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Haque SU, Duteanu N, Ciocan S, Nasar A. A review: Evolution of enzymatic biofuel cells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 298:113483. [PMID: 34391107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ever-growing demands for energy, the unsustainability of fossil fuel due to its scarcity and massive impact on global economies and the environment, have encouraged the research on alternative power sources to work upon for the governments, companies, and scientists across the world. Enzymatic biofuel cells (eBFCs) is one category of fuel cell that can harvest energy from biological moieties and has the future to be used as an alternative source of energy. The aim of this review is to summarize the background and state-of-the-art in the field of eBFCs. This review article will be very beneficial for a wide audience including students and new researchers in the field. A part of the paper summarized the challenges in the preparation of anode and cathode and the involvement of nanomaterials and conducting polymers to construct the effective bioelectrodes. It will provide an insight for the researchers working in this challenging field. Furthermore, various applications of eBFCs in implantable power devices, tiny electronic gadgets, and self powered biosensors are reported. This review article explains the development in the area of eBFCs for several years from its origin to growth systematically. It reveals the strategies that have been taken for the improvements required for the better electrochemical performance and operational stability of eBFCs. It also mentions the challenges in this field that will require proper attention so that the eBFCs can be utilized commercially in the future. The review article is written and structurized in a way so that it can provide a decent background of eBFCs to its reader. It will definitely help in enhancing the interest of reader in eBFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufia Ul Haque
- Advanced Functional Materials Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Narcis Duteanu
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of Politehnica, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Stefania Ciocan
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of Politehnica, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Abu Nasar
- Advanced Functional Materials Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Ethanol Biofuel Cells: Hybrid Catalytic Cascades as a Tool for Biosensor Devices. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11020041. [PMID: 33557146 PMCID: PMC7913944 DOI: 10.3390/bios11020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Biofuel cells use chemical reactions and biological catalysts (enzymes or microorganisms) to produce electrical energy, providing clean and renewable energy. Enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) have promising characteristics and potential applications as an alternative energy source for low-power electronic devices. Over the last decade, researchers have focused on enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of biosystems and on increasing energy generation and electronic conductivity. Self-powered biosensors can use EBFCs while eliminating the need for an external power source. This review details improvements in EBFC and catalyst arrangements that will help to achieve complete substrate oxidation and to increase the number of collected electrons. It also describes how analytical techniques can be employed to follow the intermediates between the enzymes within the enzymatic cascade. We aim to demonstrate how a high-performance self-powered sensor design based on EBFCs developed for ethanol detection can be adapted and implemented in power devices for biosensing applications.
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Filipov Y, Bollella P, Katz E. Not-XOR (NXOR) Logic Gate Realized with Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions: Optical and Electrochemical Signal Transduction. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2082-2092. [PMID: 31233266 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The studied enzyme-based biocatalytic system mimics NXOR Boolean logic gate, which is a logical operator that corresponds to equality in Boolean algebra. It gives the functional value true (1) if both functional arguments (input signals) have the same logical value (0,0 or 1,1), and false (0) if they are different (0,1 or 1,0). The output signal producing reaction is catalyzed by pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH), which is inhibited at acidic and basic pH values. Two other reactions catalyzed by esterase and urease produce acetic acid and ammonium hydroxide, respectively, shifting solution pH from the optimum pH for PQQ-GDH to acidic and basic values (1,0 and 0,1 input combinations, respectively), thus switching the enzyme activity off (output 0). When the input signals are not applied (0,0 combination) or both applied compensating each other (1,1 combination) the optimum pH is preserved, thus keeping PQQ-GDH running at the high rate (output 1). The biocatalytic cascade mimicking the NXOR gate was characterized optically and electrochemically. In the electrochemical experiments the PQQ-GDH enzyme communicated electronically with a conducting electrode support, thus resulting in the electrocatalytic current when signal combinations 0,0 and 1,1 were applied. The logic gate operation, when it was realized electrochemically, was also extended to the biomolecular release controlled by the gate. The release system included two electrodes, one performing the NXOR gate and another one activated for the release upon electrochemically stimulated alginate hydrogel dissolution. The studied system represents a general approach to the biocatalytic realization of the NXOR logic gate, which can be included in different catalytic cascades mimicking operation of concatenated gates in sophisticated logic circuitries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Filipov
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699 (USA)
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699 (USA)
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699 (USA)
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mano
- CNRS, CRPP, UPR 8641, 33600 Pessac, France
- University of Bordeaux, CRPP, UPR 8641, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Anne de Poulpiquet
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, BIP, 31, chemin Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, France
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Enzyme‐Based Logic Gates and Networks with Output Signals Analyzed by Various Methods. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1688-1713. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Narvaez Villarrubia CW, Soavi F, Santoro C, Arbizzani C, Serov A, Rojas-Carbonell S, Gupta G, Atanassov P. Self-feeding paper based biofuel cell/self-powered hybrid μ-supercapacitor integrated system. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:459-465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yu X, Lian W, Zhang J, Liu H. Multi-input and -output logic circuits based on bioelectrocatalysis with horseradish peroxidase and glucose oxidase immobilized in multi-responsive copolymer films on electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 80:631-639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rasmussen M, Abdellaoui S, Minteer SD. Enzymatic biofuel cells: 30 years of critical advancements. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 76:91-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Katz E, Minko S. Enzyme-based logic systems interfaced with signal-responsive materials and electrodes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:3493-500. [PMID: 25578785 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09851j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-based biocomputing systems were interfaced with signal-responsive membranes and electrodes resulting in bioelectronic devices switchable by logically processed biomolecular signals. "Smart" membranes, electrodes, biofuel cells, memristors and substance-releasing systems were activated by various combinations of biomolecular signals in the pre-programmed way implemented in biocatalytic cascades mimicking logic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA.
