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Novel Electrochemical Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Biosensor for Tau Protein Detection. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9090238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical biosensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was developed for the impedimetric determination of Tau protein, a biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Indeed, a recent correlation between AD symptoms and the presence of Tau proteins in their aggregated form made hyperphosphorylated Tau protein (Tangles) a promising biomarker for Alzheimer’s diagnosis. The MIP was directly assembled on a screen-printed carbon electrode (C-SPE) and prepared by electropolymerization of 3-aminophenol (AMP) in the presence of the protein template (p-Tau-441) using cyclic voltammetry. The p-Tau-441 protein bound to the polymeric backbone was digested by the action of the proteolytic activity of proteinase K in urea and then washed away to create vacant sites. The performances of the corresponding imprinted and non-imprinted electrodes were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The detection limit of the MIP-based sensors was 0.02 pM in PBS buffer pH 5.6. Good selectivity and good results in serum samples were obtained with the developed platform. The biosensor described in this work is a potential tool for screening Tau protein on-site and an attractive complement to clinically established methodologies methods as it is easy to fabricate, has a short response time and is inexpensive.
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Electrochemical detection of riboflavin using tin-chitosan modified pencil graphite electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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3
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Pandey G, Joshi A. Riboflavin as an internal marker for spoilage and adulteration detection in milk. Food Chem 2021; 357:129742. [PMID: 33892358 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Milk is a common consumable in daily life due to its nutritional values. Ensuring milk's integrity and authenticity is a prime task for researchers and food industries by providing solutions to prevent spoilage and adulteration. We present a robust and reliable optical method to ensure milk quality through its constituent riboflavin as an internal biomarker. Riboflavin is a widely present constituent in several food matrices. This research demonstrates the characteristic fluorescence of riboflavin for checking spoilage and urea adulteration in real-time. The proposed method can even detect and quantify high urea adulteration levels up to 80 mM (i.e., eight times permissible standard value) with a LOD value of 9.3 mM. The linearity (0-80 mM) and high R2 value (0.98, 0.93) of riboflavin's fluorescence in pure and milk solutions, respectively present this strategy closely associated with fate of milk samples in terms of spoilage and adulteration. Thus, this optical method of riboflavin biosensing in real-time is intuitive and conclusive for determining milk quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Pandey
- Department of Biosciences & Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, M.P. India
| | - Abhijeet Joshi
- Department of Biosciences & Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, M.P. India.
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Paleček E, Heyrovský M, Dorčák V. J. Heyrovský's Oscillographic Polarography. Roots of Present Chronopotentiometric Analysis of Biomacromolecules. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Paleček
- Institute of Biophysics of the CAS; Královopolská 135 612 65 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Michael Heyrovský
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the CAS; Dolejškova 2155/3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Dorčák
- Institute of Biophysics of the CAS; Královopolská 135 612 65 Brno Czech Republic
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Kormányos A, Hossain MS, Ghadimkhani G, Johnson JJ, Janáky C, de Tacconi NR, Foss FW, Paz Y, Rajeshwar K. Flavin Derivatives with Tailored Redox Properties: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Behavior. Chemistry 2016; 22:9209-17. [PMID: 27243969 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study establishes structure-property relationships for four synthetic flavin molecules as bioinspired redox mediators in electro- and photocatalysis applications. The studied flavin compounds were disubstituted with polar substituents at the N1 and N3 positions (alloxazine) or at the N3 and N10 positions (isoalloxazines). The electrochemical behavior of one such synthetic flavin analogue was examined in detail in aqueous solutions of varying pH in the range from 1 to 10. Cyclic voltammetry, used in conjunction with hydrodynamic (rotating disk electrode) voltammetry, showed quasi-reversible behavior consistent with freely diffusing molecules and an overall global 2e(-) , 2H(+) proton-coupled electron transfer scheme. UV/Vis spectroelectrochemical data was also employed to study the pH-dependent electrochemical behavior of this derivative. Substituent effects on the redox behavior were compared and contrasted for all the four compounds, and visualized within a scatter plot framework to afford comparison with prior knowledge on mostly natural flavins in aqueous media. Finally, a preliminary assessment of one of the synthetic flavins was performed of its electrocatalytic activity toward dioxygen reduction as a prelude to further (quantitative) studies of both freely diffusing and tethered molecules on various electrode surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kormányos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA.,Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Photoelectrochemistry Research Group, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Mohammad S Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA
| | - Ghazaleh Ghadimkhani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA
| | - Joe J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA
| | - Csaba Janáky
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Photoelectrochemistry Research Group, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Norma R de Tacconi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA
| | - Frank W Foss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA
| | - Yaron Paz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Krishnan Rajeshwar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA.
