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Chua HM, Moshawih S, Kifli N, Goh HP, Ming LC. Insights into the computer-aided drug design and discovery based on anthraquinone scaffold for cancer treatment: A systematic review. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301396. [PMID: 38776291 PMCID: PMC11111074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the search for better anticancer drugs, computer-aided drug design (CADD) techniques play an indispensable role in facilitating the lengthy and costly drug discovery process especially when natural products are involved. Anthraquinone is one of the most widely-recognized natural products with anticancer properties. This review aimed to systematically assess and synthesize evidence on the utilization of CADD techniques centered on the anthraquinone scaffold for cancer treatment. METHODS The conduct and reporting of this review were done in accordance to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2020 guideline. The protocol was registered in the "International prospective register of systematic reviews" database (PROSPERO: CRD42023432904) and also published recently. The search strategy was designed based on the combination of concept 1 "CADD or virtual screening", concept 2 "anthraquinone" and concept 3 "cancer". The search was executed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and MedRxiv on 30 June 2023. RESULTS Databases searching retrieved a total of 317 records. After deduplication and applying the eligibility criteria, the final review ended up with 32 articles in which 3 articles were found by citation searching. The CADD methods used in the studies were either structure-based alone (69%) or combined with ligand-based methods via parallel (9%) or sequential (22%) approaches. Molecular docking was performed in all studies, with Glide and AutoDock being the most popular commercial and public software used respectively. Protein data bank was used in most studies to retrieve the crystal structure of the targets of interest while the main ligand databases were PubChem and Zinc. The utilization of in-silico techniques has enabled a deeper dive into the structural, biological and pharmacological properties of anthraquinone derivatives, revealing their remarkable anticancer properties in an all-rounded fashion. CONCLUSION By harnessing the power of computational tools and leveraging the natural diversity of anthraquinone compounds, researchers can expedite the development of better drugs to address the unmet medical needs in cancer treatment by improving the treatment outcome for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ming Chua
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Said Moshawih
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Nurolaini Kifli
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Hui Poh Goh
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Gupta D, Kumari R, Kumar M, Singh M, Rawat S, Ethayathulla AS, Kaur P. Influence of different pH milieu on the structure and function of human Aurora kinase B protein (AURK-B): Amalgamation of both spectroscopic and computational approach. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 312:124047. [PMID: 38394881 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Aurora kinase B (AURK-B) is a serine/threonine kinase protein that plays an essential role in chromosomal separation during the cell cycle event. AURK-B is highly expressed in various types of cancer such as human seminoma, thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), oral carcinoma, and gastric cancer. Hence, it is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of various cancers. The structure of AURK-B in complex with one of its substrate inner centromeric protein (INCENP) is present, but the structural and functional characterization of native AURK-B at different pH environment is still unexplored.This study determines the effect of different pH milieu on the structure and function of AURK-B protein wherein the influence of pH on the protein conformation was probed using Circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The structural studies were further combined with functional activity assay to observe the change in kinase activity at various pH milieu (2.0-11.0). CD and fluorescence spectroscopy experiments dictate that at high acidic conditions (pH 2.0 - 5.0), the secondary and tertiary structures of AURK-B become distorted, leading to diminished activity. The protein, however, was observed to stabilize towards pH 7.0 - 8.0 with minimal structure alteration over the basic pH range (pH 9.0 -11.0). The measured spectroscopic structural features were found to be in-line with obtained experimental kinase activity assays. Further, in-vitro experiments indicate that the enzyme is maximally active at pH 8.0. More ordered conformation and compact structure was observed at this pH (pH 8.0) as compared to other pH values through molecular dynamics simulation studies (MDS). As AURK-B localizes itself in the intracellular compartment, this study may provide a clue about the role of different pH environments in enhancing cancer growth, proliferation, and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Gupta
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India
| | - Renu Kumari
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India
| | - Shivani Rawat
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India
| | - A S Ethayathulla
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India.