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Mikhailova R, Semashko T, Demeshko O, Ramanaviciene A, Ramanavicius A. Effect of some redox mediators on FAD fluorescence of glucose oxidase from Penicillium adametzii LF F-2044.1. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 72:10-5. [PMID: 25837502 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucose oxidase (GOx) of Penicillium adametzii LF F-2044.1 recovered by ultrafiltration, was characterized by spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric methods. It was shown that spectra of GOx from P. adametzii are typical for flavoproteins. Optimal buffer composition was chosen. It was determined that the GOx is the most efficiently interacting with substrate (glucose) in phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 with kkat/KM=15,217±550M(-1)s(-1). P. adametzii GOx fluorescence in the presence of different redox mediators (9,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, methylene blue, ferrocene, ferrocenecarboxylic acid, α-methylferrocenemethanol, ferrocenecarboxaldehyde) was evaluated. Maximal differences in fluorescence emission intensity were observed in the presence of ferrocene and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Mikhailova
- Institute of Microbiology, Belarus National Academy of Sciences, Kuprevich str., 2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Tatiana Semashko
- Institute of Microbiology, Belarus National Academy of Sciences, Kuprevich str., 2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Olga Demeshko
- Institute of Microbiology, Belarus National Academy of Sciences, Kuprevich str., 2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- NanoTechnas - Center of Nanotechnology and Material Science, Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Department of Material Science and Electrical Engineering, Semiconductor Physics Institute, State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, A. Gostauto 11, LT-01108 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Wang P, Liu S, Liu H. Multiple Stimuli-Switchable Bioelectrocatalysis under Physiological Conditions Based on Copolymer Films with Entrapped Enzyme. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:6653-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501624y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
- Key
Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
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Mailloux S, Halámek J, Katz E. A model system for targeted drug release triggered by biomolecular signals logically processed through enzyme logic networks. Analyst 2014; 139:982-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an02162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Falk M, Narváez Villarrubia CW, Babanova S, Atanassov P, Shleev S. Biofuel cells for biomedical applications: colonizing the animal kingdom. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2045-58. [PMID: 23460490 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Interdisciplinary research has combined the efforts of many scientists and engineers to gain an understanding of biotic and abiotic electrochemical processes, materials properties, biomedical, and engineering approaches for the development of alternative power-generating and/or energy-harvesting devices, aiming to solve health-related issues and to improve the quality of human life. This review intends to recapitulate the principles of biofuel cell development and the progress over the years, thanks to the contribution of cross-disciplinary researchers that have combined knowledge and innovative ideas to the field. The emergence of biofuel cells, as a response to the demand of electrical power devices that can operate under physiological conditions, are reviewed. Implantable biofuel cells operating inside living organisms have been envisioned for over fifty years, but few reports of implanted devices have existed up until very recently. The very first report of an implanted biofuel cell (implanted in a grape) was published only in 2003 by Adam Heller and his coworkers. This work was a result of earlier scientific efforts of this group to "wire" enzymes to the electrode surface. The last couple of years have, however, seen a multitude of biofuel cells being implanted and operating in different living organisms, including mammals. Herein, the evolution of the biofuel concept, the understanding and employment of catalyst and biocatalyst processes to mimic biological processes, are explored. These potentially green technology biodevices are designed to be applied for biomedical applications to power nano- and microelectronic devices, drug delivery systems, biosensors, and many more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Falk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
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Cell-free Biosystems in the Production of Electricity and Bioenergy. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 137:125-52. [PMID: 23748347 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
: Increasing needs of green energy and concerns of climate change are motivating intensive R&D efforts toward the low-cost production of electricity and bioenergy, such as hydrogen, alcohols, and jet fuel, from renewable sugars. Cell-free biosystems for biomanufacturing (CFB2) have been suggested as an emerging platform to replace mainstream microbial fermentation for the cost-effective production of some biocommodities. As compared to whole-cell factories, cell-free biosystems comprised of synthetic enzymatic pathways have numerous advantages, such as high product yield, fast reaction rate, broad reaction condition, easy process control and regulation, tolerance of toxic compound/product, and an unmatched capability of performing unnatural reactions. However, issues pertaining to high costs and low stabilities of enzymes and cofactors as well as compromised optimal conditions for different source enzymes need to be solved before cell-free biosystems are scaled up for biomanufacturing. Here, we review the current status of cell-free technology, update recent advances, and focus on its applications in the production of electricity and bioenergy.
