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Müller WA, Sarkis JR, Marczak LDF, Muniz AR. Molecular dynamics insights on temperature and pressure effects on electroporation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:184049. [PMID: 36113558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation is a cell-level phenomenon caused by an ionic imbalance in the membrane, being of great relevance in various fields of knowledge. A dependence of the pore formation kinetics on the environmental conditions (temperature and pressure) of the cell membrane has already been reported, but further clarification regarding how these variables affect the pore formation/resealing dynamics and the transport of molecules through the membrane is still lacking. The objective of the present study was to investigate the temperature (288-348 K) and pressure (1-5000 atm) effects on the electroporation kinetics using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. Results shown that the time for pore formation and resealing increased with pressure and decreased with temperature, whereas the maximum pore radius increased with temperature and decreased with pressure. This behavior influenced the ion migration through the bilayer, and the higher ionic mobility was obtained in the 288 K/1000 atm simulations, i.e., a combination of low temperature and (not excessively) high pressure. These results were used to discuss some experimental observations regarding the extraction of intracellular compounds applying this technique. This study contributes to a better understanding of electroporation under different thermodynamic conditions and to an optimal selection of processing parameters in practical applications which exploit this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner Augusto Müller
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Department of Chemical Engineering, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Júlia Ribeiro Sarkis
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Department of Chemical Engineering, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - André Rodrigues Muniz
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Department of Chemical Engineering, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Muloiwa M, Dinka M, Nyende-Byakika S. Impact of temperature and airflow rate on the removal of organic pollutants and inorganic pollutants in the biological treatment process. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Djukić-Vuković A, Meglič SH, Flisar K, Mojović L, Miklavčič D. Pulsed electric field treatment of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, bacteria with probiotic potential. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schottroff F, Kastenhofer J, Spadiut O, Jaeger H, Wurm DJ. Selective Release of Recombinant Periplasmic Protein From E. coli Using Continuous Pulsed Electric Field Treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:586833. [PMID: 33634078 PMCID: PMC7900513 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.586833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, high-pressure homogenization is the standard method for cell disintegration before the extraction of cytosolic and periplasmic protein from E. coli. Its main drawback, however, is low selectivity and a resulting high load of host cell impurities. Pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment may be used for selective permeabilization of the outer membrane. PEF is a process which is able to generate pores within cell membranes, the so-called electroporation. It can be readily applied to the culture broth in continuous mode, no additional chemicals are needed, heat generation is relatively low, and it is already implemented at industrial scale in the food sector. Yet, studies about PEF-assisted extraction of recombinant protein from bacteria are scarce. In the present study, continuous electroporation was employed to selectively extract recombinant Protein A from the periplasm of E. coli. For this purpose, a specifically designed flow-through PEF treatment chamber was deployed, operated at 1.5 kg/h, using rectangular pulses of 3 μs at specific energy input levels between 10.3 and 241.9 kJ/kg. Energy input was controlled by variation of the electric field strength (28.4-44.8 kV/cm) and pulse repetition frequency (50-1,000 Hz). The effects of the process parameters on cell viability, product release, and host cell protein (HCP), DNA, as well as endotoxin (ET) loads were investigated. It was found that a maximum product release of 89% was achieved with increasing energy input levels. Cell death also gradually increased, with a maximum inactivation of -0.9 log at 241.9 kJ/kg. The conditions resulting in high release efficiencies while keeping impurities low were electric field strengths ≤ 30 kV/cm and frequencies ≥ 825 Hz. In comparison with high-pressure homogenization, PEF treatment resulted in 40% less HCP load, 96% less DNA load, and 43% less ET load. Therefore, PEF treatment can be an efficient alternative to the cell disintegration processes commonly used in downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schottroff
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
- BOKU Core Facility Food & Bio Processing, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Kastenhofer
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henry Jaeger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - David J Wurm