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3
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Goswami N, Singh A, Bharadwaj S, Sahoo AK, Singh IK. Targeting neuroblastoma by small-molecule inhibitors of human ALYREF protein: mechanistic insights using molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1352-1367. [PMID: 37158061 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2204376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a tumour of the sympathetic nervous system mainly prevalent in children. Many strategies have been employed to target several drug-targetable proteins for the clinical management of neuroblastoma. However, the heterogeneous nature of neuroblastoma presents serious challenges in drug development for its treatment. Albeit numerous medications have been developed to target various signalling pathways in neuroblastoma, the redundant nature of the tumour pathways makes its suppression unsuccessful. Recently, the quest for neuroblastoma therapy resulted in the identification of human ALYREF, a nuclear protein that plays an essential role in tumour growth and progression. Therefore, this study used the structure-based drug discovery method to identify the putative inhibitors targeting ALYREF for the Neuroblastoma treatment. Herein, a library of 119 blood-brain barrier crossing small molecules from the ChEMBL database was downloaded and docked against the predicted binding pocket of the human ALYREF protein. Based on docking scores, the top four compounds were considered for intermolecular interactions and molecular dynamics simulation analysis, which revealed CHEMBL3752986 and CHEMBL3753744 with substantial affinity and stability with the ALYREF. These results were further supported by binding free energies and essential dynamics analysis of the respective complexes. Hence, this study advocates the sorted compounds targeting ALYREF for further in vitro and in vivo assessment to develop a drug against neuroblastoma.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Goswami
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Neuropharmacology and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Archana Singh
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shiv Bharadwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Amaresh Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Indrakant K Singh
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Delhi School of Public Health, Institute of Eminence, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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4
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Singh S, Maurya AK, Meena A, Mishra N, Luqman S. Myricetin 3-rhamnoside retards the proliferation of hormone-independent breast cancer cells by targeting hyaluronidase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37732353 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2256872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer-related death in women and the most often diagnosed malignancy. As the majority of chemotherapeutic medications are associated with recurrence, drug resistance, and side effects, scientists are shifting to beneficial agents for prevention and treatment, such as natural molecules. Myricetin 3-rhamnoside, a natural flavonol glycoside is known for diverse pharmacological activities but fewer reports describe the antiproliferative ability. The study aims to investigate the antiproliferative efficacy and target [hyaluronidase (HYAL) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), two poor breast cancer prognostic markers] modulatory potential of myricetin 3-rhamnoside on breast cancer cell lines using cytotoxicity assays and in silico docking, molecular dynamics analysis, cell-free and cell-based test methods. Myricetin 3-rhamnoside significantly retard the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells in SRB (IC50 88.64 ± 7.14 µM) and MTT (56.26 ± 8.50 µM) assay. It suppressed the transition of cells to the S-phase by inducing arrest in the G0/G1 phase with a fold change of 1.10. It shows robust binding interaction with ODC (-7.90 kcal/mol) and HYAL (-9.46 kcal/mol) and inhibits ODC (15.22 ± 2.61 µM) and HYAL (11.92 ± 2.89 µM) activity, but in a cell-based assay, the prominent response was observed against HYAL (21.46 ± 4.03 µM). Besides, it shows a 1.38 fold-down regulation of HYAL and forms a stable complex with HYAL. The binding pocket for myricetin 3-rhamnoside and the simulation pocket during the simulation are identical, indicating that myricetin 3-rhamnoside is actively blocking hyaluronidase. The computational prediction suggests it is a safe molecule. These observations imply that myricetin 3-rhamnoside could be used as a pharmacophore to design and synthesize a novel and safe agent for managing hormone-independent breast cancer.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Singh
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Maurya
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Abha Meena
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Suaib Luqman
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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5
