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Afsar A, Zhang L. Putative Molecular Mechanisms Underpinning the Inverse Roles of Mitochondrial Respiration and Heme Function in Lung Cancer and Alzheimer's Disease. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:185. [PMID: 38534454 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondria serve as the major source of oxidative stress. Impaired mitochondria produce less adenosine triphosphate (ATP) but generate more reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could be a major factor in the oxidative imbalance observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Well-balanced mitochondrial respiration is important for the proper functioning of cells and human health. Indeed, recent research has shown that elevated mitochondrial respiration underlies the development and therapy resistance of many types of cancer, whereas diminished mitochondrial respiration is linked to the pathogenesis of AD. Mitochondria govern several activities that are known to be changed in lung cancer, the largest cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Because of the significant dependence of lung cancer cells on mitochondrial respiration, numerous studies demonstrated that blocking mitochondrial activity is a potent strategy to treat lung cancer. Heme is a central factor in mitochondrial respiration/oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and its association with cancer is the subject of increased research in recent years. In neural cells, heme is a key component in mitochondrial respiration and the production of ATP. Here, we review the role of impaired heme metabolism in the etiology of AD. We discuss the numerous mitochondrial effects that may contribute to AD and cancer. In addition to emphasizing the significance of heme in the development of both AD and cancer, this review also identifies some possible biological connections between the development of the two diseases. This review explores shared biological mechanisms (Pin1, Wnt, and p53 signaling) in cancer and AD. In cancer, these mechanisms drive cell proliferation and tumorigenic functions, while in AD, they lead to cell death. Understanding these mechanisms may help advance treatments for both conditions. This review discusses precise information regarding common risk factors, such as aging, obesity, diabetes, and tobacco usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Afsar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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Zhang M, Yang F, Feng Q, Ou Y, Zhang J, Wan H, Cao H, Ning P. Comparison of the efficacy of fish oil and probiotic supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:25. [PMID: 38254166 PMCID: PMC10804729 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-024-01266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism contribute to the progression and exacerbation of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Fish oil and probiotics are dietary supplements that have the potential to improve glucose and lipid metabolism. However, their efficacy remains unclear in T2DM patients. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were retrieved to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the efficacy of fish oil or probiotic supplementation in T2DM patients from the database inception to December 13, 2023. Primary outcome indicators encompassed glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and blood lipid profile (triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC). Secondary outcome indicators included inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor -α (TNF-α) and adipocytokine (including leptin and adiponectin). The R software was used for statistical analysis, and GraphPad Prism was used for figure rendering. RESULTS A total of 60 RCTs involving 3845 T2DM patients were included in the analysis. The results showed that the probiotics (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Propionibacterium, etc.) were more effective in reducing HOMA-IR than fish oil (Surca = 0.935). Bifidobacterium demonstrated the highest efficacy in reducing HbA1c levels (Surca = 0.963). Regarding lipid metabolism, fish oil was superior to probiotics in lowering TG and TC levels (Surca values of 0.978 and 0.902, respectively). Furthermore, fish oil outperformed probiotics in reducing TNF-α (Surca = 0.839) and leptin (Surca = 0.712), and increasing adiponectin levels (Surca = 0.742). Node-splitting analysis showed good consistency (P > 0.05 for direct, indirect, and network comparison across various interventions). CONCLUSIONS In T2DM patients, fish oil was more effective than probiotics in regulating lipid metabolism. Probiotics outperformed fish oil in regulating glucose metabolism particularly; specifically, Bifidobacterium showed higher efficacy in reducing blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiu Feng
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanghong Ou
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiyan Wan
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyi Cao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Ning
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu, China.
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Fan X, Qin R, Yuan W, Fan JS, Huang W, Lin Z. The solution structure of human leptin reveals a conformational plasticity important for receptor recognition. Structure 2024; 32:18-23.e2. [PMID: 37924810 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is a multi-potency cytokine that regulates various physiological functions, including weight control and energy homeostasis. Signaling of leptin is also important in many aging-related diseases. Leptin is required for the noncovalent crosslinking of different extracellular domains of leptin receptors, which is critical for receptor activation and downstream signaling. Nevertheless, the structure of intact apo-form leptin and the structural transition leptin undergoes upon receptor binding are not fully understood yet. Here, we determined the monomeric structure of wild-type human leptin by solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Leptin contains an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) in the internal A-B loop and the flexible helix E in the C-D loop, both of which undergo substantial local structural changes when leptin binds to its receptor. Our findings provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms of leptin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ruiqi Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wensu Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jing-Song Fan
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Weidong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China.
