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Brycht M, Poltorak L, Baluchová S, Sipa K, Borgul P, Rudnicki K, Skrzypek S. Electrochemistry as a Powerful Tool for Investigations of Antineoplastic Agents: A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024; 54:1017-1108. [PMID: 35968923 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2106117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is most frequently treated with antineoplastic agents (ANAs) that are hazardous to patients undergoing chemotherapy and the healthcare workers who handle ANAs in the course of their duties. All aspects related to hazardous oncological drugs illustrate that the monitoring of ANAs is essential to minimize the risks associated with these drugs. Among all analytical techniques used to test ANAs, electrochemistry holds an important position. This review, for the first time, comprehensively describes the progress done in electrochemistry of ANAs by means of a variety of bare or modified (bio)sensors over the last four decades (in the period of 1982-2021). Attention is paid not only to the development of electrochemical sensing protocols of ANAs in various biological, environmental, and pharmaceutical matrices but also to achievements of electrochemical techniques in the examination of the interactions of ANAs with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), carcinogenic cells, biomimetic membranes, peptides, and enzymes. Other aspects, including the enantiopurity studies, differentiation between single-stranded and double-stranded DNA without using any label or tag, studies on ANAs degradation, and their pharmacokinetics, by means of electrochemical techniques are also commented. Finally, concluding remarks that underline the existence of a significant niche for the basic electrochemical research that should be filled in the future are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Brycht
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lukasz Poltorak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Simona Baluchová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Karolina Sipa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Borgul
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Konrad Rudnicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sławomira Skrzypek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Li S, Zhang H, Zhu M, Kuang Z, Li X, Xu F, Miao S, Zhang Z, Lou X, Li H, Xia F. Electrochemical Biosensors for Whole Blood Analysis: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37262362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Whole blood, as one of the most significant biological fluids, provides critical information for health management and disease monitoring. Over the past 10 years, advances in nanotechnology, microfluidics, and biomarker research have spurred the development of powerful miniaturized diagnostic systems for whole blood testing toward the goal of disease monitoring and treatment. Among the techniques employed for whole-blood diagnostics, electrochemical biosensors, as known to be rapid, sensitive, capable of miniaturization, reagentless and washing free, become a class of emerging technology to achieve the target detection specifically and directly in complex media, e.g., whole blood or even in the living body. Here we are aiming to provide a comprehensive review to summarize advances over the past decade in the development of electrochemical sensors for whole blood analysis. Further, we address the remaining challenges and opportunities to integrate electrochemical sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Man Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhujun Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Siyuan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zishuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoding Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Zare N, Karimi-Maleh H, Moghaddam MS. Design and fabrication of new anticancer sensor for monitoring of daunorubicin using 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolinium chloride and tin oxide/nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot nanocomposite electrochemical sensor. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114114. [PMID: 36030915 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel tin oxide/nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot nanocomposite (SnO2-NDGQD) and 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolinium chloride (1M3OICl) ionic liquid amplified carbon paste electrode (CPE) was fabricated as an efficient and fast-response sensor to determine daunorubicin, an anticancer drug. The electrochemical characteristics of daunorubicin at the surface of the 1M3OICl/SnO2-NDGQD/CPE was explored via various voltammetric methods. The high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) images were recorded to examine the morphological structure of the as-synthesized nanocomposites. The 1M3OICl/SnO2-NDGQD/CPE offered a wide linear concentration of 0.001-280.0 μM with a low detection limit of 0.40 nM at the optimized experimental conditions using square wave voltammetric (SWV) method. In a nutshell, the developed electrode illustrated outstanding selectivity in the presence of interfering agents and long-term stability. The1M3OICl/SnO2-NDGQD/CPE was used as new and powerful analytical tool for determination of daunorubicin in real samples with recovery range 98.75%-104.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Zare
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India.
| | - Mojtaba Saei Moghaddam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran
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Evtugyn GA, Porfireva AV, Belyakova SV. Electrochemical DNA sensors for drug determination. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 221:115058. [PMID: 36179503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, recent achievements in the development of the DNA biosensors developed for the drug determination have been presented with particular emphasis to the main principles of their assembling and signal measurement approaches. The design of the DNA sensors is considered with characterization of auxiliary components and their necessity for the biosensor operation. Carbon nanomaterials, metals and their complexes as well as electropolymerized polymers are briefly described in the assembly of DNA sensors. The performance of the DNA sensors is summarized within 2017-2022 for various drugs and factors influencing the sensitivity and selectivity of the response are discussed. Special attention is paid to the mechanism of the signal generation and possible drawbacks in the analysis of real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Evtugyn
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation; Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemical Technology Institute of Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation.