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Singh M, Haque MA, Tikhomirov AS, Shchekotikhin AE, Das U, Kaur P. Computational and Biophysical Characterization of Heterocyclic Derivatives of Anthraquinone against Human Aurora Kinase A. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:39603-39618. [PMID: 36385832 PMCID: PMC9647706 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human Aurora kinase A (AurA) has recently garnered the attention of researchers worldwide as a promising effective mitotic drug target for its involvement in cancer and related inflammatory anomalies. This study has explored the binding affinity of newly identified heteroarene-fused anthraquinone derivatives against AurA. Molecular docking analyses showed that all the heteroanthraquinone compounds bind to AurA with different affinities. Molecular dynamics simulation studies revealed that the compounds maintained relatively stable binding modes in the active site pocket while inducing minimal conformational changes in the AurA structure, interacting with key residues through several noncovalent interactions, including hydrogen bonds. Fluorescence spectroscopy and biolayer interferometry binding assays with synthesized compounds against recombinantly expressed AurA further verified their binding efficacy. Naphthoisatine 3 proved to be the best binder, with compounds anthraimidazole 5 and anthrathiophene 2 showing comparable results. Overall, this study indicates decent binding of heterocyclic derivatives of anthraquinone with the target AurA, which can further be assessed by performing enzymatic assays and cellular studies. The studies also highlight the applicability of the heteroarene-fused anthraquinone scaffold to construct selective and potent inhibitors of Aurora kinases after necessary structural modifications for the development of new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Singh
- Department
of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi110029, India
| | - Md. Anzarul Haque
- Department
of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi110029, India
| | | | | | - Uddipan Das
- Department
of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi110029, India
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department
of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi110029, India
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6
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Tikhomirov AS, Tsvetkov VB, Volodina YL, Litvinova VA, Andreeva DV, Dezhenkova LG, Kaluzhny DN, Treshalin ID, Shtil AA, Shchekotikhin AE. Heterocyclic ring expansion yields anthraquinone derivatives potent against multidrug resistant tumor cells. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:105925. [PMID: 35728293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modifications of anthraquiones are aimed at novel derivatives with improved antitumor properties. Emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) due to overexpression of transmembrane ATP binding cassette transporters, in particular, MDR1/P-glycoprotein (Pgp), can limit the use of anthraquinone based drugs. Previously we have demonstrated that annelation of modified five-membered heterocyclic rings with the anthraquinone core yielded a series of compounds with optimized antitumor properties. In the present study we synthesized a series of anthraquinone derivatives with six-membered heterocycles. Selected new compounds showed the ability to kill parental and MDR tumor cell lines at low micromolar concentrations. Molecular docking into the human Pgp model revealed a stronger interaction of 2-methylnaphtho[2,3-g]quinoline-3-carboxamide 17 compared to naphtho[2,3-f]indole-3-carboxamide 3. The time course of intracellular accumulation of compound 17 in parental K562 leukemia cells and in Pgp-positive K562/4 subline was similar. In contrast, compound 3 was readily effluxed from K562/4 cells and was significantly less potent for this subline than for K562 cells. Together with reported strategies of drug optimization of the anthracycline core, these results add ring expansion to the list of perspective modifications of heteroarene-fused anthraquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir B Tsvetkov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8/2 Trubetskaya Street, 119146 Moscow, Russia; A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Avenue, 117912 Moscow, Russia; Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a M. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Yulia L Volodina
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119021, Russia; Blokhin Cancer Center, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Valeria A Litvinova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119021, Russia
| | - Daria V Andreeva
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119021, Russia
| | - Lyubov G Dezhenkova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119021, Russia
| | - Dmitry N Kaluzhny
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, 11991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan D Treshalin
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119021, Russia
| | - Alexander A Shtil
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119021, Russia; Blokhin Cancer Center, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia
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7
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Gupta D, Kumar M, Singh M, Salman M, Das U, Kaur P. Identification of polypharmacological anticancerous molecules against Aurora kinase family of proteins. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:719-735. [PMID: 35040172 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Human Aurora Kinase (AURK) protein family is the key player of cell cycle events including spindle assembly, kinetochore formation, chromosomal segregation, centrosome separation, microtubule dynamics, and cytokinesis. Their aberrant expression has been extensively linked with chromosomal instability in addition to derangement of multiple tumor suppressors and oncoprotein regulated pathways. Therefore, the AURK family of kinases is a promising target for the treatment of various types of cancer. Over the past few decades, several potential inhibitors of AURK proteins have been identified and have reached various phases of clinical trials. But very few molecules have currently crossed the safety criteria due to their various toxic side effects. In the present study, we have adopted a computational polypharmacological strategy and identified four novel molecules that can target all three AURKs. These molecules were further investigated for their binding stabilities at the ATP binding pocket using molecular dynamics based simulation studies. The molecules selected adopting a multipronged computational approach can be considered as potential AURKs inhibitors for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Gupta
