CD151 enrichment in exosomes of luminal androgen receptor breast cancer cell line contributes to cell invasion

An updated review on the development of a nanomaterial-based field-effect transistor-type biosensors to detect exosomes for cancer diagnosis

Cancer, a life-threatening genetic disease caused by abnormalities in normal cell growth regulatory functions, poses a significant challenge that current medical technologies cannot fully overcome. The current desired breakthrough is to diagnose cancer as early as possible and increase survival rates through treatments tailored to the prognosis and appropriate follow-up. From a perspective that reflects this contemporary paradigm of cancer diagnostics, exosomes are emerging as promising biomarkers. Exosomes, serving as mobile biological information repositories of cancer cells, have been known to create a microtumor environment in surrounding cells, and significant insight into the clinical significance of cancer diagnosis targeting them has been reported. Therefore, there are growing interests in constructing a system that enables continuous screening with a focus on patient-friendly and flexible diagnosis, aiming to improve cancer screening rates through exosome detection. This review focuses on a proposed exosome-embedded biological information-detecting platform employing a field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensor that leverages portability, cost-effectiveness, and rapidity to minimize the stages of sacrifice attributable to cancer. The FET-applied biosensing technique, stemming from variations in an electric field, is considered an early detection system, offering high sensitivity and a prompt response frequency for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of biomolecules. Hence, an in-depth discussion was conducted on the understanding of various exosome-based cancer biomarkers and the clinical significance of recent studies on FET-based biosensors applying them.

Advancements and challenges in triple-negative breast cancer: a comprehensive review of therapeutic and diagnostic strategies

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) poses significant challenges in oncology due to its aggressive nature, limited treatment options, and poorer prognosis compared to other breast cancer subtypes. This comprehensive review examines the therapeutic and diagnostic landscape of TNBC, highlighting current strategies, emerging therapies, and future directions. Targeted therapies, including PARP inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and EGFR inhibitors, hold promise for personalized treatment approaches. Challenges in identifying novel targets, exploring combination therapies, and developing predictive biomarkers must be addressed to optimize targeted therapy in TNBC. Immunotherapy represents a transformative approach in TNBC treatment, yet challenges in biomarker identification, combination strategies, and overcoming resistance persist. Precision medicine approaches offer opportunities for tailored treatment based on tumor biology, but integration of multi-omics data and clinical implementation present challenges requiring innovative solutions. Despite these challenges, ongoing research efforts and collaborative initiatives offer hope for improving outcomes and advancing treatment strategies in TNBC. By addressing the complexities of TNBC biology and developing effective therapeutic approaches, personalized treatments can be realized, ultimately enhancing the lives of TNBC patients. Continued research, clinical trials, and interdisciplinary collaborations are essential for realizing this vision and making meaningful progress in TNBC management.

CCAAT enhancer binding protein delta activates vesicle associated membrane protein 3 transcription to enhance chemoresistance and extracellular PD-L1 expression in triple-negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Chemoresistance and immunosuppression are two major obstacles in the current anti-cancer treatments. This study investigates the involvements of a CCAAT enhancer binding protein delta (CEBPD)/vesicle associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3) axis in paclitaxel (PTX) resistance and immune evasion in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

METHODS

PTX resistance-related genes were screened by bioinformatics. CEBPD and VAMP3 expression in clinical TNBC samples was examined by immunohistochemistry. Three PTX-resistant TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231/PTX, MDA-MB-468/PTX and MDA-MB-453/PTX) were generated, and their drug resistance was analyzed. Autophagy of cells was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Interaction between CEBPD and VAMP3 promoter was identified by immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays. The extracellular expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in TNBC cells was detected. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from TNBC cells were isolated to examine their effects on CD8+ T cell exhaustion.

RESULTS

CEBPD and VAMP3 were upregulated in chemo-resistant tissue samples and in PTX-resistant TNBC cells. The CEBPD downregulation enhanced PTX sensitivity of cells. However, further upregulation of VAMP3 in cells restored PTX resistance, which was likely due to the activation of autophagy, as the autophagy antagonist chloroquine enhanced PTX sensitivity of cells. CEBPD was found to bind to the VAMP3 promoter to activate its transcription. The CEBPD/VAMP3 axis also increased the PD-L1 expression in the conditioned medium of TNBC cells. The TNBC cell-derived EVs increased the exhaustion of co-cultured CD8+ T cells.

