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OpenEP: an open-source simulator for electroporation-based tumor treatments. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1423. [PMID: 33446750 PMCID: PMC7809294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation (EP), the increase of cell membrane permeability due to the application of electric pulses, is a universal phenomenon with a broad range of applications. In medicine, some of the foremost EP-based tumor treatments are electrochemotherapy (ECT), irreversible electroporation, and gene electrotransfer (GET). The electroporation phenomenon is explained as the formation of cell membrane pores when a transmembrane cell voltage reaches a threshold value. Predicting the outcome of an EP-based tumor treatment consists of finding the electric field distribution with an electric threshold value covering the tumor (electroporated tissue). Threshold and electroporated tissue are also a function of the number of pulses, constituting a complex phenomenon requiring mathematical modeling. We present OpenEP, an open-source specific purpose simulator for EP-based tumor treatments, modeling among other variables, threshold, and electroporated tissue variations in time. Distributed under a free/libre user license, OpenEP allows the customization of tissue type; electrode geometry and material; pulse type, intensity, length, and frequency. OpenEP facilitates the prediction of an optimal EP-based protocol, such as ECT or GET, defined as the critical pulse dosage yielding maximum electroporated tissue with minimal damage. OpenEP displays a highly efficient shared memory implementation by taking advantage of parallel resources; this permits a rapid prediction of optimal EP-based treatment efficiency by pulse number tuning.
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Mokhtare A, Shiv Krishna Reddy M, Roodan VA, Furlani EP, Abbaspourrad A. The role of pH fronts, chlorination and physicochemical reactions in tumor necrosis in the electrochemical treatment of tumors: A numerical study. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Molecular and histological study on the effects of electrolytic electroporation on the liver. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 125:79-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Goldberg E, Suárez C, Alfonso M, Marchese J, Soba A, Marshall G. Cell membrane electroporation modeling: A multiphysics approach. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 124:28-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Taqieddin A, Allshouse MR, Alshawabkeh AN. Review-Mathematical Formulations of Electrochemically Gas-Evolving Systems. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018; 165:E694-E711. [PMID: 30542215 PMCID: PMC6287757 DOI: 10.1149/2.0791813jes] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically gas-evolving systems are utilized in alkaline water electrolysis, hydrogen production, and many other applications. To design and optimize these systems, high-fidelity models must account for electron-transfer, chemical reactions, thermodynamics, electrode porosity, and hydrodynamics as well as the interconnectedness of these phenomena. Further complicating these models is the production and presence of bubbles. Bubble nucleation naturally occurs due to the chemical reactions and impacts the reaction rate. Modeling bubble growth requires an accurate accounting of interfacial mass transfer. When the bubble becomes large, detachment occurs and the system is modeled as a two-phase flow where the bubbles can then impact material transport in the bulk. In this paper, we review the governing mathematical models of the physicochemical life cycle of a bubble in an electrolytic medium from a multiscale, multiphysics viewpoint. For each phase of the bubble life cycle, the prevailing mathematical formulations are reviewed and compared with particular attention paid to physicochemical processes and the impact the bubble. Through the review of a broad range of models, we provide a compilation of the current state of bubble modeling in electrochemically gas-evolving systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Taqieddin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Michael R. Allshouse
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Akram N. Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Phillips M, Krishnan H, Raju N, Rubinsky B. Tissue Ablation by a Synergistic Combination of Electroporation and Electrolysis Delivered by a Single Pulse. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:3144-3154. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1624-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Synergistic Combination of Electrolysis and Electroporation for Tissue Ablation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148317. [PMID: 26866693 PMCID: PMC4750947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrolysis, electrochemotherapy with reversible electroporation, nanosecond pulsed electric fields and irreversible electroporation are valuable non-thermal electricity based tissue ablation technologies. This paper reports results from the first large animal study of a new non-thermal tissue ablation technology that employs "Synergistic electrolysis and electroporation" (SEE). The goal of this pre-clinical study is to expand on earlier studies with small animals and use the pig liver to establish SEE treatment parameters of clinical utility. We examined two SEE methods. One of the methods employs multiple electrochemotherapy-type reversible electroporation magnitude pulses, designed in such a way that the charge delivered during the electroporation pulses generates the electrolytic products. The second SEE method combines the delivery of a small number of electrochemotherapy magnitude electroporation pulses with a low voltage electrolysis generating DC current in three different ways. We show that both methods can produce lesion with dimensions of clinical utility, without the need to inject drugs as in electrochemotherapy, faster than with conventional electrolysis and with lower electric fields than irreversible electroporation and nanosecond pulsed ablation.
