concomitant increased ex vivo production of endothelium-derived NO (EPR analysis). Dabigatran treatment also contributed to the reduction in the endothelial expression of pro-inflammatory vWF and ICAM-1. Interestingly, the fall in systemic NO bioavailability in Ang II-treated mice was associated with increased 20-HETE concentration in plasma (UPLC-MS/MS analysis), which was normalised by dabigatran treatment. Taking together, the inhibition of thrombin activity in Ang II-induced hypertension in mice improves the NO-dependent function of vascular endothelium and normalises the 20-HETE-depedent pathway without affecting the blood pressure and vascular remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (A.B.); (K.P.); (B.P.); (L.M.); (A.J.); (A.K.-R.); (B.M.); (K.M.-G.); (A.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Anna Bar
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (A.B.); (K.P.); (B.P.); (L.M.); (A.J.); (A.K.-R.); (B.M.); (K.M.-G.); (A.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Kamil Przyborowski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (A.B.); (K.P.); (B.P.); (L.M.); (A.J.); (A.K.-R.); (B.M.); (K.M.-G.); (A.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Bartosz Proniewski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (A.B.); (K.P.); (B.P.); (L.M.); (A.J.); (A.K.-R.); (B.M.); (K.M.-G.); (A.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Lukasz Mateuszuk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (A.B.); (K.P.); (B.P.); (L.M.); (A.J.); (A.K.-R.); (B.M.); (K.M.-G.); (A.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (A.B.); (K.P.); (B.P.); (L.M.); (A.J.); (A.K.-R.); (B.M.); (K.M.-G.); (A.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Anna Kieronska-Rudek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (A.B.); (K.P.); (B.P.); (L.M.); (A.J.); (A.K.-R.); (B.M.); (K.M.-G.); (A.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Brygida Marczyk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (A.B.); (K.P.); (B.P.); (L.M.); (A.J.); (A.K.-R.); (B.M.); (K.M.-G.); (A.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Karolina Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (A.B.); (K.P.); (B.P.); (L.M.); (A.J.); (A.K.-R.); (B.M.); (K.M.-G.); (A.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Anna Tworzydlo
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (A.B.); (K.P.); (B.P.); (L.M.); (A.J.); (A.K.-R.); (B.M.); (K.M.-G.); (A.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Camilla Enggaard
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 21, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (C.E.); (P.B.L.H.); (B.J.)
| | - Pernille B. Lærkegaard Hansen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 21, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (C.E.); (P.B.L.H.); (B.J.)
| | - Boye Jensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 21, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (C.E.); (P.B.L.H.); (B.J.)
| | - Maria Walczak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (A.B.); (K.P.); (B.P.); (L.M.); (A.J.); (A.K.-R.); (B.M.); (K.M.-G.); (A.T.); (M.W.)
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (A.B.); (K.P.); (B.P.); (L.M.); (A.J.); (A.K.-R.); (B.M.); (K.M.-G.); (A.T.); (M.W.)