CONCLUSION

This study provides novel evidence that CEBPD plays a key role in enhancing PTX resistance in TNBC cells across various subtypes through VAMP3-mediated autophagy activation. Additionally, the CEBPD/VAMP3 axis also increases extracellular PD-L1 level, delivered by cancer cell-derived EVs, to suppress CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune response. These significant observations may provide new insights into the treatment of TNBC, suggesting CEBPD and VAMP3 as promising targets to overcome treatment resistance.

Exploring the role of CD151 in the tumor immune microenvironment: Therapeutic and clinical perspectives

CD151 is a transmembrane protein implicated in tumor progression and has been shown to regulate various cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to malignancy. More recently, the role of CD151 in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has gained attention as a potential target for cancer therapy. This review aims to explore the role of CD151 in the TIME, focusing on the therapeutic and clinical perspectives. The role of CD151 in regulating the interactions between tumor cells and the immune system will be discussed, along with the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions. The current state of the development of CD151-targeted therapies and the potential clinical applications of these therapies will also be reviewed. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the role of CD151 in the TIME and highlights the potential of CD151 as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment.

Proteomic profiling and ROC analysis identify CD151 and ELAVL1 as potential therapy response markers for the antiviral drug in resistant TNBC

Triple-negative breast cancer is high heterogeneous, aggressive, and metastatic with poor prognosis. Despite of advances in targeted therapies, TNBC has been reported to cause high morbidity and mortality. A rare subpopulation within the tumor microenvironment organized into a hierarchy of cancer stem cells is responsible for therapy resistance and tumor recurrence. Repurposing of antiviral drugs for cancer treatment is gaining momentum due to reduced cost, labour, and research time, but limited due to lack of prognostic, and predictive markers. The present study investigates proteomic profiling and ROC analysis to identify CD151 and ELAVL1 as potential therapy response markers for the antiviral drug 2-thio-6-azauridine (TAU) in resistant TNBC. The stemness of MDA-MB 231 and MDA-MD 468 adherent cells was enriched by culturing them under non-adherent and non-differentiation conditions. Then, CD151⁺ subpopulation was isolated and characterized for the enrichment of stemness. This study found that CD151 has overexpressed in stemness enriched subpopulations, and also showed CD44 high and CD24 low expression along with stem cell-related transcription factors octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) and Sex determining Y-box 2 (SOX2). This study also found that TAU induced significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in the CD151⁺TNBC subpopulation and inhibited their proliferation by inducing DNA damage, cell cycle arrest at the G₂M phase, and apoptosis. Further, a proteomic profiling study showed that the expression of CD151 along with ELAVL1, an RNA-binding protein, was significantly reduced with TAU treatment. KM plotter showed correlation of CD151 and ELAVL1 gene expression with a poor prognosis of TNBC. ROC analysis predicted and validated CD151 and ELAVL1 as best therapy response marker for TAU in TNBC. These findings provide new insight into repurposing antiviral drug TAU for treatment of metastatic and drug resistant TNBC.

Luminal androgen receptor (LAR) subtype of triple-negative breast cancer: molecular, morphological, and clinical features

According to the classification presented by Lehmann BD (2016), triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors with four specific subtypes: basal-like (subtype 1 and subtype 2), mesenchymal, and luminal androgen receptor (LAR) subtypes. The basal-like subtypes of carcinomas predominate in this group, accounting for up to 80% of all cases. Despite the significantly lower proportions of mesenchymal and LAR variants in the group of breast carcinomas with a TNBC profile, such tumors are characterized by aggressive biological behavior. To this end, the LAR subtype is of particular interest, since the literature on such tumors presents different and even contradictory data concerning the disease course and prognosis. This review is devoted to the analysis of the relevant literature, reflecting the main results of studies on the molecular properties and clinical features of the disease course of LAR-type TNBC carcinomas.