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Kumar V, van Rensburg W, Snoep JL, Paradies HH, Borrageiro C, de Villiers C, Singh R, Joshi KB, Rautenbach M. Antimicrobial nano-assemblies of tryptocidine C, a tryptophan-rich cyclic decapeptide, from ethanolic solutions. Biochimie 2023; 204:22-32. [PMID: 36057373 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tryptocidine C (TpcC), a Trp-rich cyclodecapeptide is a minor constituent in the antibiotic tyrothricin complex from Brevibacillus parabrevis. TpcC possesses a high tendency to oligomerise in aqueous solutions and dried TpcC forms distinct self-assembled nanoparticles. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy revealed the influence of different ethanol:water solvent systems on TpcC self-assembly, with the TpcC, dried from a high concentration in 15% ethanol, primarily assembling into small nanospheres with 24.3 nm diameter and 0.05 polydispersity. TpcC at 16 μM, near its CMC, formed a variety of structures such as small nanospheres, large dense nanospheroids and facetted 3-D-crystals, as well as sheets and coarse carpet-like structures which depended on ethanol concentration. Drying 16 μM TpcC from 75% ethanol resulted in highly facetted 3-D crystals, as well as small nanospheres, while those in 10% ethanol preparation had less defined facets. Drying from 20 to 50% ethanol led to polymorphic architectures with a few defined nanospheroids and various small nanoparticles, imbedded in carpet- and sheet-like structures. These polymorphic surface morphologies correlated with maintenance of fluorescence properties and the surface-derived antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus over time, while there was a significant change in fluorescence and loss in activity in the 10% and 75% preparations where 3-D crystals were observed. This indicated that TpcC oligomerisation in solutions with 20-50% ethanol leads to metastable structures with a high propensity for release of antimicrobial moieties, while those leading to crystallisation limit active moieties release. TpcC nano-assemblies can find application in antimicrobial coatings, surface disinfectants, food packaging and wound healing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Wilma van Rensburg
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Jacky L Snoep
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henrich H Paradies
- Jacobs-University, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Bremen, 30110, Germany
| | | | - Carmen de Villiers
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Ramesh Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP, 470003, India
| | - Khashti Ballabh Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP, 470003, India
| | - Marina Rautenbach
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
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Neumann J, Schmidtsdorff S, Schmidt AH, Parr MK. Application of Sub‐/Supercritical fluid chromatography for the fingerprinting of a complex therapeutic peptide. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3095-3104. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Neumann
- Chromicent GmbH Johann‐Hittorf‐Str. 8 12489 Berlin Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin Königin‐Luise‐Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmidtsdorff
- Chromicent GmbH Johann‐Hittorf‐Str. 8 12489 Berlin Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin Königin‐Luise‐Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Germany
| | | | - Maria K. Parr
- Freie Universität Berlin Königin‐Luise‐Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Germany
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Clements-Decker T, Rautenbach M, Khan S, Khan W. Metabolomics and Genomics Approach for the Discovery of Serrawettin W2 Lipopeptides from Serratia marcescens NP2. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1256-1266. [PMID: 35438991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A metabolomics/peptidomics and genomics approach, using UPLC-MSE, molecular networking, and genome mining, was used to describe the serrawettin W2 lipopeptide family produced by Serratia marcescens NP2. Seven known serrawettin W2 analogues were structurally elucidated along with 17 new analogues, which varied based on the first (fatty acyl length of C8, C10, C12, or C12:1), fifth (Phe, Tyr, Trp, or Leu/Ile), and sixth (Leu, Ile, or Val) residues. Tandem MS results suggested that the previously classified serrawettin W3 may be an analogue of serrawettin W2, with a putative structure of cyclo(C10H18O2-Leu-Ser-Thr-Leu/Ile-Val). Chiral phase amino acid analysis enabled the distinction between l/d-Leu and l-Ile residues within nine purified compounds. 1H and 13C NMR analyses confirmed the structures of four purified new analogues. Additionally, genome mining was conducted using Serratia genome sequences available on the NCBI database to identify the swrA gene using the antiSMASH software. NRPSpredictor2 predicted the specificity score of the adenylation-domain within swrA with 100% for the first, second, and third modules (Leu-Ser-Thr), 60-70% for the fourth module (Phe/Trp/Tyr/Val), and 70% for the fifth module (Val/Leu/Ile), confirming MSE data. Finally, antibacterial activity was observed for compounds 6 and 11 against a clinical Enterococcus faecium strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Clements-Decker
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Marina Rautenbach
- BioPep Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Sehaam Khan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Wesaal Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Bellotto O, Semeraro S, Bandiera A, Tramer F, Pavan N, Marchesan S. Polymer Conjugates of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) with d-Amino Acids (d-aa): State of the Art and Future Opportunities. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020446. [PMID: 35214178 PMCID: PMC8879212 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have enjoyed a renaissance, as the world is currently facing an emergency in terms of severe infections that evade antibiotics’ treatment. This is due to the increasing emergence and spread of resistance mechanisms. Covalent conjugation with polymers is an interesting strategy to modulate the pharmacokinetic profile of AMPs and enhance their biocompatibility profile. It can also be an effective approach to develop active coatings for medical implants and devices, and to avoid biofilm formation on their surface. In this concise review, we focus on the last 5 years’ progress in this area, pertaining in particular to AMPs that contain d-amino acids, as well as their role, and the advantages that may arise from their introduction into AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Bellotto