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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Haberl Meglič S, Janež N, Peterka M, Flisar K, Kotnik T, Miklavčič D. Evaluation and Optimization of Protein Extraction From E. coli by Electroporation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:543187. [PMID: 33015013 PMCID: PMC7506034 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.543187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing diversity of protein-based technologies dictates further development of bio manufacturing to lower the cost of production and maximize yields. Intracellularly expressed recombinant proteins must be extracted from production host prior to purification. Use of electroporation to obtain proteins from bacteria and yeasts has been demonstrated in several studies for different modes of operation and formats. Here we tested various protocols for protein extraction from Escherichia coli by means of electroporation. The tested protocols were compared to established extraction methods of ultrasonication and glass-bead milling in terms of protein yields and content of impurities such as host cell DNA and endotoxins in the lysate. Protein extraction yield was maximal when exponentially growing bacteria were treated at 37°C, regardless of the electroporation mode of operation (batch or flow). We were unable to eliminate co-extraction of host DNA and endotoxins, but with 8 × 1 ms, 5 kV/cm, 1 Hz pulses they were minimized. Yields with optimized electroporation (up to 86 g protein/kg dry weight) were inferior to those in ultrasonication (up to 144 g protein/kg dry weight) and glass-bead milling (up to 280 g protein/kg dry weight). Nevertheless, electroporation largely avoids cell lysis and disintegration with which the extract is a mix of extracted proteins with debris of the bacterial envelope and bacterial DNA, which necessitates further purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Haberl Meglič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nika Janež
- Centre of Excellence for Biosensors, Instrumentation and Process Control, Centre for Biotechnology, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Peterka
- Centre of Excellence for Biosensors, Instrumentation and Process Control, Centre for Biotechnology, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Karel Flisar
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Kotnik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Sharma E, Gulati A, Gulati A. Statistical optimization of culture conditions of mesophillic gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus altitudinis IHB B1644. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:262. [PMID: 32477849 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is a key enzyme in production of several γ-glutamyl compounds with food and pharmaceutical applications. Bacterial GGTs are not commercially available in the market owing to their low production from various sources. Thus, the study was focused on achieving the higher GGT production from B. altitudinis IHB B1644 by optimizing the culture conditions using one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) strategy. A mesophillic temperature of 28 °C, agitation 200 rpm and neutral pH 7 were found to be optimal for higher GGT titre. Among the medium components, the monosaccharide glucose served as the best carbon source over disaccharides, and yeast extract was the preferred organic nitrogen source over inorganic nitrogen sources. The statistical approaches (Plakett-Burman and response surface methodology) were further employed for the optimization of medium components. Medium composition: 0.1% w/v glucose, 0.3% w/v yeast extract, 0.03% w/v magnesium sulphate, 0.20% w/v potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 2.5% w/v sodium chloride with inoculum size (1% v/v) was suitable for higher GGT titres (449 U ml-1). Time kinetics showed the stability of enzyme up to 96 h of incubation suggesting its application in the industrial use. The proposed strategy resulted in 2.6-fold increase in the GGT production compared to that obtained in the unoptimized medium. The results demonstrated that RSM was fitting to identify the optimum production conditions and this finding should be of great importance for commercial GGT production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshita Sharma
- 1Food and Nutraceuticals Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), PO Box 6, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
- 2Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab India
| | - Arvind Gulati
- 3Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, PO Box 6, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
| | - Ashu Gulati
- 1Food and Nutraceuticals Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), PO Box 6, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
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Ruzgys P, Novickij V, Novickij J, Šatkauskas S. Nanosecond range electric pulse application as a non-viral gene delivery method: proof of concept. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15502. [PMID: 30341389 PMCID: PMC6195529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Current electrotransfection protocols are well-established for decades and, as a rule, employ long micro-millisecond range electric field pulses to facilitate DNA transfer while application of nanosecond range pulses is limited. The purpose of this paper is to show that the transfection using ultrashort pulses is possible by regulating the pulse repetition frequency. We have used 200 ns pulses (10-18 kV/cm) in bursts of ten with varied repetition frequency (1 Hz-1 MHz). The Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were used as a cell model. Experiments were performed using green fluorescent protein (GFP) and luciferase (LUC) coding plasmids. Transfection expression levels were evaluated using flow cytometry or luminometer. It was shown that with the increase of frequency from 100 kHz to 1 MHz, the transfection expression levels increased up to 17% with minimal decrease in cell viability. The LUC coding plasmid was transferred more efficiently using high frequency bursts compared to single pulses of equivalent energy. The first proof of concept for frequency-controlled nanosecond electrotransfection was shown, which can find application as a new non-viral gene delivery method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulius Ruzgys
- Biophysical Research Group, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos g. 8-212, 44404, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vitalij Novickij