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Song B, Wen P, Ahfock T, Li Y. Numeric Investigation of Brain Tumor Influence on the Current Distributions During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 63:176-87. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2468672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Luján E, Schinca H, Olaiz N, Urquiza S, Molina F, Turjanski P, Marshall G. Optimal dose-response relationship in electrolytic ablation of tumors with a one-probe-two-electrode device. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Phillips M, Rubinsky L, Meir A, Raju N, Rubinsky B. Combining Electrolysis and Electroporation for Tissue Ablation. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2014; 14:395-410. [PMID: 25416745 DOI: 10.1177/1533034614560102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrolytic ablation is a method that operates by delivering low magnitude direct current to the target region over long periods of time, generating electrolytic products that destroy cells. This study was designed to explore the hypothesis stating that electrolytic ablation can be made more effective when the electrolysis-producing electric charges are delivered using electric pulses with field strength typical in reversible electroporation protocols. (For brevity we will refer to tissue ablation protocols that combine electroporation and electrolysis as E(2).) The mechanistic explanation of this hypothesis is related to the idea that products of electrolysis generated by E(2) protocols can gain access to the interior of the cell through the electroporation permeabilized cell membrane and therefore cause more effective cell death than from the exterior of an intact cell. The goal of this study is to provide a first-order examination of this hypothesis by comparing the charge dosage required to cause a comparable level of damage to a rat liver, in vivo, when using either conventional electrolysis or E(2) approaches. Our results show that E(2) protocols produce tissue damage that is consistent with electrolytic ablation. Furthermore, E(2) protocols cause damage comparable to that produced by conventional electrolytic protocols while delivering orders of magnitude less charge to the target tissue over much shorter periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Phillips
- Department of Engineering, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, USA
| | - Liel Rubinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Arie Meir
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Narayan Raju
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Inc, Hayward, CA, USA
| | - Boris Rubinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA Graduate Program in Biophysics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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The role of pH fronts in tissue electroporation based treatments. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80167. [PMID: 24278257 PMCID: PMC3836965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatments based on electroporation (EP) induce the formation of pores in cell membranes due to the application of pulsed electric fields. We present experimental evidence of the existence of pH fronts emerging from both electrodes during treatments based on tissue EP, for conditions found in many studies, and that these fronts are immediate and substantial. pH fronts are indirectly measured through the evanescence time (ET), defined as the time required for the tissue buffer to neutralize them. The ET was measured through a pH indicator imaged at a series of time intervals using a four-cluster hard fuzzy-c-means algorithm to segment pixels corresponding to the pH indicator at every frame. The ET was calculated as the time during which the number of pixels was 10% of those in the initial frame. While in EP-based treatments such as reversible (ECT) and irreversible electroporation (IRE) the ET is very short (though enough to cause minor injuries) due to electric pulse characteristics and biological buffers present in the tissue, in gene electrotransfer (GET), ET is much longer, enough to denaturate plasmids and produce cell damage. When any of the electric pulse parameters is doubled or tripled the ET grows and, remarkably, when any of the pulse parameters in GET is halved, the ET drops significantly. Reducing pH fronts has relevant implications for GET treatment efficiency, due to a substantial reduction of plasmid damage and cell loss.