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (O.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sabrina Semeraro
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (O.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Antonella Bandiera
- Life Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Federica Tramer
- Life Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Nicola Pavan
- Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Silvia Marchesan
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (O.B.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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van Rensburg W, Rautenbach M. Creating Robust Antimicrobial Materials with Sticky Tyrocidines. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020174. [PMID: 35203778 PMCID: PMC8868332 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified antimicrobial and antifouling materials and surfaces can be used to limit the propagation of microorganisms on various surfaces and minimise the occurrence of infection, transfer, and spoilage. Increased demand for ‘green’ solutions for material treatment has pushed the focus towards to naturally produced antimicrobials. Tyrocidines, cyclo-decapeptides naturally produced by a soil bacterium Brevibacillus parabrevis, have a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeasts. Continual losses in tyrocidine production highlighted the possible association of peptides to surfaces. It was found in this study that tyrocidines readily associates with many materials, with a selectivity towards polysaccharide-type materials, such as cellulose. Peptide-treated cellulose was found to remain active after exposure to a broad pH range, various temperatures, salt solutions, water washes, and organic solvents, with the sterilising activity only affected by 1% SDS and 70% acetonitrile. Furthermore, a comparison to other antimicrobial peptides showed the association between tyrocidines and cellulose to be unique in terms of antimicrobial activity. The robust association between the tyrocidines and various materials holds great promise in applications focused on preventing surface contamination and creating self-sterilising materials.
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Masoudi Y, van Rensburg W, Barnard-Jenkins B, Rautenbach M. The Influence of Cellulose-Type Formulants on Anti- Candida Activity of the Tyrocidines. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050597. [PMID: 34069885 PMCID: PMC8157355 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are highly adaptable to environmental changes with their phenotypic flexibility allowing for the evasion of most host defence mechanisms. Moreover, increasing resistance of human pathogenic Candida strains has been reported against all four classes of available antifungal drugs, which highlights the need for combinational therapies. Tyrocidines are cyclic antimicrobial peptides that have shown synergistic activity with antifungal drugs such as caspofungin and amphotericin B. However, these cyclodecapeptides have haemolytic activity and cytotoxicity, but they have been used for decades in the clinic for topical applications. The tyrocidines tend to form higher-order structures in aqueous solutions and excessive aggregation can result in variable or diminished activity. Previous studies have shown that the tyrocidines prefer ordered association to celluloses. Therefore, a formulation with soluble cellulose was used to control the oligomer stability and size, thereby increasing the activity against Candida spp. Of the formulants tested, it was found that commercial hydroxy-propyl-methyl cellulose, E10M, yielded the best results with increased stability, increased anti-Candida activity, and improved selectivity. This formulation holds promise in topical applications against Candida spp. infections.
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Rautenbach M, Kumar V, Vosloo JA, Masoudi Y, van Wyk RJ, Stander MA. Oligomerisation of tryptocidine C, a Trp-rich cyclodecapeptide from the antimicrobial tyrothricin complex. Biochimie 2020; 181:123-133. [PMID: 33333170 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tryptocidine C (TpcC, cyclo[D-Phe1-Pro2-Trp3-D-Trp4-Asn5-Gln6-Trp7-Val8-Orn9-Leu10]) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide in the tyrothricin complex produced by a soil bacterium, Brevibacillus parabrevis. Electrospray mass spectrometric studies reveal the oligomerisation of TpcC into dimers and higher oligomers, analogous to tyrocidine C (TrcC, Trp7 replaced by Tyr7). Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMMS) further confirms the formation of stable peptide dimers and tetramers with diameters of 2.7 nm and 3.3 nm, respectively, calculated from collisional cross section (CCS). Molecular dynamic simulations and docking studies support the formation of amphipathic dimers, with a diameter of 2.5 ± 0.07 nm calculated from low energy model CCS. Circular dichroism and IMMS studies point towards dynamic hydrogen-bonded conformational changes up to 28-33 μM after which the structures become more static (or in equilibrium). Fluorescence studies indicate aromatic stacking of Trp residues with a CMC of 18 μM in aqueous solutions. The concentration and time dependent interaction of Trp in oligomers indicate cooperativity in the TpcC oligomerisation that leads to the formation of higher order microscopic structures. Scanning electron microscopy studies unequivocally shows that TpcC forms nanospheres with a mean diameter of 25 nm. Repeated smaller oligomeric units, possibly dimers and tetramers, self-assemble to form these nanospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rautenbach
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - J Arnold Vosloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Yasamin Masoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Rosalind J van Wyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marietjie A Stander
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; LC-MS Unit of the Central Analytical Facility, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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