- Institute of High Magnetic Fields, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Jurij Novickij
- Institute of High Magnetic Fields, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Šatkauskas
- Biophysical Research Group, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos g. 8-212, 44404, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Haberl-Meglic S, Janez N, Peterka M, Miklavcic D. Selective extraction of proteins from bacterial cells by electroporation, sonoporation or glass bead homogenization. N Biotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.05.912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Novickij V, Zinkevičienė A, Perminaitė E, Čėsna R, Lastauskienė E, Paškevičius A, Švedienė J, Markovskaja S, Novickij J, Girkontaitė I. Non-invasive nanosecond electroporation for biocontrol of surface infections: an in vivo study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14516. [PMID: 30266920 PMCID: PMC6162327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria are frequently responsible for fatal sepsis, morbidity and mortality rates. In this work, we propose a new methodology based on nanosecond high frequency electric field bursts, which enables successful eradication of bacteria in vivo. High frequency (15 kHz) 15–25 kV/cm 300–900 ns pulsing bursts were used separately and in combination with acetic acid (0.1–1%) to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a murine model. Acetic acid 1% alone was effective resulting in almost 10-fold reduction of bacteria viability, however combination of nanosecond electric field and acetic acid 1% treatment was the most successful showing almost full eradication (0.01% survival compared to control) of the bacteria in the contaminated area. The short duration of the pulses (sub-microsecond) and high frequency (kHz range) of the burst enabled reduction of the muscle contractions to barely detectable level while the proposed applicators ensured predominantly topical treatment, without electroporation of deeper tissues. The results of our study have direct application for treatment of wounds and ulcers when chemical treatment is no longer effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalij Novickij
- Institute of High Magnetic Fields, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Auksė Zinkevičienė
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Emilija Perminaitė
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Robertas Čėsna
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Eglė Lastauskienė
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Jurgita Švedienė
- Laboratory of Biodeterioration Research, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Jurij Novickij
- Institute of High Magnetic Fields, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Irutė Girkontaitė
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Novickij V, Lastauskienė E, Švedienė J, Grainys A, Staigvila G, Paškevičius A, Girkontaitė I, Zinkevičienė A, Markovskaja S, Novickij J. Membrane Permeabilization of Pathogenic Yeast in Alternating Sub-microsecond Electromagnetic Fields in Combination with Conventional Electroporation. J Membr Biol 2017; 251:189-195. [PMID: 28238117 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-017-9951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a novel contactless treatment method based on high-power pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) was proposed, which results in cell membrane permeabilization effects similar to electroporation. In this work, a new PEMF generator based on multi-stage Marx circuit topology, which is capable of delivering 3.3 T, 0.19 kV/cm sub-microsecond pulses was used to permeabilize pathogenic yeast Candida albicans separately and in combination with conventional square wave electroporation (8-17 kV/cm, 100 μs). Bursts of 10, 25, and 50 PEMF pulses were used. The yeast permeabilization rate was evaluated using flow cytometric analysis and propidium iodide (PI) assay. A statistically significant (P < 0.05) combinatorial effect of electroporation and PEMF treatment was detected. Also the PEMF treatment (3.3 T, 50 pulses) resulted in up to 21% loss of yeast viability, and a dose-dependent additive effect with pulsed electric field was observed. As expected, increase of the dB/dt and subsequently the induced electric field amplitude resulted in a detectable effect solely by PEMF, which was not achievable before for yeasts in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalij Novickij
- Institute of High Magnetic Fields, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Naugarduko st. 41, 03227, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Eglė Lastauskienė
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jurgita Švedienė
- Laboratory of Biodeterioration Research, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos st. 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Grainys
- Institute of High Magnetic Fields, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Naugarduko st. 41, 03227, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Staigvila
- Institute of High Magnetic Fields, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Naugarduko st. 41, 03227, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algimantas Paškevičius
- Laboratory of Biodeterioration Research, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos st. 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Irutė Girkontaitė
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių st. 5, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Auksė Zinkevičienė
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių st. 5, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Svetlana Markovskaja
- Laboratory of Mycology, Nature Research Centre, Žaliųjų ežerų st. 49, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jurij Novickij
- Institute of High Magnetic Fields, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Naugarduko st. 41, 03227, Vilnius, Lithuania
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