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Ciria HMC, González MM, Zamora LO, Cabrales LEB, Sierra González GV, de Oliveira LO, Zanella R, Buzaid AC, Parise O, Brito LM, Teixeira CAA, Gomes MDN, Moreno G, Feo da Veiga V, Telló M, Holandino C. Antitumor effects of electrochemical treatment. Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 25:223-34. [PMID: 23592904 PMCID: PMC3626978 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2013.03.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical treatment is an alternative modality for tumor treatment based on the application of a low intensity direct electric current to the tumor tissue through two or more platinum electrodes placed within the tumor zone or in the surrounding areas. This treatment is noted for its great effectiveness, minimal invasiveness and local effect. Several studies have been conducted worldwide to evaluate the antitumoral effect of this therapy. In all these studies a variety of biochemical and physiological responses of tumors to the applied treatment have been obtained. By this reason, researchers have suggested various mechanisms to explain how direct electric current destroys tumor cells. Although, it is generally accepted this treatment induces electrolysis, electroosmosis and electroporation in tumoral tissues. However, action mechanism of this alternative modality on the tumor tissue is not well understood. Although the principle of Electrochemical treatment is simple, a standardized method is not yet available. The mechanism by which Electrochemical treatment affects tumor growth and survival may represent more complex process. The present work analyzes the latest and most important research done on the electrochemical treatment of tumors. We conclude with our point of view about the destruction mechanism features of this alternative therapy. Also, we suggest some mechanisms and strategies from the thermodynamic point of view for this therapy. In the area of Electrochemical treatment of cancer this tool has been exploited very little and much work remains to be done. Electrochemical treatment constitutes a good therapeutic option for patients that have failed the conventional oncology methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Manuel Camué Ciria
- Research Department, National Centre of Applied Electromagnetism, Oriente University, GP 4078, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | | | | | - Luis Enrique Bergues Cabrales
- Research Department, National Centre of Applied Electromagnetism, Oriente University, GP 4078, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Zanella
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciana Macedo Brito
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medicine Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marina das Neves Gomes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medicine Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gleyce Moreno
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medicine Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Venicio Feo da Veiga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medicine Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Professor Paulo de Góes Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Telló
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Holandino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medicine Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Czymek R, Nassrallah J, Gebhard M, Schmidt A, Limmer S, Kleemann M, Bruch HP, Hildebrand P. Intrahepatic radiofrequency ablation versus electrochemical treatment in vivo. Surg Oncol 2012; 21:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Turjanski P, Olaiz N, Maglietti F, Michinski S, Suárez C, Molina FV, Marshall G. The role of pH fronts in reversible electroporation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17303. [PMID: 21559079 PMCID: PMC3084685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present experimental measurements and theoretical predictions of ion transport in agar gels during reversible electroporation (ECT) for conditions typical to many clinical studies found in the literature, revealing the presence of pH fronts emerging from both electrodes. These results suggest that pH fronts are immediate and substantial. Since they might give rise to tissue necrosis, an unwanted condition in clinical applications of ECT as well as in irreversible electroporation (IRE) and in electrogenetherapy (EGT), it is important to quantify their extent and evolution. Here, a tracking technique is used to follow the space-time evolution of these pH fronts. It is found that they scale in time as , characteristic of a predominantly diffusive process. Comparing ECT pH fronts with those arising in electrotherapy (EChT), another treatment applying constant electric fields whose main goal is tissue necrosis, a striking result is observed: anodic acidification is larger in ECT than in EChT, suggesting that tissue necrosis could also be greater. Ways to minimize these adverse effects in ECT are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Turjanski
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Complejos, Departamento de Computacion, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nahuel Olaiz
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Complejos, Departamento de Computacion, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Felipe Maglietti
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Complejos, Departamento de Computacion, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Michinski
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Complejos, Departamento de Computacion, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Suárez
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Complejos, Departamento de Computacion, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cienticas y Tecnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Victor Molina
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Complejos, Departamento de Computacion, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cienticas y Tecnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Marshall