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence:
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9
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Kieronska-Rudek A, Kij A, Kaczara P, Tworzydlo A, Napiorkowski M, Sidoryk K, Chlopicki S. Exogenous Vitamins K Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effects Dissociated from Their Role as Substrates for Synthesis of Endogenous MK-4 in Murine Macrophages Cell Line. Cells 2021; 10:1571. [PMID: 34206530 PMCID: PMC8303864 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamins K exert a range of activities that extend far beyond coagulation and include anti-inflammatory effects, but the mechanisms involved in anti-inflammatory action remain unclear. In the present study, we showed that various forms of exogenous vitamins-K1, K3, K2 (MK-4, MK-5, MK-6 and MK-7)-regulated a wide scope of inflammatory pathways in murine macrophages in vitro, including NOS-2, COX-2, cytokines and MMPs. Moreover, we demonstrated for the first time that macrophages are able to synthesise endogenous MK-4 on their own. Vitamins with shorter isoprenoid chains-K1, K3 and MK-5-exhibited stronger anti-inflammatory potential than vitamins with longer isoprenoid chains (MK-6 and MK-7) and simultaneously were preferably used as a substrate for MK-4 endogenous production. Most interesting, atorvastatin pretreatment inhibited endogenous MK-4 production but had no impact on the anti-inflammatory activity of vitamins K. In summary, our results demonstrate that macrophages are able to synthesise endogenous MK-4 using exogenous vitamins K, and statin inhibits this process. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of exogenous vitamins K was independent of endogenous MK-4 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kieronska-Rudek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.-R.); (A.K.); (P.K.); (A.T.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.-R.); (A.K.); (P.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Patrycja Kaczara
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.-R.); (A.K.); (P.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Anna Tworzydlo
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.-R.); (A.K.); (P.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Marek Napiorkowski
- Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rydygiera 8, 01-793 Warszawa, Poland; (M.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Sidoryk
- Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rydygiera 8, 01-793 Warszawa, Poland; (M.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.-R.); (A.K.); (P.K.); (A.T.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531 Krakow, Poland
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10
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Investigation of the content differences of arachidonic acid metabolites in a mouse model of breast cancer by using LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113763. [PMID: 33279296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is closely associated with breast cancer. In addition to the two metabolic pathways regulated by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, AA has a third metabolic pathway through which cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes produce hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). The targeted CYP-mediated pathway of AA can not only kill cancer cells but also inhibit the interstitial microenvironment around a tumor. Therefore, it makes sense to identify potential biomarkers from the AA metabolome for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. This study established a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of AA and its main metabolites, EETs and HETEs, in MMTV-PyMT mice, a spontaneous breast cancer mouse model. The results showed that there were significant differences in the concentrations of AA, 12-HETE, 19-HETE and 8,9-EET in plasma and tumor tissues between normal and MMTV-PyMT mice. Therefore, the eicosanoids mentioned above may be used as new biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis. This study provides a new perspective for the recognition and diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Smeda M, Kij A, Proniewski B, Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda K, Przyborowski K, Jasztal A, Derszniak K, Berkowicz P, Kieronska-Rudek A, Stojak M, Sternak M, Chlopicki S. Unexpected effects of long-term treatment with acetylsalicylic acid on late phase of pulmonary metastasis in murine model of orthotopic breast cancer. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230520. [PMID: 32251451 PMCID: PMC7135281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term administration of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was effective in prevention of colorectal cancer, whereas the efficacy of this compound in other cancer types, including breast cancer, has been less convincingly documented. Indeed, the antimetastatic effect of low-dose ASA was observed only in the early intravascular phase of metastasis of breast cancer. In the present work, we characterized the effects of long-term treatment with ASA on the late phase of pulmonary metastasis in a mouse orthotopic 4T1 breast cancer model. Mice were treated with ASA at a dose of 12 mg·kg-1 of body weight daily starting one week prior to inoculation of 4T1 breast cancer cells, and the treatment was continued throughout progression of the disease. ASA administration decreased platelet TXB2 production in ex vivo assays but did not change thrombin-induced platelet reactivity. Although the number of metastases in the lungs remained unchanged in ASA-treated mice, infiltration of inflammatory cells was increased concomitantly with higher G-CSF and serotonin concentrations in the lungs. Pulmonary NO production was compromised compared to control 4T1 mice. ASA treatment also evoked an increase in platelet and granulocyte counts and decreased systemic NO bioavailability along with increased markers of systemic oxidant stress such as higher GSSG/lower GSH concentrations in RBC. Analysis of eicosanoids in stirred blood demonstrated that administration of ASA at a dose of 12 mg·kg-1 to cancer-bearing mice had an effect beyond inhibition of platelet COX-1, suggesting long-term treatment with low-dose aspirin is not a selective murine platelet COX-1/TXA2 pathway inhibitor in cancer-bearing mice. In summary, quite surprisingly, long-term treatment with low-dose ASA administered until the advanced phase of breast cancer in a murine orthotopic model of 4T1 breast cancer negatively affected the phenotype of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Smeda
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Proniewski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Kamil Przyborowski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Derszniak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Berkowicz
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kieronska-Rudek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Stojak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Sternak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail:
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