| | - Zhi Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Costache AD, Ignat BE, Grosu C, Mastaleru A, Abdulan I, Oancea A, Roca M, Leon MM, Badescu MC, Luca S, Jigoranu AR, Chetran A, Mitu O, Costache II, Mitu F. Inflammatory Pathways in Overweight and Obese Persons as a Potential Mechanism for Cognitive Impairment and Earlier Onset Alzeihmer's Dementia in the General Population: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3233. [PMID: 38137454 PMCID: PMC10741501 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The overweight status or obesity can be confirmed through classical methods such as the body mass index (BMI) and the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Apart from metabolic issues such as atherosclerosis, liver steatosis, or diabetes mellitus, long-term obesity or overweight status can pose a risk for cardiovascular and neurovascular complications. While some acute adverse events like coronary syndromes of strokes are well-documented to be linked to an increased body mass, there are also chronic processes that, due to their silent onset and evolution, are underdiagnosed and not as thoroughly studied. Through this review, we aimed to collect all relevant data with regard to the long-term impact of obesity on cognitive function in all ages and its correlation with an earlier onset of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The exact mechanisms through which a decline in cognitive functions occurs in overweight or obese persons are still being discussed. A combination of factors has been acknowledged as potential triggers, such as a sedentary lifestyle and stress, as well as a genetic predisposition, for example, the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) alleles in AD. Most research highlights the impact of vascular dysfunction and systemic inflammation on the nervous system in patients with obesity and the subsequent neurological changes. Obesity during the early to mid-ages leads to an earlier onset of cognitive dysfunction in various forms. Also, lifestyle intervention can reverse cognitive dysfunction, especially dieting, to encourage weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Dan Costache
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (I.A.); (A.O.); (M.R.); (M.M.L.); (M.C.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.J.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (I.I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Emilian Ignat
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (I.A.); (A.O.); (M.R.); (M.M.L.); (M.C.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.J.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (I.I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Grosu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (I.A.); (A.O.); (M.R.); (M.M.L.); (M.C.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.J.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (I.I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Mastaleru
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (I.A.); (A.O.); (M.R.); (M.M.L.); (M.C.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.J.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (I.I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Abdulan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (I.A.); (A.O.); (M.R.); (M.M.L.); (M.C.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.J.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (I.I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andra Oancea
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (I.A.); (A.O.); (M.R.); (M.M.L.); (M.C.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.J.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (I.I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Roca
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (I.A.); (A.O.); (M.R.); (M.M.L.); (M.C.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.J.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (I.I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Maria Magdalena Leon
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (I.A.); (A.O.); (M.R.); (M.M.L.); (M.C.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.J.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (I.I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Minerva Codruta Badescu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (I.A.); (A.O.); (M.R.); (M.M.L.); (M.C.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.J.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (I.I.C.); (F.M.)
- “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Stefana Luca
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (I.A.); (A.O.); (M.R.); (M.M.L.); (M.C.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.J.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (I.I.C.); (F.M.)
- “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Raul Jigoranu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (I.A.); (A.O.); (M.R.); (M.M.L.); (M.C.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.J.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (I.I.C.); (F.M.)
- “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Adriana Chetran
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (I.A.); (A.O.); (M.R.); (M.M.L.); (M.C.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.J.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (I.I.C.); (F.M.)
- “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Mitu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (I.A.); (A.O.); (M.R.); (M.M.L.); (M.C.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.J.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (I.I.C.); (F.M.)
- “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Iuliana Costache
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (I.A.); (A.O.); (M.R.); (M.M.L.); (M.C.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.J.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (I.I.C.); (F.M.)
- “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Florin Mitu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (I.A.); (A.O.); (M.R.); (M.M.L.); (M.C.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.J.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (I.I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
- Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences, 927180 Bucharest, Romania
- Romanian Academy of Scientists, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
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Fan X, Qin R, Yuan W, Fan JS, Lin Z. Chemical shift assignments of wildtype human leptin. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2023; 17:265-268. [PMID: 37796383 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-023-10153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipose tissue-expressed 16-kDa hormone encoded by the ob/ob gene. It serves a crucial role in regulating diverse physiological processes, including body weight control, energy homeostasis regulation, promotion of cell proliferation, and more. Emerging research has also revealed potential implications of leptin in various aging-related diseases, suggesting multifaceted physiological roles of leptin. Structural investigation of wild-type leptin in apo form is of particular importance to understand its conformational plasticity for receptor interaction and recognition. Here, we report backbone and side-chain resonance assignments of wild-type human leptin as a basis for structural and functional studies on leptin-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ruiqi Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wensu Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jing-Song Fan
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Zhi Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Ding Y, Deng Q, Yang M, Niu H, Wang Z, Xia S. Clinical Classification of Obesity and Implications for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Treatment. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:3303-3329. [PMID: 37905232 PMCID: PMC10613411 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s431251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity,and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) have reached epidemic proportions globally. Obesity and MAFLD frequently coexist and act synergistically to increase the risk of adverse clinical outcomes (both hepatic and extrahepatic). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most important risk factor for rapid progression of steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis. Conversely, the later stages of MAFLD are associated with an increased risk of T2DM incident. According to the proposed criteria, MAFLD is diagnosed in patients with liver steatosis and in at least one in three: overweight or obese, T2DM, or signs of metabolic dysregulation if they are of normal weight. However, the clinical classification and correlation between obesity and MAFLD is more complex than expected. In addition, treatment for obesity and MAFLD are associated with a reduced risk of T2DM, suggesting that liver-based treatments could reduce the risk of developing T2DM. This review describes the clinical classification of obesity and MAFLD, discusses the clinical features of various types of obesity and MAFLD, emphasizes the role of visceral obesity and insulin resistance (IR) in the development of MAFLD,and summarizes the existing treatments for obesity and MAFLD that reduce the risk of developing T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatic Fibrosis and Molecular Diagnosis & Treatment, Tianjin, 300162, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanjun Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatic Fibrosis and Molecular Diagnosis & Treatment, Tianjin, 300162, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatic Fibrosis and Molecular Diagnosis & Treatment, Tianjin, 300162, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatic Fibrosis and Molecular Diagnosis & Treatment, Tianjin, 300162, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuoyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatic Fibrosis and Molecular Diagnosis & Treatment, Tianjin, 300162, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihai Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatic Fibrosis and Molecular Diagnosis & Treatment, Tianjin, 300162, People’s Republic of China
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