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6
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Design of an electroactive peptide probe for sensing of a protein. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 890:143-9. [PMID: 26347176 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We designed a new electroactive peptide probe that has a molecular recognition function for the sensing of a protein. Ovalbumin (OVA) was the model protein, and when RNRCKGTDVQAW interacted with OVA, it conjugated with a tyrosine-rich peptide (Y4C). This peptide is electroactive, has a high degree of biocompatibility, and offers the possibility of gene expression. To measure the effect of a number of the tyrosine residues, voltammetric measurements were conducted using a series of tyrosine-rich peptides (YnC, n = 3-7) with sensitivities that ranged from 10(-9) to 10(-8) M. The electrode response of Y5C was the maximum value in the series. However, the peak current did not increase when the number of tyrosine residues was increased in a linear fashion. This may have been due to the micelles that are formed by a tyrosine-rich surfactant peptide. Thus, Y4C was suitable as an electroactive label for the construction of the peptide probe. The electrode response of Y4CRNRCKGTDVQAW obtained by a glassy carbon electrode was 100-fold that of tyrosine alone. The measurement of OVA via the peptide probe resulted in a detection on the order of 10(-12) M. In contrast, the sensitivity of OVA using RCKGTDVQAWY4C probe was at the 10(-11) M level, because the hydrophobic moiety gave it a molecular recognition function. The recoveries of the OVA using Y4CRNRCKGTDVQAW in a solution containing fetal bovine serum ranged between 98 and 101%. Consequently, the combination of a specific peptide and an electroactive element could be a powerful probe for the sensing of proteins.
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Esteves-Villanueva JO, Trzeciakiewicz H, Martic S. A protein-based electrochemical biosensor for detection of tau protein, a neurodegenerative disease biomarker. Analyst 2015; 139:2823-31. [PMID: 24740472 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00204k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A protein-based electrochemical biosensor was developed for detection of tau protein aimed towards electrochemically sensing misfolding proteins. The electrochemical assay monitors tau-tau binding and misfolding during the early stage of tau oligomerization. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to detect the binding event between solution tau protein and immobilized tau protein (tau-Au), acting as a recognition element. The charge transfer resistance (Rct) of tau-Au was 2.9 ± 0.6 kΩ. Subsequent tau binding to tau-Au decreased the Rct to 0.3 ± 0.1 kΩ (90 ± 3% decrease) upon formation of a tau-tau-Au interface. A linear relationship between the Rct and the solution tau concentration was observed from 0.2 to 1.0 μM. The Rct decrease was attributed to an enhanced charge permeability of the tau-tau-Au surface to a redox probe [Fe(CN)6](3-/4-). The electrochemical and surface characterization data suggested conformational and electrostatic changes induced by tau-tau binding. The protein-based electrochemical platform was highly selective for tau protein over bovine serum albumin and allowed for a rapid sample analysis. The protein-based interface was selective for a non-phosphorylated tau441 isoform over the paired-helical filaments of tau, which were composed of phosphorylated and truncated tau isoforms. The electrochemical approach may find application in screening of the early onset of neurodegeneration and aggregation inhibitors.
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Paleček E, Tkáč J, Bartošík M, Bertók T, Ostatná V, Paleček J. Electrochemistry of nonconjugated proteins and glycoproteins. Toward sensors for biomedicine and glycomics. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2045-108. [PMID: 25659975 PMCID: PMC4360380 DOI: 10.1021/cr500279h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Paleček
- Institute
of Biophysics Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Královopolská
135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tkáč
- Institute
of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Bartošík
- Regional
Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk
Memorial Cancer Institute, Žlutý kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Bertók
- Institute
of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Ostatná
- Institute
of Biophysics Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Královopolská
135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Paleček
- Central
European Institute of Technology, Masaryk
University, Kamenice
5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Bartosik M, Hrstka R, Palecek E, Vojtesek B. Adsorptive Transfer Stripping for Quick Electrochemical Determination of microRNAs in Total RNA Samples. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ji H, Zhu Y, Tian S, Xu M, Tian Y, Li L, Wang H, Hu L, Ji Y, Ge J, Wen W, Dong H. Downregulation of leaf flavin content induces early flowering and photoperiod gene expression in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:237. [PMID: 25201173 PMCID: PMC4172855 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Riboflavin is the precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), essential cofactors for many metabolic enzymes that catalyze a variety of biochemical reactions. Previously we showed that free flavin (riboflavin, FMN, and FAD) concentrations were decreased in leaves of transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing a turtle riboflavin-binding protein (RfBP). Here, we report that flavin downregulation by RfBP induces the early flowering phenotype and enhances expression of floral promoting photoperiod genes. RESULTS Early flowering was a serendipitous phenomenon and was prudently characterized as a constant phenotype of RfBP-expressing transgenic Arabidopsis plants in both long days and short days. The phenotype was eliminated when leaf free flavins were brought back to the steady-state levels either by the RfBP gene silencing and consequently nullified production of the RfBP protein, or by external riboflavin feeding treatment. RfBP-induced early flowering was correlated with enhanced expression