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Electrode interfaces switchable by physical and chemical signals for biosensing, biofuel, and biocomputing applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:3659-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6525-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Biocatalytic Enzyme Networks Designed for Binary-Logic Control of Smart Electroactive Nanobiointerfaces. Top Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-012-9894-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Katz E, Bocharova V, Privman M. Electronic interfaces switchable by logically processed multiple biochemical and physiological signals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm30172e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Bocharova V, Katz E. Switchable electrode interfaces controlled by physical, chemical and biological signals. CHEM REC 2011; 12:114-30. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Katz E. Processing electrochemical signals at both sides of interface: electronic vs. chemical signal processing. J Solid State Electrochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-011-1300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Strack G, Luckarift HR, Nichols R, Cozart K, Katz E, Johnson GR. Bioelectrocatalytic generation of directly readable code: harnessing cathodic current for long-term information relay. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:7662-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11475a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Digital biosensors with built-in logic for biomedical applications—biosensors based on a biocomputing concept. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1591-603. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tam TK, Pita M, Trotsenko O, Motornov M, Tokarev I, Halámek J, Minko S, Katz E. Reversible "closing" of an electrode interface functionalized with a polymer brush by an electrochemical signal. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:4506-4513. [PMID: 20000630 DOI: 10.1021/la903527p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (P4VP)-brush-modified indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode was used to switch reversibly the interfacial activity by the electrochemical signal. The application of an external potential (-0.85 V vs Ag|AgCl|KCl, 3M) that electrochemically reduced O(2) resulted in the concomitant consumption of hydrogen ions at the electrode interface, thus yielding a higher pH value and triggering the restructuring of the P4VP brush on the electrode surface. The initial swollen state of the protonated P4VP brush (pH 4.4) was permeable to the anionic [Fe(CN)(6)](4-) redox species, but the electrochemically produced local pH of 9.1 resulted in the deprotonation of the polymer brush. The produced hydrophobic shrunken state of the polymer brush was impermeable to the anionic redox species, thus fully inhibiting its redox process at the electrode surface. The interface's return to the electrochemically active state was achieved by disconnecting the applied potential, followed by stirring the electrolyte solution or by slow diffusional exchange of the electrode-adjacent thin layer with the bulk solution. The developed approach allowed the electrochemically triggered inhibition ("closing") of the electrode interface. The application of this approach to different interfacial systems will allow the use of various switchable electrodes that are useful for biosensors and biofuel cells with externally controlled activity. Further use of this concept was suggested for electrochemically controlled chemical actuators (e.g. operating as electroswitchable drug releasers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Kin Tam
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science and NanoBio Laboratory, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810, USA
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Bocharova V, Tam TK, Halámek J, Pita M, Katz E. Reversible gating controlled by enzymes at nanostructured interface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:2088-90. [DOI: 10.1039/b927156b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Halámek J, Kin Tam T, Strack G, Bocharova V, Pita M, Katz E. Self-powered biomolecular keypad lock security system based on a biofuel cell. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:2405-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b925484f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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HARUYAMA T. Design and Fabrication of a Molecular Interface on an Electrode with Functional Protein Molecules for Bioelectronic Properties. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.78.888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Katz E, Pita M. Biofuel Cells Controlled by Logically Processed Biochemical Signals: Towards Physiologically Regulated Bioelectronic Devices. Chemistry 2009; 15:12554-64. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Switchable electrode controlled by Boolean logic gates using enzymes as input signals. Bioelectrochemistry 2009; 77:69-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Strack G, Chinnapareddy S, Volkov D, Halámek J, Pita M, Sokolov I, Katz E. Logic Networks Based on Immunorecognition Processes. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:12154-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp905620c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guinevere Strack
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Department of Physics, and Nanoengineering and Biotechnology Laboratories Center (NABLAB), Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699
| | - Soujanya Chinnapareddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Department of Physics, and Nanoengineering and Biotechnology Laboratories Center (NABLAB), Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699
| | - Dmytro Volkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Department of Physics, and Nanoengineering and Biotechnology Laboratories Center (NABLAB), Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699
| | - Jan Halámek
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Department of Physics, and Nanoengineering and Biotechnology Laboratories Center (NABLAB), Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699
| | - Marcos Pita
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Department of Physics, and Nanoengineering and Biotechnology Laboratories Center (NABLAB), Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699
| | - Igor Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Department of Physics, and Nanoengineering and Biotechnology Laboratories Center (NABLAB), Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Department of Physics, and Nanoengineering and Biotechnology Laboratories Center (NABLAB), Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699
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