| | - A V Porfireva
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - S V Belyakova
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
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Özbek O, Isildak Ö, Isildak I. A potentiometric biosensor for the determination of valproic acid: Human blood–based study of an anti–epileptic drug. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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A Fluorescent Sensor for Daunorubicin Determination Using 808 nm-excited Upconversion Nanoparticles. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bakirhan NK, Topal BD, Ozcelikay G, Karadurmus L, Ozkan SA. Current Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors and Nanobiosensors. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:519-534. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1809339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nurgul K. Bakirhan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu D. Topal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Goksu Ozcelikay
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Leyla Karadurmus
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Sibel A. Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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A review on various analytical methods for determination of anthracyclines and their metabolites as anti–cancer chemotherapy drugs in different matrices over the last four decades. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ghalkhani M, Kaya SI, Bakirhan NK, Ozkan Y, Ozkan SA. Application of Nanomaterials in Development of Electrochemical Sensors and Drug Delivery Systems for Anticancer Drugs and Cancer Biomarkers. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:481-503. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1808442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Ghalkhani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sariye Irem Kaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurgul K. Bakirhan
- Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yalcin Ozkan
- Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A. Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Eksin E, Senturk H, Zor E, Bingol H, Erdem A. Carbon quantum dot modified electrodes developed for electrochemical monitoring of Daunorubicin-DNA interaction. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Porfireva AV, Goida AI, Rogov AM, Evtugyn GA. Impedimetric DNA Sensor Based on Poly(proflavine) for Determination of Anthracycline Drugs. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Porfireva
- Analytical Chemistry Department of Kazan Federal University Kremlevskaya, 18 420008 Kazan Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia I. Goida
- Analytical Chemistry Department of Kazan Federal University Kremlevskaya, 18 420008 Kazan Russian Federation
| | - Alexey M. Rogov
- Interdisciplinary Center of Analytical Microscopy of Kazan Federal University 18 Kremlevskaya Street Kazan 420008 Russian Federation
| | - Gennady A. Evtugyn
- Analytical Chemistry Department of Kazan Federal University Kremlevskaya, 18 420008 Kazan Russian Federation
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12
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Ghalkhani M, Bakirhan NK, Ozkan SA. Combination of Efficiency with Easiness, Speed, and Cheapness in Development of Sensitive Electrochemical Sensors. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:538-553. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1664281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Ghalkhani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Lavizan, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nurgul K. Bakirhan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Science, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A. Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Zare AR, Ensafi AA, Rezaei B. An impedimetric biosensor based on poly(l-lysine)-decorated multiwall carbon nanotubes for the determination of diazinon in water and fruits. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-019-01741-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Background:
The determination of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and human biologic fluids is
important for pharmaceutical and medical sciences. Successful analysis requires low sensitivity, high selectivity
and minimum interference effects. Current analytical methods can detect drugs at very low levels but these methods
require long sample preparation steps, extraction prior to analysis, highly trained technical staff and high-cost
instruments. Biosensors offer several advantages such as short analysis time, high sensitivity, real-time analysis,
low-cost instruments, and short pretreatment steps over traditional techniques. Biosensors allow quantification not
only of the active component in pharmaceutical formulations, but also the degradation products and metabolites in
biological fluids. The present review gives comprehensive information on the application of biosensors for drug
discovery and analysis. Moreover, this review focuses on the fabrication of these biosensors.
Methods:
Biosensors can be classified as the utilized bioreceptor and the signal transduction mechanism. The classification
based on signal transductions includes electrochemical optical, thermal or acoustic. Electrochemical and
optic transducers are mostly utilized transducers used for drug analysis. There are many biological recognition elements,
such as enzymes, antibodies, cells that have been used in fabricating of biosensors. Aptamers and antibodies
are the most widely used recognition elements for the screening of the drugs. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
have several advantages such as low detection limits, a wide linear response range, good stability and reproducibility.