of floral promoting photoperiod genes and the florigen gene FT in leaves but not related to genes assigned to vernalization, autonomous, and gibberellin pathways, which provide flowering regulation mechanisms alternative to the photoperiod. RfBP-induced early flowering was further correlated with increased expression of the FD gene encoding bZIP transcription factor FD essential for flowering time control and the floral meristem identity gene AP1 in the shoot apex. By contrast, the expression of FT and photoperiod genes in leaves and the expression of FD and AP1 in the shoot apex were no longer enhanced when the RfBP gene was silenced, RfBP protein production canceled, and flavin concentrations were elevated to the steady-state levels inside plant leaves. CONCLUSIONS Token together, our results provide circumstantial evidence that downregulation of leaf flavin content by RfBP induces early flowering and coincident enhancements of genes that promote flowering through the photoperiod pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Ji
- Plant Growth and Defense Signaling Laboratory, State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yueyue Zhu
- Plant Growth and Defense Signaling Laboratory, State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Shan Tian
- Plant Growth and Defense Signaling Laboratory, State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Manyu Xu
- Plant Growth and Defense Signaling Laboratory, State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yimin Tian
- Plant Growth and Defense Signaling Laboratory, State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Liang Li
- Plant Growth and Defense Signaling Laboratory, State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Huan Wang
- Plant Growth and Defense Signaling Laboratory, State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Li Hu
- Plant Growth and Defense Signaling Laboratory, State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yu Ji
- Plant Growth and Defense Signaling Laboratory, State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jun Ge
- Plant Growth and Defense Signaling Laboratory, State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Weigang Wen
- Plant Growth and Defense Signaling Laboratory, State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Hansong Dong
- Plant Growth and Defense Signaling Laboratory, State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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11
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Eksin E, Erdem A. Electrochemical Determination of Homocysteine at Disposable Graphite Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Vargová V, Zivanović M, Dorčák V, Paleček E, Ostatná V. Catalysis of Hydrogen Evolution by Polylysine, Polyarginine and Polyhistidine at Mercury Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Nanocomplex formation between riboflavin and β-lactoglobulin: Spectroscopic investigation and biological characterization. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vacek J, Zatloukalova M, Havlikova M, Ulrichova J, Kubala M. Changes in the intrinsic electrocatalytic nature of Na+/K+ ATPase reflect structural changes on ATP-binding: Electrochemical label-free approach. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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15
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Electrocatalytic oxidation of tyrosines shows signal enhancement in label-free protein biosensors. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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References. Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b11478-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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On the mechanism of hydrogen evolution catalysis by proteins: A case study with bovine serum albumin. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Deng B, Deng S, Sun F, Zhang S, Dong H. Down-regulation of free riboflavin content induces hydrogen peroxide and a pathogen defense in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 77:185-201. [PMID: 21720919 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin mediates many bioprocesses associated with the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a cellular signal that regulates defense responses in plants. Although plants can synthesize riboflavin, the levels vary widely in different organs and during different stages of development, indicating that changes in riboflavin levels may have physiological effects. Here, we show that changing riboflavin content affects H₂O₂ accumulation and a pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana. Leaf content of free riboflavin was modulated by ectopic expression of the turtle gene encoding riboflavin-binding protein (RfBP). The RfBP-expressing Arabidopsis thaliana (REAT) plants produced the RfBP protein that possessed riboflavin-binding activity. Compared with the wild-type plant, several tested REAT lines had >70% less flavins of free form. This change accompanied an elevation in the level of H₂O₂ and an enhancement of plant resistance to a bacterial pathogen. All the observed REAT characters were eliminated due to RfBP silencing (RfBPi) under REAT background. When an H₂O₂ scavenger was applied, H₂O₂ level declined in all the plants, and REAT no longer exhibited the phenotype of resistance enhancement. However, treatment with an NADPH oxidase inhibitor diminished H₂O₂ content and pathogen defense in wild-type and RfBPi but not in REAT. Our results suggest that the intrinsic down-regulation of free flavins is responsible for NADPH oxidase-independent H₂O₂ accumulation and the pathogen defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benliang Deng
- State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Ostatná V, Černocká H, Paleček E. Protein Structure-Sensitive Electrocatalysis at Dithiothreitol-Modified Electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:9408-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ja102427y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Ostatná
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Hana Černocká
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Emil Paleček
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno; Czech Republic
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