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Salman
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Uddipan Das
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Krymov SK, Scherbakov AM, Salnikova DI, Sorokin DV, Dezhenkova LG, Ivanov IV, Vullo D, De Luca V, Capasso C, Supuran CT, Shchekotikhin AE. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico studies of potential activators of apoptosis and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on isatin-5-sulfonamide scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 228:113997. [PMID: 34902732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX is a promising target for the search for new antitumor compounds with improved properties. Using the molecular hybridization approach, on the basis of structures of a selective carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitor 3 and an activator of apoptosis 2 (1), a series of 1-substituted isatin-5-sulfonamides 5a-5u were designed and synthesized. The study of the inhibitory activity of isatin-5-sulfonamides showed the ability to inhibit I, II, IX, XII isoforms at nano- and micromolar concentrations. Docking of compounds 5e and 5k into the active site of II and IX carbonic anhydrase isoforms showed the coordination of sulfonamidate anions with zinc cations, as well as a number of additional hydrophobic interactions. The trifluoromethylthio derivative 5r suppressed the growth of tumor cells at low micromolar concentrations, maintaining activity on resistant lines and under hypoxic conditions. Immunoblotting of MCF7 cells treated with the 5r revealed its antiestrogenic activity and ability to activate apoptosis in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan K Krymov
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow, 119021, Russia
| | - Alexander M Scherbakov
- Blokhin National Medical Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Diana I Salnikova
- Blokhin National Medical Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Danila V Sorokin
- Blokhin National Medical Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Lyubov G Dezhenkova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow, 119021, Russia
| | - Ivan V Ivanov
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow, 119021, Russia
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Viviana De Luca
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Volodina YL, Tikhomirov AS, Dezhenkova LG, Ramonova AA, Kononova AV, Andreeva DV, Kaluzhny DN, Schols D, Moisenovich MM, Shchekotikhin AE, Shtil AA. Thiophene-2-carboxamide derivatives of anthraquinone: A new potent antitumor chemotype. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113521. [PMID: 34082225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The anthraquinone scaffold has long been known as a source of efficacious antitumor drugs. In particular, the various chemical modifications of the side chains in this scaffold have yielded the compounds potent for the wild type tumor cells, their counterparts with molecular determinants of altered drug response, as well as in vivo settings. Further exploring the chemotype of anticancer heteroarene-fused anthraquinones, we herein demonstrate that derivative of anthra[2,3-b]thiophene-2-carboxamide, (compound 8) is highly potent against a panel of human tumor cell lines and their drug resistant variants. Treatment with submicromolar or low micromolar concentrations of 8 for only 30 min was sufficient to trigger lethal damage of K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Compound 8 (2.5 μM, 3-6 h) induced an apoptotic cell death as determined by concomitant activation of caspases 3 and 9, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, increase of Annexin V/propidium iodide double stained cells, DNA fragmentation (subG1 fraction) and a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential. Neither a significant interaction with double stranded DNA nor strong inhibition of the DNA dependent enzyme topoisomerase 1 by 8 were detectable in cell free systems. Laser scanning confocal microscopy revealed that some amount of 8 was detectable in mitochondria as early as 5 min after the addition to the cells; exposure for 1 h caused significant morphological changes and clustering of mitochondria. The bioisosteric analog 2 in which the thiophene ring was replaced with furan was less active although the patterns of cytotoxicity of both derivatives were similar. These results point at the specific role of the sulfur atom in the antitumor properties of carboxamide derivatives of heteroarene-fused anthraquinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia L Volodina
- Blokhin Cancer Center, 24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow, 115478, Russia; Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow, 119021, Russia
| | | | - Lyubov G Dezhenkova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow, 119021, Russia
| | - Alla A Ramonova
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Kononova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2 B. Pirogovskaya Street Bld.4, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Daria V Andreeva
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow, 119021, Russia
| | - Dmitry N Kaluzhny
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Alexander A Shtil
- Blokhin Cancer Center, 24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow, 115478, Russia; Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow, 119021, Russia
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