Optical biosensors have several advantages such as direct, real-time and label-free detection of many
biological and chemical substances, high specificity, sensitivity, small size and low cost. Modified electrodes enhance
sensitivity of the electrodes to develop a new biosensor with desired features. Chemically modified electrodes
have gained attention in drug analysis owing to low background current, wide potential window range, simple
surface renewal, low detection limit and low cost. Modified electrodes produced by modifying of a solid surface
electrode via different materials (carbonaceous materials, metal nanoparticles, polymer, biomolecules) immobilization.
Recent advances in nanotechnology offer opportunities to design and construct biosensors. Unique features
of nanomaterials provide many advantages in the fabrication of biosensors. Nanomaterials have controllable
chemical structures, large surface to volume ratios, functional groups on their surface. To develop proteininorganic
hybrid nanomaterials, four preparation methods have been used. These methods are immobilization, conjugation,
crosslinking and self-assembly. In the present manuscript, applications of different biosensors, fabricated
by using several materials, for drug analysis are reviewed. The biosensing strategies are investigated and discussed
in detail.
Results:
Several analytical techniques such as chromatography, spectroscopy, radiometry, immunoassays and electrochemistry
have been used for drug analysis and quantification. Methods based on chromatography require timeconsuming
procedure, long sample-preparation steps, expensive instruments and trained staff. Compared to chromatographic
methods, immunoassays have simple protocols and lower cost. Electrochemical measurements have
many advantages over traditional chemical analyses and give information about drug quantity, metabolic fate of
drugs, and pharmacological activity. Moreover, the electroanalytical methods are useful to determine drugs sensitively
and selectivity. Additionally, these methods decrease analysis cost and require low-cost instruments and
simple sample pretreatment steps.
Conclusion:
In recent years, drug analyses are performed using traditional techniques. These techniques have a
good detection limit, but they have some limitations such as long analysis time, expensive device and experienced
personnel requirement. Increased demand for practical and low-cost analytical techniques biosensor has gained interest
for drug determinations in medical sciences. Biosensors are unique and successful devices when compared to
traditional techniques. For drug determination, different electrode modification materials and different biorecognition
elements are used for biosensor construction. Several biosensor construction strategies have been developed to
enhance the biosensor performance. With the considerable progress in electrode surface modification, promotes the
selectivity of the biosensor, decreases the production cost and provides miniaturization. In the next years, advances
in technology will provide low cost, sensitive, selective biosensors for drug analysis in drug formulations and biological
samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Burcu Aydin
- Namik Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Aydin
- Namik Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sezginturk
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Canakkale, Turkey
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Aydoğdu Tığ G, Koyuncu Zeybek D, Zeybek B, Pekyardımcı Ş. Interaction of prednisone with dsDNA at silver nanoparticles/poly(glyoxal-bis(2-hydroxyanil))/dsDNA modified electrode and its analytical application. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 126:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Congur G, Eksin E, Erdem A. Chitosan modified graphite electrodes developed for electrochemical monitoring of interaction between daunorubicin and DNA. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2018.100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Recent advances in covalent organic frameworks for separation and analysis of complex samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ahn JK, Kim HY, Park KS, Park HG. A Personal Glucose Meter for Label-Free and Washing-Free Biomolecular Detection. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11340-11343. [PMID: 30152994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We developed a label-free and washing-free method for biomolecular detection using a personal glucose meter (PGM). ATP was selected as a model target, and cascade enzymatic reactions promoted by hexokinase and pyruvate kinase were adopted to link the amount of ATP to glucose that is detectable by a hand-held PGM. In principle, the presence of target ATP enables hexokinase to catalyze the conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate by providing a phosphate group to glucose, and thus the amount of glucose is decreased in proportion to the amount of ATP. In addition, adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), which is generated after hexokinase-catalyzed enzymatic reaction, is recovered to ATP by a pyruvate kinase enzyme. The regenerated ATP is again supplemented to catalyze multiple rounds of cascade enzymatic reactions, leading to signal amplification. As a result, the change of glucose amount that is inversely proportional to ATP amount is simply measured by a hand-held PGM. By employing this strategy, we successfully determined ATP down to 49 nM with high selectivity even in real samples such as tap water, human serum, and bovine urine. Importantly, the developed system does not require expensive modification and washing steps but is conveniently operated with a commercially available PGM, which would pave the way for the development of a simple and cost-effective sensing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ki Ahn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, BK21+ Program , KAIST: Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Yong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, BK21+ Program , KAIST: Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Soo Park
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Gyu Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, BK21+ Program , KAIST: Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701 , Republic of Korea
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