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Complejos, Departamento de Computacion, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cienticas y Tecnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Blázquez-Castro A, Stockert JC, López-Arias B, Juarranz A, Agulló-López F, García-Cabañes A, Carrascosa M. Tumour cell death induced by the bulk photovoltaic effect of LiNbO3:Fe under visible light irradiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:956-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00336k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Czymek R, Dinter D, Löffler S, Gebhard M, Laubert T, Lubienski A, Bruch HP, Schmidt A. Electrochemical treatment: An investigation of dose-response relationships using an isolated liver perfusion model. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:335-42. [PMID: 21912061 PMCID: PMC3178922 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.84491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Ablative techniques such as radiofrequency ablation or non-thermal electrochemical treatment (ECT) are used to manage unresectable liver metastases. Although ECT is not affected by the cooling effect from adjacent vessels, there is a paucity of data available on ECT. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used porcine livers to establish an organ model with portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flow for a standardized analysis of the relationship between dose (electric charge) and response (volume of necrosis). RESULTS This model allowed us to study pressure-controlled perfusion of portal venous and hepatic arterial circulation in the absence of a capillary leak. A specially designed guiding template helped us place platinum electrodes at reproducible locations. With two electrodes, there was a linear relationship between charges of no more than 200 C and necrosis. The relationship was logarithmic at charges of 400-600 C. Larger electrode spacing led to a significant increase in necrosis. We measured pH values of 0.9 (range: 0.6-1.3) at the anode and 12.6 (range: 11.6-13.4) at the cathode. CONCLUSIONS Using a perfusion model, we established an experimental design that allowed us to study ECT in the liver of large animals without experiments on living animals. An electrode template helped us improve the standardized analysis of dose-response relationships. ECT created reproducible and sharply demarcated areas of necrosis, the size of which depended on the charge delivered as well as on the number and spacing of electrodes. Doses higher than 600 C require longer treatment times but do not increase the area of necrosis (logarithmic dose-response relationship).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Czymek
- Department of Surgery, University of Luebeck Medical School, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Dorothea Dinter
- Department of Surgery, University of Luebeck Medical School, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Stephan Löffler
- Department of Surgery, University of Luebeck Medical School, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Maximilian Gebhard
- Institute of Pathology, University of Luebeck Medical School, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Tilman Laubert
- Department of Surgery, University of Luebeck Medical School, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Lubienski
- Department of Radiology, University of Luebeck Medical School, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Bruch
- Department of Surgery, University of Luebeck Medical School, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, University of Luebeck Medical School, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Luebeck, Germany
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de Campos VEB, Teixeira CAA, da Veiga VF, Ricci E, Holandino C. L-tyrosine-loaded nanoparticles increase the antitumoral activity of direct electric current in a metastatic melanoma cell model. Int J Nanomedicine 2010; 5:961-71. [PMID: 21187948 PMCID: PMC3010158 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of tumor growth induced by treatment with direct electric current (DC) has been reported in several models. One of the mechanisms responsible for the antitumoral activity of DC is the generation of oxidative species, known as chloramines. With the aim of increasing chloramine production in the electrolytic medium and optimizing the antitumoral effects of DC, poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with the amino acid tyrosine were obtained. The physical–chemical characterization showed that the NPs presented size in nanometric range and monomodal distribution. A slightly negative electrokinetic potential was also found in both blank NPs and l-tyrosine-loaded PCL NPs. The yield of the loading process was approximately 50%. Within 3 h of dissolution assay, a burst release of about 80% l-tyrosine was obtained. The in vitro cytotoxicity of DC was significantly increased when associated with l-tyrosine-loaded NPs, using a murine multidrug-resistant melanoma cell line model. This study showed that the use of the combination of nanotechnology and DC has a promising antineoplastic potential and opens a new perspective in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Emerich Bucco de Campos
- Departamento de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Protsenko DE, Ho K, Wong BJF. Survival of chondrocytes in rabbit septal cartilage after electromechanical reshaping. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 39:66-74. [PMID: 20842431 PMCID: PMC3010201 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Electromechanical reshaping (EMR) has been recently described as an alternative method for reshaping facial cartilage without the need for incisions or sutures. This study focuses on determining the short- and long-term viability of chondrocytes following EMR in cartilage grafts maintained in tissue culture. Flat rabbit nasal septal cartilage specimens were bent into semi-cylindrical shapes by an aluminum jig while a constant electric voltage was applied across the concave and convex surfaces. After EMR, specimens were maintained in culture media for 64 days. Over this time period, specimens were serially biopsied and then stained with a fluorescent live–dead assay system and imaged using laser scanning confocal microscopy. In addition, the fraction of viable chondrocytes was measured, correlated with voltage, voltage application time, electric field configuration, and examined serially. The fraction of viable chondrocytes decreased with voltage and application time. High local electric field intensity and proximity to the positive electrode also focally reduced chondrocyte viability. The density of viable chondrocytes decreased over time and reached a steady state after 2–4 weeks. Viable cells were concentrated within the central region of the specimen. Approximately 20% of original chondrocytes remained viable after reshaping with optimal voltage and application time parameters and compared favorably with conventional surgical shape change techniques such as morselization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry E Protsenko
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Olaiz N, Maglietti F, Suárez C, Molina F, Miklavcic D, Mir L, Marshall G. Electrochemical treatment of tumors using a one-probe two-electrode device. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Olaiz N, Suárez C, Risk M, Molina F, Marshall G. Tracking protein electrodenaturation fronts in the electrochemical treatment of tumors. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Turjanski P, Olaiz N, Abou-Adal P, Suárez C, Risk M, Marshall G. pH front tracking in the electrochemical treatment (EChT) of tumors: Experiments and simulations. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Electrokinetic dispersion of a cancer chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of solid tumours. Cancer Lett 2009; 279:202-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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